CN105941066A - Pear tree cultivation method for preventing disease damage of trunks of pear trees - Google Patents
Pear tree cultivation method for preventing disease damage of trunks of pear trees Download PDFInfo
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- CN105941066A CN105941066A CN201610424696.XA CN201610424696A CN105941066A CN 105941066 A CN105941066 A CN 105941066A CN 201610424696 A CN201610424696 A CN 201610424696A CN 105941066 A CN105941066 A CN 105941066A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pear tree cultivation method for preventing disease damage of the trunks of pear trees. The method comprises the following steps that firstly, pyrus pashia trees high in resistance to pear tree branch and trunk diseases including the ring spot, the stem blight and the branch rot are selected as stock seedlings and cultured; secondly, pyrus pashia stock seedlings with the height being 1.5 m or above and the neck thickness being 1.5 cm or above are selected, and pear trees of an annual pear cultivation variety are subjected to high-position grafting with a cut grating method in the period of the later ten days of February and the early ten days of March; lastly, reasonable later-stage management and trimming pruning are carried out to complete grafting of pear trees. Pear trees cultivated with the method are minimum in branch and trunk disease incidence and disease index, highest in single plant yield and single fruit weight and high in fruit comprehensive quality; besides, labor and pesticides used for controlling branch and trunk disease damage are greatly reduced, and the safety of fruits is improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of agricultural cultivation, be specifically related to a kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease.
Background technology
One of Li Shi China main fruit trees, pear tree cultivated area, yield all rank first in the world.In each planting fruit-trees of China, pears
Tree area, yield are only second to Fructus Mali pumilae, mandarin orange, occupy the 3rd.It is the torrid zone, pears district, subtropical zone on the south the Changjiang river, Main Cultivation Chinese pear
Kind.
South Chinese pear mainly uses down the cultivations such as " individual " font shaping, the slender spindle-shaped shaping of trunk formula and horizontal rack formula shaping at present
Mode.But which kind of form culture mode is all direct grafting cultivation after stock base portion leaves and cuts stock at the 3-5cm of ground
Kind, the annual young sprout utilizing the bud of cultivar to sprout does trunk, and trunk height is difference with Training system is different.
Owing to southern area of Jiangsu Province rainwater is many, high humidity, the trunk disease resistance of cultivar is not the strongest, is directly adjacent to again damp ground, institute
To easily cause the disease outbursts such as ring spot on trunk, stem blight, branch-rot.
In the case of the morbidity of trunk disease is not serious, scab in irregular fragmentary distribution, causes the bast around scab on trunk
Portion's local necrosis, the transmission of local influence nutrient, make pear tree growing way weak.In the case of morbidity is serious, scab connects on trunk
Becoming a circle, the phloem making trunk volume is the most downright bad, has blocked the transmission up and down of nutrient completely, causes whole strain pear tree withered.
In production, spring the most at the initial stage of a disease and autumn, take the method for chemical prevention to spray pesticide for several times and prevent and treat, but
Preventive effect is the most not fully up to expectations, the method for artificial control to be combined, and is carefully eliminated totally by the scab on trunk with sharp sword, and is coated with
Cloth Wound protective agent is protected.Although artificial control can effectively control the generation of trunk disease, but wastes time and energy, and trunk
The riddled with gaping wounds wound of upper formation has the most seriously slackened tree vigo(u)r, hence it is evident that affect the normal growth of pear tree.Increase making of chemical pesticide
The chemical prevention of consumption and access times not only can not reach thoroughly to prevent and treat, and while increasing drug cost, returns melonidum
Food safety bring hidden danger.
Further, there is presently no and find the stock suitably reducing Pear Diseases, therefore, even if by the way of grafting still without
Method overcomes the generation of the trunk pest and disease damage of pear tree completely.
Summary of the invention
For present situation, the present invention provides a kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, by selecting suitable stock,
Minimizing that can be effective even prevents the generation of pear tree trunk disease, and this cultural method is simple, reduces the use of pesticide,
Improve melonidum foodsafety.
To achieve these goals, the present invention provides following technical scheme:
A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, comprises the steps:
(1) selection of stock: select pear tree trunk disease including, the river pears that ring spot, stem blight, branch-rot disease resistance are strong are made
For stock；
According to the different plantation densities required by different shaping methods, straight winter last year behind fine whole ground in field planting point position
Connect sowing river pears seed.When using " individual " font Training system, sowing seeding row spacing is 5 meters × 5 meters；Use trunk formula finespun hammer
During shape Training system, sowing seeding row spacing is 1.5 meters × 4 meters；When using horizontal net posture Training system, sowing seeding row spacing is 4 meters
× 3.6 meters.Each field planting bunch plating amount is 3～5 seeds, and depth of planting is 3～5 centimetres, after planting waters permeable and uses transparent mulch film
Cover.Spring throws off rapidly mulch film after seed germination is unearthed, and retains the healthy and strong rootstock seedling bamboo pole of a strain growing way and ties up straight growth,
Remaining rootstock seedling is all wiped out.4～nutrient content in June be 45% compound potassium sulfate fertilizer be diluted to 0.3～0.5% liquid fertilizer every
Imposed once every 10～15 days, promote rootstock seedling fast-growth.Rootstock seedling is through annual growth, and height of seedling reaches more than 1.5 meters,
Neck is slightly more than 1.5 centimetres.
