CN105940924A - A highly-efficient planting method for southern medicago sativa - Google Patents
A highly-efficient planting method for southern medicago sativa Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
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- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The invention provides a highly-efficient planting method for southern medicago sativa. The method comprises the steps of (1) selecting a non-waterlogged sunny slope as planting land; (2) irradiating medicago sativa seeds with gamma rays of radio isotope protactinium; (4) immersing the medicago sativa seeds in warm water, draining the seeds, and dressing the seeds with a prepared phosphate-solubilizing bacterium slurry and a water-added titanium fertilizer solution; (4) plowing the land, furrowing the land and dividing the land into beds, leveling the bed surfaces, and forming seeding furrows; (5) applying organic fertilizer, a water-retaining agent and phosphate-solubilizing bacterium powder in the seeding furrows and sowing the seeds; (6) spraying a mixed solution of titanium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer; (7) mixing organic fertilizer, a water-retaining agent and phosphate-solubilizing bacterium powder and applying the mixture; (8) cutting medicago sativa in the same year of seeding, performing topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer and titanium fertilizer every time medicago sativa is cut or performing topdressing of organic fertilizer further; loosening the soil every time after cutting. The planting method breaks the rules of summer-autumn dormancy of seeds, enhances the nitrogen fixation capability of rhizobium and makes indissolvable phosphorus in soil effective.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Alfalfa Growing method, be specifically related to a kind of method that Alfalfa southern China is efficiently planted.
Background technology
Alfalfa, original name alfalfa, have another name called Herba Medicaginis, Rosales pulse family Medicago perennial herb.Alfalfa have the title of " King of Pasture ", and its prominent purposes is exactly feeding, because alfalfa is nutritious, good palatability, yield is high, all has important value in Radix Glycyrrhizae production, ensiling and grazing meadow planting；Particularly containing rich in protein, mineral, multivitamin, several amino acids in the stem and leaf of alfalfa, both can green grass or young crops raise, ensiling, it is also possible to modulation green hay, processing grass meal are, or mixed feed or the first-class Vegetable protein sources of mixed fodder.Therefore, the production of development Alfalfa southern China, for promoting the development of China animal husbandry safe animal products, meeting the market demand, increase animal husbandry economic benefit, improve the income of numerous peasants and herdsmen, suffer from great meaning.It addition, alfalfa is not only excellent forage grass, more rich in multiple nutritional components, trace element, can be used to extract alfalfa saponin, Herba Medicaginis flavone, Alfalfa Polysaccharide, coumarin etc., have edible, medical value and health care.Furthermore, plantation alfalfa can also be accomplished to increase soil fertility with planting, and has and conserves water and soil, improves soil, and the effect of Optimization Planting structure is (it is observed that the plantation roots of alfalfa of 3 years is deeply up to more than 3m, Radix Medicaginis amount 0.3-0.5 × 104Kg/h).
Herba Medicaginis is distributed mainly on warm area, and the most substantially in zonal distribution, the U.S., Canada, Italy, France, north of China and former Soviet Union south are main producing regions；Some country is only had to have fairly large cultivation in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Argentina, Chile, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand etc..Whole world cultivated area about 3100 × 104H (statistics in 2013), U.S.'s cultivated area is maximum, and area is more than 1000 × 104H, accounts for the 33% of total cultivated area；Argentina second, Canada the 3rd, China the 5th, about 140 × 104H, accounts for the 4.5% of total cultivated area.