(2) grafting: selecting height of seedling more than 1.5 meters, the river Pear rootstock Seedling of thick more than 1.5 centimetres of neck, in late Febuary to March
Early and middle ten days uses cut-grafting method high position grafting annual pear cultivation kind；
(3) managing after grafting
1. ungird: will solve in time when the stock and scion being found to have colligation plastic film tape has slight Le trace in developmental process
Except plastic film tape；
2. pinching: sprout 3～5 blades of reservation when the young sprout grows to 20 cm when the bud on rootstock seedling and carry out pinching；
3. found pillar: when grafting young sprout length is to 30 cm, at a Seedling other bamboo pole of inserting, young sprout is strapped on pillar, with
Anti-big wind folding；
4. clay fertilizer water management: after scion rudiment, every 667 square metres are dug shallow ridges and impose 5-10 kilogram of carbamide；30 centimetres of left sides of height of seedling
Time right, continue to impose 5-10 kilogram of carbamide；After late July, blade face jaundice time leaf surface spraying concentration be 0.3% urea solution enter
Row foliage top dressing；The potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution that plant spraying concentration is 0.3% of dark green leaf color, throughout the growing season, often intertills
Weeding, keeps loosing soil, grass clean；
5. the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: if pest and disease damage occurs conventionally to be normally carried out preventing and treating；
(4) pruning: use " individual " font Training system, the slender spindle-shaped Training system of trunk formula or horizontal rack formula shaping
Mode carries out shaping to grafting pear tree.
Preferably, described pear cultivation kind Sand Pear, more preferably Wellbeing index or water-rich areas.
Wherein, in the pear tree cultural method of aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease, described engrafting method specifically includes following steps:
1. stock is cut: cut off stock leaving ground 50～120 centimeters, 0.2～0.3 centimeters under the clip of smooth side, use
Grafting knife is splayed a cutter from bottom to top, the 1/3 of clip of pruning, is then indulged partial application vertically downward by xylem outer rim, the degree of depth with connect
The long tangent plane of fringe matches, it is desirable to tangent plane is smooth, straight；
2. cut scion: the branch of the annual pear cultivation kind choosing 1～2 full leaf bud of tool makees scion, with top bud homonymy
Scion bottom, a cutter of from top to bottom splaying, phloem of pruning, expose cambium layer, be whittled into the long tangent plane of long 3～4 centimetres, cut
Face is smooth, then opposing end 1 centimeters at long tangent plane, splays into the chopped face at 45 degree of angles；
3. the scion cut is inserted in the otch of stock, make the cambium layer alignment contiguity of stock and scion long tangent plane side；
4. bondage: the binding site of obturage with the plastic film tape colligation of 2～3 centimetres wide stock and scion.Scion top during colligation
Clip membrane sealed to be used, with prevent rainwater enter, reduce moisture evaporation, improve survival rate.
Further, the position that 1. step cuts off stock is different because Training system is different, is specially when using " individual " font whole
During shape mode, grafting height is for leaving 50 centimetres of ground；When use trunk formula slender spindle-shaped Training system time, grafting height be from
Turn up the soil face 70～80 centimetres；When using horizontal rack formula Training system, grafting height is for leaving ground 100～120 centimetres.
In the pear tree cultural method of aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease, described " individual " font Training system method particularly includes:
Grafting is then: pinching when grafting scion Seedling young sprout at river Pear rootstock 50 cm height grows to 40 centimetres in spring, removes
The sublateral shoot that the bud of top is sprouted continues to make outside trunk elongated shoot, selects three orientation to stagger, be evenly distributed in 40 cm range
3 sublateral shoots make preparation major branches, unnecessary sublateral shoot stays 1～2 leaf pinching to suppress it to grow, prevents and prepare major branch competition for nutrients；Winter
Season trunk elongated shoot and three major branches cut the 1/3～1/4 of first end portion, until enriching position；
Second Year after grafting: the bud of trunk tip continues to sprout young sprout and grows vertically upward as trunk elongated shoot；Three major branches
The young sprout that tip bud is sprouted continues to expand tree crown as major branch elongated shoot, the young sprout that major branch back side bud is sprouted long to 20 centimetres of left sides
Staying 5 leaf pinching to suppress it to grow time right, the young sprout that major branch both sides are sprouted is cultivated as developmental branch or fruitful branch, does for carrying out annual bearing
Prepare.
In the pear tree cultural method of aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease, the described slender spindle-shaped Training system of trunk formula method particularly includes:
Grafting is then: grafting scion at river Pear rootstock 70～80 cm height, only retains a young sprout and insert bamboo and lure and draw after rudiment
Grow up straight, can not prune winter and directly be used as trunk；Lure the specific practice guiding on frame growth into be with bamboo pole: along
Bamboo pole one end is fixed on the trunk below major branch by field planting line direction respectively, and the other end is fixed on and leaves trunk horizontal range
On the frame iron wire of 80～100 centimetres, major branch is made to grow on the oblique frame of bamboo pole.
Second Year after grafting: carry out all buds of position below grafting trunk 2/3 height carving bud, promote that it is sprouted；Carve
The method of bud is laterally to cut off the phloem of bark at the surface 0.5～1 centimeters sharp sword of bud, and swath length reaches stock circumference
1/3, the degree of depth with cut off phloem do not hinder xylem for degree；
Grafting is in addition to the young sprout that the bud of trunk tip is sprouted is made trunk elongated shoot and grown straight, and the young sprout that remaining bud is sprouted to add
Big and the spreading angle of trunk, relaxes branch growing way, promotes it to develop towards fruitful branch direction；
After grafting the 3rd year, trunk has the young sprout of axillary bud as fruitful branch result, do not have the young sprout of bud to continue as preparation branch
Continuous cultivation.
In the pear tree cultural method of aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease, described horizontal rack formula Training system method particularly includes:
Grafting is then: pinching when grafting grafting young sprout at river Pear rootstock 100～120 cm height grows to 30 centimetres in spring,
The sublateral shoot selecting 2 direct motion back growth in 30 cm range makees preparation major branch, and unnecessary sublateral shoot stays 1～2 leaf pinching to suppress it raw
Long, prevent and prepare major branch competition for nutrients；The tender part of children of major branch tip is wiped out, until enriching position during winter pruning；Cut and stay
The major branch bamboo pole got off lures to guide into and grows on frame；
Second Year after grafting: the young sprout that the tip bud of two major branches is sprouted continues to expand tree crown as major branch elongated shoot；The back of the body of major branch
The young sprout that on upper bud and side, bud is sprouted completely stays 3～5 leaf pinching in May, controls its growth；The horizontal lateral bud of major branch both sides and side
When the young sprout length that lower bud is sprouted is to late June, utilizes the iron wire on frame face to be perpendicular to major branch and lure and guide to horizontal sextant angle be 30 degree,
Promote that bud differentiation is trained long fruit branch；
Based on the kind of long fruit branch result, major branch homonymy is spaced 30～40 centimetres and is equipped with a root knot Fruit branch, dredges when fruitful branch is overstocked
Cut, note when pruning off staying a bit of stake or basal bud in order to sending out again；During fruitful branch density deficiency, utilize major branch both sides
Fruit spur sprout into branch；After long fruit branch result, the most just can form the side shoot giving birth to a large amount of fruit spur, after Second Year just with
Long fruit branch, fruit spur common results；
Based on the kind of fruit spur result, major branch homonymy is also that 30～40 centimetres of interval is equipped with a young sprout, cuts off winter then
Young sprout tip 1/3～1/4, Second Year, on the branch of biennial part will raw fruit spur, the 3rd year just can result.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
The topmost inventive point of the present invention is to have been drawn the stock variety-river pears of anti-trunk disease by screening, and this kind has relatively
Strong anti-pear tree trunk disease includes the performance of ring spot, stem blight, branch-rot, effectively reduces the generation of pear tree trunk disease.
It addition, the method that the present invention reduces disease also by the mode at the above high position grafting of target heading height, this method
Technology is less demanding, and peasant is easily mastered, and does not affect pear tree growing way and fruit quality, is greatly saved trunk disease preventing and treating and uses
Work and Pesticide use, improve the safety of fruit.
And the present invention selects different grafting heights by different form culture modes, adapt to different tree-like, preferably carry
The yield of high final melonidum and quality.
Detailed description of the invention
Experimental technique used in following embodiment if no special instructions, is conventional method.
Material used in following embodiment, reagent etc., if no special instructions, the most commercially obtain.
By specific embodiment, the present invention will be described in detail below.These embodiments are provided to be able to more thoroughly
Understand the present invention, and complete for the scope of the present invention can be conveyed to those skilled in the art.
" comprising " or " including " as mentioned by the middle of description and claim in the whole text is an open language, therefore should be construed to
" comprise but be not limited to ".Description subsequent descriptions is to implement the better embodiment of the present invention, and right described description is with description
Rule for the purpose of, be not limited to the scope of the present invention.Protection scope of the present invention is when regarding claims institute circle
The person of determining is as the criterion.
Embodiment 1
A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, specific as follows:
1) horizontal rack is built
Make corner post with the concrete column of 3.3m × 0.14m × 0.14m, make side column, side column with the concrete column of 2.7m × 0.10m × 0.10m
It is spaced 3 meters, makees fore-set with the concrete column of 2.0m × 0.06m × 0.06m, build an area 3335m2Horizontal rack, frame face
It is highly 1.8 meters.