Alfalfa originates in West Asia Iran, during B.C. 115 years Emperors Wu Di of the Han dynasty, open to give the best account of and make that area, alfalfa is taken to China Xi'an, extensively plant on NORTHWEST CHINA, North China, northeast and other places from this, become one of China tame forage grass the most ancient, most important, alfalfa produces and is increasingly becoming northern China Provinces (regions), particularly Loess Plateau, Novel pillar industry in rural economy, more than therefore, the masses in area have rich experience to kind of an alfalfa, and there was much research in scientific research department to kind of an alfalfa, and had many scientific achievements.But, excursion is very big because growth year is different with natural conditions for Alfalfa Grass Yield, broadcasts general 3-6 × 10 of green forage yield of rear 2-54Kg/h, hay yield 0.6-1.2 × 104kg/h㎡.In the north, planting First Year, can only cradle 1-2 stubble, economic benefit is relatively low, and after Second Year, yield progressivelyes reach stable, can cradle 3-4 stubble every year.High term is 2-3, and after reaching high term, along with the prolongation of growth year, yield is gradually lowered, therefore the Herba Medicaginis optimum utilization time limit is generally 5-6.By producing Radix Glycyrrhizae amount 0.6-1.2 × 10 per year4Kg/h calculates, China's existing alfalfa ground gross area 140 × 104H can produce dry Herba Medicaginis 840-1680 × 104t。
The market capacity of alfalfa product is huge, and one is development cowboying (milch cow), sheep (milk sheep), fowl, and demand is big, and according to statistics, Shanghai City milch cow company breeding milk cow reaches 4 × 104About Tou, need alfalfa dry measure 1.2 × 10 year4T, there are how many milch cow companies, milk sheep company, poultry-farms in the whole nation, and required alfalfa product is the most considerable；Two is rise and the extensive development of the phytophage special animals aquacultures such as special livestock breeding (such as Ostriches), becomes the consumption market that alfalfa product is new；Three is the development need alfalfa product of feed industry, there is no within a mixed feed manufacturer lists alfalfa product in Vegetable protein sources because the most domestic, regardless of whether consider from reducing feed-use grain, or from improving mixed feed nutritional labeling, reduce production cost to consider, the important development trend that feed a part grain is future in feed industry is replaced with alfalfa product, increase from China's population and cultivated land area is irreversible, this fundamental realities of the country big to grain demand pressure is seen, this development trend will become again inevitable；Animal husbandry demand, special cultivation demand, feed industry demand sum are far beyond the existing annual output of alfalfa product dry Herba Medicaginis 840-1680 × 104The level of t, domestic market capacity has much on earth, predicts according to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the year dry matter production of present stage China's alfalfa product only accounts for the 5% of tomorrow requirement total amount.
Alfalfa product domestic market capacity is huge, causes the concern of more external feedstuff producers, such as, the alfalfa green hay import deal amount that China in 1994 and Canada sign oneself more than 1 × 104T, is ten times of export volume of the alfalfa product of China.In recent years, the grass product countries such as supply falls short of demand in the international market, American-European of China to the demand of alfalfa hay powder with annual 30% speed increment, its price exceeds more than 4 times than Semen Maydis.
Solving the approach of the alfalfa product consumption of 95%, one is to increase the yield per unit area, and two is to expand cultivated area.Say in a sense, northern China is through long-term plantation, increase area and the plasticity increase the yield per unit area is all own fairly small, but the south that geographical conditions are superior then has ample scope for one's abilities, therefore, either from meeting market demand consideration, or from consideration of transforming agricultural production, the development trend that will become alfalfa production is moved in Alfalfa Growing center of gravity south.From China, north and south geographical conditions differ greatly, and from the point of view of the short time is wanted again to break away from the market demand pressure to alfalfa product, this development trend will become again inevitable.
But soils in south china granule is thin, viscosity weight easily hardens into large clod, affects germination and growth；And having seasonal high temperature and drought, Herba Medicaginis dormancy during this period is the longest；The root nodule bacteria of inoculation are weak to autumn in summer high temperature and dead, and spring is rainy, the reduction of root nodule bacteria nitrogen fixing capacity, so that Growth of Alfalfa is unhappy；Soils in south china mostly is red soil, is secondly purple soil, and many containing full phosphorus, available phosphorus is low, and insoluble phosphorus can not be absorbed by crops, and organic fertilizer and chemical phosphatic ferfilizer are easily by soil fixing.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved is, overcomes the deficiency of above-mentioned background technology, it is provided that one can break the autumn dormancy of seed summer, strengthens the nitrogen fixing capacity of root nodule bacteria, makes the method that in soil, the Alfalfa southern China of insoluble phosphorus validation is efficiently planted.