2) disease-resistant rootstock seedling is cultivated
1 meter wide, 0.5 meter of deep field planting ditch, the Caulis et Folium Oryzae that bottom of trench lay is 30 centimetres, rice is excavated along field planting row every 3.6 meters of line-spacings
Banket careless last time earth extremely 10 centimetres of distance table soil, and every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields decomposed manure 20-40 and carries on a shoulder pole, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 40-50 kilogram,
Take table soil the most again to be filled and led up by ditch, then mark field planting point, each field planting winter in 2010 bunch plating 3～5 every 4 meters on field planting row
Grain river pears seed, depth of planting is 3～5 centimetres, after planting waters permeable and uses transparent covering with ground sheeting.Second Year treats that seed is sprouted spring
Bud throws off rapidly mulch film after being unearthed, and retains the healthy and strong rootstock seedling bamboo pole of a strain growing way and ties up straight growth, and remaining rootstock seedling is all cut
Remove.Whole trophophase strengthens rich water quality management, and rootstock seedling increment then just reaches height of seedling 1.5 meters, thick 2.0 centimetres of neck.
3) high position grafting
On March 20th, 2011, cut off stock at liftoff 120 cm heights, immediately with grafting knife in clip transverse section three/
Rive vertically downward at one, choose the annual water-rich areas branch with full leaf bud and make fringe bar, a cutter of splaying below leaf bud,
Pruning phloem, expose cambium layer, bevel is about 3～4 centimetres, and tangent plane is smooth, then splays into 45 at long tangent plane end opposite
The chopped face at degree angle.Above leaf bud, 1 cm cuts off scion, the simple bud scion cut is inserted rapidly in the otch of stock,
Make the cambium layer alignment contiguity of stock and scion long tangent plane side.
Obturage binding site with 2～3 centimetres of careful colligations of wide plastic film tape.During colligation it should be noted that the clip on scion top also
Membrane sealed to be used, is only exposed at scion leaf bud outside thin film, to prevent rainwater from entering, to reduce moisture evaporation, improves survival rate.
4) manage after connecing
After grafting survival, rootstock seedling and scion can quickly increase thick and grafting binding band Le be trapped in bark, checks and is found to have slight Le
Grafting binding band will be released in time during trace.When grafting young sprout length fall 30 centimetres time, at a Seedling other vertical bamboo pole of inserting, young sprout is tied up
It is tied on pillar, in case big wind folding.
Bud on spring rootstock seedling can sprout many young sprouts, retains 3～5 blades when the young sprout sprouted grows to 20 cm
Carrying out pinching, suppress it to grow, the scion Seedling on stock top of getting along well again while increasing trunk leaf area auxiliary photosynthesis is striven
Rob nutrient, and then promote grafting fast-growth.
5) two major branches horizontal posture shaping
Within 2011, carry out pinching when the water-rich areas Seedling young sprout of grafting grows to 30 centimetres, in 30 cm range, select 2 direct motions
The sublateral shoot of back growth makees preparation major branch, and remaining sublateral shoot stays 1～2 leaf pinching to suppress it to grow, prevents and prepare major branch competition for nutrients.
The tender part of children of major branch tip is cut off, until enriching position during winter pruning.Two rightabouts along field planting row use bamboo respectively
Pole one end is fixed on the trunk below major branch, and the other end is fixed on and leaves trunk horizontal range 80～the frame of 100 centimetres
On, lure derivation long by cutting two major branches stayed respectively along on the oblique frame of bamboo pole.
2012, the young sprout that the tip bud of two major branches is sprouted continued to expand tree crown as major branch elongated shoot.The back bud of major branch and
The easy excessive growth of young sprout that on side, bud is sprouted, therefore, completely stays 3～5 leaf pinching in May, controls its growth；Major branch both sides
The young sprout that under horizontal lateral bud and side, bud is sprouted is when growing to late June, utilize the iron wire on frame face be perpendicular to major branch young sprout is lured guide to
Horizontal canopy face angle is that the direction of 30 degree is to promote bud differentiation.
2013, based on the kind of long fruit branch result, major branch homonymy was spaced 30～40 centimetres and is equipped with a root knot Fruit branch or preparation branch,
Can prune off when branch is overstocked, when pruning off, branch base portion to stay a bit of stake or basal bud in order to sending out shoot again as innovation shoot；
During branch density deficiency, the fruit spur of available major branch both sides sprouts into branch.After long fruit branch result, just can be formed and give birth to fruit spur
Side shoot, continue result the coming year.
6) solid and side shoot is safeguarded
1～2 bud of all side shoot tips forbids result, inspires side shoot elongated shoot, and every side shoot is spaced more than 10 centimetres choosing fruits
Tongue is thick, and sprout is full, bears fruit towards horizontal side or fruit platform the most obliquely, and each fruit platform only stays a fruit.In side shoot
The young sprout that rear portion is sprouted, grows into and stays 3～5 leaf pinching May, both can prevent nutrient effective consumption from affecting Fruit, and have again
It is beneficial to fruit spur new on side shoot formed, there is suppression side shoot simultaneously and excessively increase thick effect, be greatly improved the production capacity of side shoot
And service life.
7) side shoot updates
After side shoot uses the several years, the blind bud of side shoot base portion starts to manifest, when the fruit spur quality at middle part deteriorates, and should be timely
Consider that side shoot updates.If a side shoot is pressed service life and is calculated for 5 years, as long as cultivating the preparation branch of about 20% every year, just
Just all side shoots can be updated one time in one cycle.Both the young sprout that may utilize the sprouting of old side shoot base portion is updated being possible with master
The young sprout that branch both sides fruit spur or kryptoblast are sprouted is updated.
Embodiment 2
A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, specific as follows:
1) disease-resistant rootstock seedling is cultivated
1 meter wide, 0.5 meter of deep field planting ditch, the Caulis et Folium Oryzae that bottom of trench lay is 30 centimetres, Caulis et Folium Oryzae is excavated along field planting row every 5 meters of line-spacings
The earth that bankets last time extremely 10 centimetres of distance table soil, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields decomposed manure 20-40 and carries on a shoulder pole, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 40-50 kilogram,
Take table soil the most again to be filled and led up by ditch, then mark field planting point, each field planting winter in 2010 bunch plating 3～5 every 5 meters on field planting row
Grain river pears seed, depth of planting is 3～5 centimetres, after planting waters permeable and uses transparent covering with ground sheeting.Second Year treats that seed is sprouted spring
Bud throws off rapidly mulch film after being unearthed, and retains the healthy and strong rootstock seedling bamboo pole of a strain growing way and ties up straight growth, and remaining rootstock seedling is all cut
Remove.Whole trophophase strengthens rich water quality management, and rootstock seedling increment then just reaches height of seedling 1.5 meters, thick 2.0 centimetres of neck.
2) high position grafting
On March 20th, 2011, cut off stock at liftoff 50 cm heights, immediately with grafting knife in clip transverse section 1/3rd
Riving vertically downward in place, chooses the annual Wellbeing index branch with full leaf bud and make fringe bar, and a cutter of splaying below leaf bud is cut
Removing phloem, expose cambium layer, bevel is about 3～4 centimetres, and tangent plane is smooth, then splays into 45 degree of angles at long tangent plane end opposite
Chopped face.Above leaf bud, 1 cm cuts off scion, the simple bud scion cut is inserted rapidly in the otch of stock, makes
The cambium layer alignment contiguity of stock and scion long tangent plane side.
Obturage binding site with 2～3 centimetres of careful colligations of wide plastic film tape.During colligation it should be noted that the clip on scion top also
Membrane sealed to be used, is only exposed at scion leaf bud outside thin film, to prevent rainwater from entering, to reduce moisture evaporation, improves survival rate.
3) manage after connecing
After grafting survival, rootstock seedling and scion can quickly increase thick and grafting binding band Le be trapped in bark, checks and is found to have slight Le
Grafting binding band will be released in time during trace.When grafting young sprout length fall 30 centimetres time, at a Seedling other vertical bamboo pole of inserting, young sprout is tied up
It is tied on pillar, in case big wind folding.
Bud on spring rootstock seedling can sprout many young sprouts, retains 3～5 blades when the young sprout sprouted grows to 20 cm
Carrying out pinching, suppress it to grow, the scion Seedling on stock top of getting along well again while increasing trunk leaf area auxiliary photosynthesis is striven
Rob nutrient, and then promote grafting fast-growth.
4) the tree-like cultivation of " individual " font
The spring in 2011 of pinching when grafting scion Seedling young sprout at river Pear rootstock 50 cm height grows to 40 centimetres, except
The sublateral shoot that the bud on top is sprouted continues to make outside trunk elongated shoot, selects three orientation to stagger, is evenly distributed in 40 cm range
3 sublateral shoots make preparation major branch, and unnecessary sublateral shoot stays 1～2 leaf pinching to suppress it to grow, prevents and prepare major branch competition for nutrients；Winter
Trunk elongated shoot and three major branches cut the 1/3～1/4 of first end portion, until enriching position；
2012, the bud of trunk tip continued to sprout young sprout and grows vertically upward as trunk elongated shoot；Three major branches are at first
The young sprout holding bud to sprout continues to expand tree crown as major branch elongated shoot, and the young sprout that major branch back side bud is sprouted is when length is to 20 cm
Staying 5 leaf pinching to suppress it to grow, the young sprout that major branch both sides are sprouted is cultivated as developmental branch or fruitful branch, prepares for result.
2013, based on the kind of medium fruit branch result, major branch homonymy was spaced 30～40 centimetres and is equipped with a root knot Fruit branch or preparation branch,
Can prune off when branch is overstocked, when pruning off, branch base portion to stay a bit of stake or basal bud in order to sending out shoot again as innovation shoot；
During branch density deficiency, the fruit spur of available major branch both sides sprouts into branch.After medium fruit branch result, just can be formed and give birth to fruit spur
Side shoot, continue result the coming year.