The present invention solves its technical problem and employed technical scheme comprise that, a kind of method that Alfalfa southern China is efficiently planted comprises the following steps:
(1) select not accumulated water, hillside fields on the sunny side as plantation soil in monsoon moist climate region, subtropical zone, south；
(2) by the alfalfa seed gamma roentgenization of radiosiotope protactinium；
(3) by alfalfa seed warm water soaking, drain, then cross the table soil of alfalfa with endemic species or treat earth and human excrement, the Caulis et Folium Oryzae retting mud of kind of alfalfa with locality, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud is modulated together with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder with the mud after air-drying, convert titanium solution, with the phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud of modulation, be watered the seed dressing of titanium solution；
(4), after being ploughed in plantation soil, contour trench digging divides railway carriage or compartment, face, smooth good railway carriage or compartment, rakes, harrows broken large clod；Open seed furrow；
(5) organic fertilizer, water-retaining agent and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder in seed furrow；Sowing；
(6) start to spray the fertile mixed liquor with nitrogenous fertilizer of titanium, spray face of blade and the back side when germination grows blade；
(7) fertilizer, water-retaining agent, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder mix homogeneously are executed down together；
(8) sowing cradles alfalfa then, executes Nitrogen Top Dressing alfalfa every time and titanium is fertile after cradling；Or also impose fertilizer；Loosen the soil after cradling every time, take deficiency and excess intertillage method to intertill.The kind of fertilizer does not limits.
Further, in (1st) step, soil layer deeply preferably more than 70cm.The preferred 7.0-8.0 of soil pH value in described hillside fields, total salt<3.0g/kg, Ground-water level>1.5m.
The type in described hillside fields includes: physical features is higher or flood control carries interior moisture soil, damp sandy soil level land；Thick-layer granite red hillside fields；Thick-layer sandstone red slope；Four discipline laterite hilly red soil paddy fields；Limestone red soil, terra rossa, thehen dirt hillside fields；Thick soil stratum granite yellow earth, yellowish soil hilllock shape mountain plateau, mound shape mountain plateau；Thick soil stratum purple soil hilly slope-lands.
Further, in (2nd) step, described alfalfa seed is triumph alfalfa seed.
Further, in (2nd) step, the time using the gamma ray of radiosiotope protactinium to be irradiated alfalfa seed is 1-3 hour, and transmitted intensity is Gr600, and irradiation distance is 1-3m.
Further, in (3rd) step, soaking the temperature of warm water used by alfalfa seed and be 30-50 DEG C, soak time is 10-14 hour.Described titanium solution of having converted refers to, every 1ml titanium solution is watered 0.8 kg-1.2kg(preferably 0.9
kg-1.1kg；More preferably 1.0 kg).The phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud of described modulation, it is watered the seed dressing of titanium solution, refers to every 95kg-105kg seed phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder 2kg.
Further, in (4th) step, ploughed depth is 20-25cm.For acid soil, liming, cohesive soil per hectare limes the 400 preferred 450kg of kg-500kg(), sand soil per hectare limes 200
The preferred 225kg of kg-250 kg().
Further, in (5th) step, railway carriage or compartment face width 1.5-2.0m, furrow width 20-40cm, ditch depth 20-25cm.
Further, in (5th) step, described fertilizer is dry chicken and duck excrement and the mixture of cake fertilizer.
Further, in (5th) step, sowing uses drilling, line-spacing 20-40cm, seed level 1-2cm, every mu of sowing quantity 1.0-1.2kg.
Further, in (5th) step, the consumption of described fertilizer is 3000-3500kg/hm2, the consumption of water-retaining agent is 140-230kg/hm2(preferably 150-225kg/hm2；More preferably 220 kg/hm2).The consumption of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder is 7.0-8.0kg/hm2(preferably 7.5 kg/hm2).
Further, in (6th) step, described titanium fertilizer is fruit type titanium solution；Described nitrogenous fertilizer is carbamide；Modulation fruit type titanium solution and the mixed liquor of carbamide according to the following ratio: the fruit type titanium solution clear water of quality 1000-3000 times dilutes, adds carbamide toward clear water in the fruit type titanium solution after diluting, carbamide is 1:90-110(preferably 100 with the mass ratio of clear water)；The amount of spraying of the mixed liquor of fruit type titanium solution and carbamide is 450-600kg/hm2。
Further, in (7th) step, the consumption of described fertilizer is 3000-3500kg/hm2, the consumption of water-retaining agent is 140-230 kg/hm2(preferably 150-225kg/hm2；More preferably 220kg/hm2), the consumption of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder is 7.0-8.0kg/hm2(preferably 7.5 kg/hm2).
Further, in (8th) step, described nitrogenous fertilizer is carbamide, and amount of application is every mu of preferred 2.5kg of 2.0-3.0()；Described titanium fertilizer is fruit type titanium solution, is diluted with the clear water of quality 100 times, and the fruit type titanium solution after diluting with clear water drenches the root and stem of certain plants；After often cradling 2 times, impose fertilizer；The amount of application of described fertilizer is every mu of 95-105 kg(preferably 100
Kg).
nullCompared with prior art，Advantages of the present invention is as follows: the present invention selects not accumulated water、Hillside fields on the sunny side is as plantation soil，Particularly preferably deep more than the 70cm of soil layer、PH value 7.0-8.0、Total salt < 3.0g/kg、Ground-water level > the not accumulated water of 1.5m、Hillside fields on the sunny side is as plantation soil，And take to select seed radiosiotope protactinium gamma roentgenization to process、Soak seed before planting seed、Earth and human excrement and the air-dried mud Rhizobium Inoculation of Caulis et Folium Oryzae retting of kind of alfalfa is treated with locality、Fertile with titanium in phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria is dressed seed、The most wholely、The rational application of fertilizer、Spray fruit type titanium fertilizer and use the series planting measures such as water-retaining agent，Thus form the method that Alfalfa southern China is efficiently planted，Soils in south china is overcome easily to harden into large clod，Inoculate autumn hot weather of common root nodule bacteria sad summer，Insoluble phosphorus can not be absorbed by crops，Root nodule bacteria nitrogen fixing capacity is weak，Seasonal drought，The problems such as high temperature season dormancy.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.
The fruit type titanium solution that the present embodiment uses is produced by Beijing Wan Chunjintai Co., Ltd, and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder is purchased from work center, continent, Lian Fa biotech inc, Taiwan or Lian Fa bio tech ltd, Nanjing.
The present embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) select the deep 80cm of soil layer and soil pH value 7.5, total salt 2.0g/kg, Ground-water level 1.6m, not accumulated water, hillside fields on the sunny side as plantation soil in the wet climatic province of monsoon, subtropical zone, south；
(2) through TWINSPAN(bidirectional beam string structure) classify and screening, selecting " triumph alfalfa " kind is varieties of plant；
(3) by the triumph alfalfa seed gamma roentgenization 2 hours of radiosiotope protactinium, transmitted intensity is Gr600, irradiation distance is 2m；The enzyme making seed is activated, thus breaking dormancy.Test shows, through seed and the non-irradiated seed of gamma roentgenization under the conditions of planting on an equal basis, owing to having broken dormancy, grass yield is doubled；
(4) triumph 45 DEG C of warm water soaking of alfalfa seed are incited somebody to action 12 hours, drain, then cross the table soil of alfalfa with endemic species or treat earth and human excrement, the Caulis et Folium Oryzae retting mud (root nodule bacteria containing adaptation local climate soil of kind of alfalfa with locality, vitality is strong, nitrogen fixing capacity is strong, 15-30% can be increased production), phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud is modulated together with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder with the mud after air-drying, convert titanium solution, every 1ml titanium solution is watered 1kg, with the phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud of modulation, it is watered the seed dressing of titanium solution, every 100kg seed phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder 2kg；
(5) will plantation ploughing soil 22-24cm；After turning over, contour trench digging divides railway carriage or compartment, railway carriage or compartment face width 1.5-1.6m, furrow width 30-32cm, ditch depth 22-24cm；Face, smooth good railway carriage or compartment, acid soil limes, and cohesive soil per hectare spreads 450kg Calx, and sand soil per hectare spreads 225kg Calx, rakes, harrows broken large clod, makes table soil become real；Open seed furrow；
(6) organic fertilizer (dry chicken and duck excrement and the mixture of cake fertilizer), water-retaining agent and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder in seed furrow, the consumption of fertilizer is 3000kg/hm2, the consumption of water-retaining agent is 150kg/hm2, the consumption of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder is 7.5kg/hm2；Sowing, sowing uses drilling, line-spacing 30-32cm, seed level 1-2cm, every mu of sowing quantity 1.2kg；