5) solid and side shoot is safeguarded
1～2 bud of all side shoot tips forbids result, inspires side shoot elongated shoot, and every side shoot is spaced more than 10 centimetres choosing fruits
Tongue is thick, and sprout is full, bears fruit towards horizontal side or fruit platform the most obliquely, and each fruit platform only stays a fruit.In side shoot
The young sprout that rear portion is sprouted, grows into and stays 3～5 leaf pinching May, both can prevent nutrient effective consumption from affecting Fruit, and have again
It is beneficial to fruit spur new on side shoot formed, there is suppression side shoot simultaneously and excessively increase thick effect, be greatly improved the production capacity of side shoot
And service life.
6) side shoot updates
After side shoot uses the several years, the blind bud of side shoot base portion starts to manifest, when the fruit spur quality at middle part deteriorates, and should be timely
Consider that side shoot updates.If a side shoot is pressed service life and is calculated for 5 years, as long as cultivating the preparation branch of about 20% every year, just
Just all side shoots can be updated one time in one cycle.Both the young sprout that may utilize the sprouting of old side shoot base portion is updated being possible with master
The young sprout that branch both sides fruit spur or kryptoblast are sprouted is updated.
In order to prove effectiveness of the invention, applicant has also carried out following test:
Test one:
Test site: the Chinese pear high position grafting of Zhenjiang, the Hilly area of Jiangsu Province institute of agricultural sciences overcomes trunk disease experiment and demonstration base, base
Creating in Huayang town, Jurong City in 2009, totally 10 mu, one of test kind is " abundance of water ", is used uniformly across the two horizontal canopies of major branch
Frame shaping, be designed with bean pears, birch-leaf pear, three kinds of stocks of river pears make trunk and comparison (tradition water-rich areas low level grafting is on bean pears
Grafting makees trunk), totally four process.Trunk sickness rate, disease index to different disposal, early yield and fruit quality etc.
Index of correlation compares.Tables 1 and 2 is shown in by test data.
Table 1: water-rich areas high position grafting incidence on different stock varieties and growing way investigation (investigation in 2014)
Note: data above is meansigma methods, following table is same；Trunk morbidity severity (%) investigation accounts for stock trunk total surface area for there is disease area
Percentage ratio, the position height of investigation trunk is ground 1.2m.
From table 1, the disease resistance of four kinds of trunks, make the branch sickness rate of trunk (comparison) with cultivar water-rich areas and send out
Sick severity is the highest, and bean pears, birch-leaf pear branch sickness rate and morbidity severity are the highest, and river Pear rootstock makees the strain sickness rate of trunk
It is zero with morbidity severity, shows that river pears are that stock high position grafting disease resisting effect on water-rich areas is high.The most different anvils
Wood kind tree body growing way, finds abundance of water kind tree growing way golden mean of the Confucian school when river pears are stock, is the growth potential of stock less than birch-leaf pear, but high
In bean pears, it is more or less the same with compareing.
Table 2: water-rich areas high position grafting early yield on different stock varieties and fruit quality compare (investigation in 2015)
From table 2, single plant yield is the highest with river pears for stock in early days, is secondly birch-leaf pear, and bean pears are minimum, and single fruit weight is also same.
The soluble solid content evaluating the most important index of fruit quality is also the highest with river pears, reaches 14.9%, and the hardness of river pears is the highest,
Titratable acid content is also slightly higher compared with abundance of water, but less than bean pears, birch-leaf pear, VC content is also above abundance of water, birch-leaf pear, lower slightly compared with bean pears,
Stone cell content is minimum.Overall synthetic is best in quality, and mouthfeel is best.
Test two:
Test site: the Chinese pear high position grafting of Zhenjiang, the Hilly area of Jiangsu Province institute of agricultural sciences overcomes trunk disease experiment and demonstration base, base
DIYU creates for 2009 in Huayang town, Jurong City, totally 10 mu, and one of test kind is " fortunately water ", is used uniformly across down " individual " font
Training system, be designed with bean pears, birch-leaf pear, three kinds of stocks of river pears make trunk and comparison (tradition " fortunately water " pears low level grafting is at bean pears
On grafting make trunk) totally four process.Trunk sickness rate, disease index to different disposal, early yield and fruit product
The indexs of correlation such as matter compare.Test data is shown in Table 3 and table 4.
Table 3: Wellbeing index high position grafting incidence on different stock varieties and growing way investigation (investigation in 2014)
From table 3, the disease resistance of four kinds of trunks, make branch sickness rate and the morbidity severity of trunk with cultivar Wellbeing index
The highest, bean pears, birch-leaf pear branch sickness rate and morbidity severity are the highest, and river Pear rootstock is made the strain sickness rate of trunk and falls ill tight
Severe is zero, shows that river pears are that stock high position grafting disease resisting effect on Wellbeing index is the highest.The most different stock varieties
Tree body growing way, finds good fortune water kind tree growing way golden mean of the Confucian school when river pears are stock, and stock branch is thick, branch is long less than birch-leaf pear, but higher than bean pears,
Suitable with compareing.