(7) when germination grows blade, start to spray fruit type titanium solution and the mixed liquor of carbamide, spray face of blade and the back side；Modulation fruit type titanium solution and the mixed liquor of carbamide according to the following ratio: the fruit type titanium solution clear water of quality 2000 times dilutes, adds carbamide toward clear water in the fruit type titanium solution after diluting, carbamide is 1:100 with the mass ratio of clear water；The amount of spraying of the mixed liquor of fruit type titanium solution and carbamide is 500kg/h；Spray fruit type titanium solution not only increase yield significantly, and Herba Medicaginis content of beary metal can also be reduced, few morbidity after cattle and sheep food；
(8) executing down together with the fertilizer mixture of cake fertilizer (the dry chicken and duck excrement with), water-retaining agent, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder mix homogeneously, the consumption of fertilizer is 3000kg/hm2, the consumption of water-retaining agent is 150kg/hm2, the consumption of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder is 7.5kg/hm2；Water-retaining agent utilizes the deionized water of its most thousands of times of absorptance self tuple Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae of energy, the most slowly release moisture utilizes this characteristic for germination and plant growth, reaches to strengthen soil water-retaining performance, reduce the deep percolation of water, the drought-resistant ability improving alfalfa the purpose of fast-growth；
(9) sowing cradles alfalfa then, can cradle when having 10% plant blossom without the alfalfa of gamma Irradiation, and toothing 5cm is high, and the alfalfa processed through the gamma ray Gr600 of protactinium gathers in most suitable when blooming；Every mu executing carbamide 2.5kg after cradling alfalfa every time, diluted by the fruit type titanium solution clear water of quality 100 times, the fruit type titanium solution after diluting with clear water drenches the root and stem of certain plants；1 fertilizer (the chicken and duck excrement fully become thoroughly decomposed and cake fertilizer) is chased after after often cradling 2 times, 100 kilograms every mu, fertilizer is sprinkled in plantation ditch, anti-pest and disease damage of being in harmony, Major Diseases has root rot, rust, brown spot, downy mildew, will dig trenches to drain the water away, spray titanium fertile (mixing carbendazim or thiophanate) preventing and treating.Insect pest has aphid, thrips, leafhopper, plant bug etc., with Folithion spraying preventing and treating, it is possible to mix with fruit type titanium fertilizer and spray；Loosening the soil after cradling every time, take deficiency and excess to intertill method, water of both having accepted the enemy's surrender, reduce again soil layer interflow, improve drought-resistant ability, weeds are buried in the earth and make fertilizer or covering table soil.
In (1st) step, the slop type of deep more than the 70cm of soil layer includes: 1. physical features is higher or flood control carries interior moisture soil, damp sandy soil level land；2. thick-layer granite red hillside fields；3. thick-layer sandstone red slope；4. four discipline laterite hilly red soil paddy field；5. limestone red soil, terra rossa, thehen dirt hillside fields；6. thick soil stratum granite yellow earth, yellowish soil hilllock shape mountain plateau, mound shape mountain plateau；7. thick soil stratum purple soil hilly slope-lands etc..
In (2nd) step, selected varieties of plant " triumph alfalfa " is to be selected by tests below.
By gray system theory, 21 alfalfa varieties are analyzed in the production performance (index such as green forage yield, hay yield, stem/leaf ratio, plant height, branch amount, main root length, reproduction speed) of hilly area in the center of Hunan low-relief terrain, set up comprehensive evaluation model, evaluate the production performance of each kind.It is Hunter-river, Hope's orchid moral and wI323 etc. that comprehensive production performance shows preferable alfalfa cultivars；Like the luxuriant and rich with fragrance variety production poor-performing such as nit, Te Rui and Nong Bao；Although Herba Medicaginis king and triumph two kind green forage yield of alfalfa are higher, but its reproduction speed is slow, and Herba Medicaginis king's stem/leaf ratio is low, triumph alfalfa dry matter content is low, but triumph alfalfa high temperature resistance, drought-resistant, cold resistance, preferably kind property are extensively, and seedling vigor is strong, yield is high, therefore finally determines the varieties of plant that triumph alfalfa is invention.
In (6th) step, the fertilising of alfalfa, one is the soil seeing soil basal dressing, i.e. newly broken and fertility difference, and deep ploughing to be combined is opened the many basal dressings of seed furrow, the soil of middle fertility, opened seed furrow Shaoshi base manure in conjunction with deep ploughing, the soil not basal dressing that fertility is high；Two is that fertilizer (include base manure and the topdress) nutrient executed wants complete, both N, P, K had been contained, possibly together with middle trace element, because phosphorus can improve Herba Medicaginis fresh yield and Seed germinating ability, potassium is element necessary to Herba Medicaginis, independent nitrogenous fertilizer is made base manure and is increased production Herba Medicaginis to no effect, and N P and K mixing can improve the yield and quality of Herba Medicaginis, if barnyard manure (Caulis et Folium Oryzae in swinery, cattle pen and pigs and cattle slurry of feces and urine) is used with nitrogen phosphorus fertilizer simultaneously, the fertilizer efficiency that can make nitrogen phosphorus fertilizer doubles, therefore currently preferred organic fertilizer is dry chicken and duck excrement and cake fertilizer.Dry chicken and duck excrement, cake fertilizer are high-quality organic fertilizers, and nutrient is complete, and P-dissolving fungi can dissolve insoluble phosphorus in soil, make, by the phosphorus validation in the phosphorus of soil fixing and Organic substance, to increase production more than 30%.
In ××××-×××× year, present inventor has carried out, in ×× village, ××× town, Hengnan County, Hunan Province, the method test that Alfalfa southern China is efficiently planted, and implementation process is as follows.
1. selection of land
(1) selection of soil layer: alfalfa is deep root type herbage, therefore, kind Herba Medicaginis preferably selects the ground that soil layer is deep.Pot experiment proves, soil layer 30cm, 60cm, 90cm etc. 3 plant soil, plants Herba Medicaginis and works as annual production, and with 30cm for 100%, 60cm, 90cm are respectively 103.9%, 104.2%, and difference is the most notable；Planting Herba Medicaginis the 2nd annual production, 30cm district, 60cm district, 90cm district are respectively 100%, 131.7%, 152.9%, and difference is the most notable；Planting Herba Medicaginis the 3rd annual production, 30cm district, 60cm district, 90cm district are respectively 100%, 157.6%, 241.7%, and yield is doubled and redoubled；Additionally, from the point of view of the alfalfa of the domatic kind of a length of grade 200m, growing way upward slope section, mesoslope section, lower slope section are significantly different, 8 are cradled respectively at the suitableeest cut issue (bloom 10%), green forage yield upward slope section, mesoslope section, lower slope section every square metre average out to 2.06kg, 3.38kg, 4.13kg, with upward slope section for 100%, mesoslope section, lower slope section respectively 164.1%, 200.5%(see table 1).
(2) other condition selects: other condition includes soil acidity or alkalinity, irrigation condition, canopy density etc..This is because highly acid (PH < 5) soil can make Growth of Alfalfa bad, as planted at strong acid, a 3-5 month per hectare 1500-2000 must be executed prior to seeding
Kg quick lime, 1 5000-30000 kg fertilizer, to improve soil, culture fertility；And long-term hydrops (more than 24 h) can make alfalfa because of rotten the product that goes out；Highly shade, alfalfa illumination can be made not enough and growth retardation, be unfavorable for giving full play to of its herbage productivity.
2. selection kind: end 2012, domestic and international alfalfa variety totally 866, in state-owned 41, external 825.Kind parabiosis habit and production performance are widely different, it is necessary to carry out the screening of excellent alfalfa variety.The present invention uses gray system theory to be analyzed 13 alfalfa varieties production performance in hilly area in the center of Hunan low-relief terrain, the indexs such as result triumph Fresh Forage Yield of Alfalfa arranges the 1st, stem/leaf ratio, plant height, branch amount, main root length, reproduction speed are all at the 2nd, the 3rd, only hay yield occupies the 7th but the Herba Medicaginis face cultivated at present, our trial zone is the least, and grass product is mainly eaten raw therefore determined that triumph alfalfa is experimental cultivar.