Table 4: Wellbeing index high position grafting early yield on different stock varieties and fruit quality compare (investigation in 2015)
From table 4, single plant yield is the highest with river pears for stock in early days, is secondly good fortune water, and bean pears are minimum, and single fruit weight is also same.
The soluble solid content evaluating the most important index of fruit quality is also the highest with river pears, reaches 15.2%, the hardness of river pears relatively birch-leaf pear
Lower slightly, but little higher than its difference between good fortune water, bean pears, 4 process, and titratable acid content is minimum, and VC content is higher than it
Her 3 stock varieties, Stone cell content is minimum.Overall synthetic is best in quality, and mouthfeel is best.
Consolidated statement 1～4 understands, and when river pears are as stock, the branch sickness rate of high position grafting abundance of water or Wellbeing index and disease index are all
Minimum, it is 0, single plant yield, single fruit weight are the highest, and fruit integrated quality is best, therefore use river pears as stock on producing
High position grafting pear cultivation kind (such as abundance of water or Wellbeing index), to overcome trunk disease to be optimal.
And above pear cultivation kind is not limited in abundance of water or Wellbeing index, and applicant is also tested research on other Pear varieties,
Research finds, as long as using river pears as stock, using the method grafting pear of high position grafting, all can be substantially reduced branch sickness rate
And disease index, and single fruit weight is high, and fruit integrated quality is preferable, the most different Pear varieties all can play as grafting with
The invention effect that the embodiment of the present invention is consistent.
Claims (8)
1. the pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, it is characterised in that described cultural method comprises the steps:
(1) selection of stock: select pear tree trunk disease including, the river pears that ring spot, stem blight, branch-rot disease resistance are strong are made
Cultivate for rootstock seedling；
(2) grafting: selecting height of seedling more than 1.5 meters, the river Pear rootstock Seedling of thick more than 1.5 centimetres of neck, in late Febuary to March
Early and middle ten days uses cut-grafting method high position grafting annual pear cultivation kind；
(3) managing after grafting
1. ungird: will solve in time when the stock and scion being found to have colligation plastic film tape has slight Le trace in developmental process
Except plastic film tape；
2. pinching: sprout 3～5 blades of reservation when the young sprout grows to 20 cm when the bud on rootstock seedling and carry out pinching；
3. found pillar: when grafting young sprout length is to 30 cm, at a Seedling other bamboo pole of inserting, young sprout is strapped on pillar, with
Anti-big wind folding；
4. clay fertilizer water management: after scion rudiment, every 667 square metres are dug shallow ridges and impose 5-10 kilogram of carbamide；30 centimetres of left sides of height of seedling
Time right, continue to impose 5-10 kilogram of carbamide；After late July, blade face jaundice time leaf surface spraying concentration be 0.3% urea solution enter
Row foliage top dressing；The potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution that plant spraying concentration is 0.3% of dark green leaf color, throughout the growing season, intertills
Weeding, keeps loosing soil, grass clean；
5. the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: if pest and disease damage occurs conventionally to be normally carried out preventing and treating；
(4) pruning: use " individual " font Training system, the slender spindle-shaped Training system of trunk formula or horizontal rack formula shaping
Mode carries out shaping to grafting pear tree.
The pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step (2)
The annual pear cultivation kind of described grafting is Wellbeing index or water-rich areas.
The pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described grafting side
Method specifically includes following steps:
1. stock is cut: cut off stock leaving ground 50～120 centimeters, 0.2～0.3 centimeters under the clip of smooth side, use
Grafting knife is splayed a cutter from bottom to top, the 1/3 of clip of pruning, is then indulged partial application vertically downward by xylem outer rim, the degree of depth with connect
The long tangent plane of fringe matches, and tangent plane is smooth, straight；
2. cut scion: the branch of the annual pear cultivation kind choosing 1～2 full leaf bud of tool makees scion, with top bud homonymy
Scion bottom, a cutter of from top to bottom splaying, phloem of pruning, expose cambium layer, be whittled into the long tangent plane of long 3～4 centimetres, cut
Face is smooth, then opposing end 1 centimeters at long tangent plane, splays into the chopped face at 45 degree of angles；
3. the scion cut is inserted in the otch of stock, make the cambium layer alignment contiguity of stock and scion long tangent plane side；
4. bondage: the binding site of obturage with the plastic film tape colligation of 2～3 centimetres wide stock and scion, scion top during colligation
Clip membrane sealed to be used, with prevent rainwater enter, reduce moisture evaporation, improve survival rate.
The pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that 1. step cuts off
The position of stock is different because Training system is different, is specially when using " individual " font Training system, and grafting height is for leaving
50 centimetres of ground；When using the slender spindle-shaped Training system of trunk formula, grafting height is for leaving ground 70～80 centimetres；Work as employing
During horizontal rack formula Training system, grafting height is for leaving ground 100～120 centimetres.
The most according to claim 1 prevention pear tree trunk disease pear tree cultural method, it is characterised in that described fall " individual "
Font Training system method particularly includes:
Grafting is then: pinching when grafting scion Seedling young sprout at river Pear rootstock 50 cm height grows to 40 centimetres in spring, removes
The sublateral shoot that the bud of top is sprouted continues to make outside trunk elongated shoot, selects three orientation to stagger, be evenly distributed in 40 cm range
3 sublateral shoots make preparation major branches, unnecessary sublateral shoot stays 1～2 leaf pinching to suppress it to grow, prevents and prepare major branch competition for nutrients；Winter
Season trunk elongated shoot and three major branches cut the 1/3～1/4 of first end portion, cut to substantial position；
Second Year after grafting: the bud of trunk tip continues sprout young sprout and grow vertically upward as trunk elongated shoot；Three masters
The young sprout that branch tip bud is sprouted continues to expand tree crown as major branch elongated shoot, the young sprout that major branch back side bud is sprouted long to 20 centimetres
Staying 5 leaf pinching to suppress it to grow during left and right, the young sprout that major branch both sides are sprouted is cultivated, for carrying out annual bearing as developmental branch or fruitful branch
Prepare.
The pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described trunk formula
Slender spindle-shaped Training system method particularly includes:
Grafting is then: grafting scion at river Pear rootstock 70～80 cm height, only retains a young sprout and insert bamboo and lure and draw after rudiment
Grow up straight, can not prune winter and directly be used as trunk；
Second Year after grafting: carry out all buds of position below grafting trunk 2/3 height carving bud, promote that it is sprouted；Carve
The method of bud is laterally to cut off the phloem of bark at the surface 0.5～1 centimeters sharp sword of bud, and swath length reaches stock circumference
1/3, the degree of depth with cut off phloem do not hinder xylem for degree；
Grafting is in addition to the young sprout that the bud of trunk tip is sprouted is made trunk elongated shoot and grown straight, and the young sprout that remaining bud is sprouted to add
Big and the spreading angle of trunk, relaxes branch growing way, promotes it to develop towards fruitful branch direction；
After grafting the 3rd year, trunk has the young sprout of axillary bud as fruitful branch result, do not have the young sprout of bud to continue as preparation branch
Continuous cultivation.
The pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described horizontal canopy
Posture Training system method particularly includes:
Grafting is then: pinching when grafting grafting young sprout at river Pear rootstock 100～120 cm height grows to 30 centimetres in spring,
The sublateral shoot selecting 2 direct motion back growth in 30 cm range makees preparation major branch, and unnecessary sublateral shoot stays 1～2 leaf pinching to suppress it raw
Long, prevent and prepare major branch competition for nutrients；Wipe out the tender part of children of major branch tip during winter pruning, cut to substantial position；Cut and stay
The major branch bamboo pole got off lures to guide into and grows on frame；
Second Year after grafting: the young sprout that the tip bud of two major branches is sprouted continues to expand tree crown as major branch elongated shoot；The back of the body of major branch
The young sprout that on upper bud and side, bud is sprouted completely stays 3～5 leaf pinching in May, controls its growth；The horizontal lateral bud of major branch both sides and side
When the young sprout length that lower bud is sprouted is to late June, utilizes the iron wire on frame face to be perpendicular to major branch and lure and guide to horizontal sextant angle be 30 degree,
Promote that bud differentiation is trained long fruit branch；
Based on the kind of long fruit branch result, major branch homonymy is spaced 30～40 centimetres and is equipped with a root knot Fruit branch, dredges when fruitful branch is overstocked
Cut, note when pruning off staying a bit of stake or basal bud in order to sending out again；During fruitful branch density deficiency, utilize major branch both sides
Fruit spur sprout into branch；After long fruit branch result, the most just can form the side shoot giving birth to a large amount of fruit spur, the longest after Second Year
Fruit branch, fruit spur common results；
Based on the kind of fruit spur result, major branch homonymy is also that 30～40 centimetres of interval is equipped with a young sprout, cuts off winter then
Young sprout tip 1/3～1/4, Second Year, on the branch of biennial part will raw fruit spur, the 3rd year just can result.
The pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease the most according to claim 7, it is characterised in that lure with bamboo pole and draw
On frame, the specific practice of growth is: on the trunk that bamboo pole one end is fixed on below major branch by field planting line direction respectively,
The other end is fixed on the frame iron wire leaving trunk horizontal range 80～100 centimetres, makes major branch raw on the oblique frame of bamboo pole
Long.
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| CN108684355A (en) * | 2018-05-29 | 2018-10-23 | 凉山彝族自治州亚热带作物研究所 | A kind of walnut improved combination engrafting method |
| CN110301240A (en) * | 2019-08-06 | 2019-10-08 | 河北工程大学 | A kind of method that trunk shape pear tree height connects control apical dominance raising percentage of fertile fruit |
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