3. the gamma roentgenization of radiosiotope protactinium: triumph alfalfa seed is passed through exposure rate Gr600, irradiation distance 2m, the planting seed that time 2 h processes, its seeding stage shifts to an earlier date 3 days, reaching the suitableeest cut issue grass layer natural height height 7.25cm, year, green forage yield height 149.1%-221.7%(saw table 2).
Test the 1st year grass yield of sowing is low, has neither part nor lot in and compares.
4. seed soaking, seed dressing.
(1) seed soaking, seed dressing method (with reference to the step (4) of embodiment)；
(2) effect soaked seed: through the seed of the alfalfa seed non-seed soaking of ratio that water seed soaking processes, germination percentage improves 13.7%, and the seeding stage does sth. in advance 2-3 days.
(3) P-dissolving fungi effect is mixed: carried out seed in ××× town, Hengnan County and mixed P-dissolving fungi test；Test sets 3 process, P-dissolving fungi liquid (1g P-dissolving fungi add water 200ml) adjusts local reddish yellow mud seed dressing (processing 1), 200ml water to adjust local reddish yellow mud seed dressing (processing 2), white seed (processing 3) to be all plot experiments, plot area 10 × 3.3m=33, repeats for 3 times, and random district group arranges；Trial zone surrounding sets 1.2m width protection row.Result, after 1 growth cycle of alfalfa, different disposal dissolves the effect of soil insoluble phosphorus, process 1(P-dissolving fungi seed dressing) arable layer aggregate sample soil in available phosphorus content be 7.4mg/kg, process 2(yellow mud seed dressing) arable layer aggregate sample soil in available phosphorus content be 6.5mg/kg, process the white seed of 3() arable layer aggregate sample soil in available phosphorus content be 6.4mg/kg, available phosphorus content 6.3mg/kg in the front arable layer aggregate sample soil of the most relatively test, increase 1.1mg/kg, 0.2mg/kg, 0.1mg/kg, improve 17.5%, 3.2%, 1.6%, significant difference between before processing 1 and testing, process 2, 3 and test before between difference the most notable.
(4) fruit type titanium solution effect is mixed: titanium is the beneficial element of plant, it can promote that plant is to nitrogen, phosphorus, the absorption of potassium and operating, improve percentage of seedgermination and crops root system development, improve chlorophyll content and dry-matter accumulation, and the absorption that soil is heavily belonged to by plant can be reduced, in ×××× year, carry out seed in ×× village, ××× town, Hengnan County ××× group and mixed the test of titanium solution；Test sets 3 process, and titanium solution (1ml is watered 20kg) adjusts local reddish yellow mud seed dressing (processing 1), 20kg water to adjust yellow mud seed dressing (processing 2), white seed (processing 3), is all plot experiment, and plot area 10 × 3.3m=33 repeats for 3 times, and random district group arranges；Trial zone surrounding sets 1.2m width protection row.As a result, after 1 growth cycle of alfalfa (2008), every square metre of overground part fresh grass amount, 0-30cm soil layer root amount, process 1 and be respectively increased 13.1%, 16.7% than process 2, process 1 ratio and process 3 raisings 15.6%, 18.7%, difference is the most notable.
The most wholely:
(1) method of soil preparation test: in ×××× year, ××× group has carried out method of soil preparation test in ×× village, ××× town, Hengnan County；It is all plot experiment, plot area 20 × 10m=200, do not set repetition；If along slope dig deep 10cm(process 1), along slope dig deep 20cm(process 2), contour dig deep 10cm(process 3), contour dig deep 20cm(process 4) etc. 4 process.×××× year × moon × day sowing alfalfa, observes run-off, grass yield.
(2) method of soil preparation compares: 4 method of soil preparation compare, run-off, process 1 > process 2 > process 3 > process 4 grass yields be then process 4 > > process 3 > > process 2 > process 1；Process 4 relatively process 1 and subtract stream 46.8%；Green forage yield is high by 35.6%；Hay yield height 43.1%(sees table 3).
In table, institute's column data is all the sowing measurement result of the 2nd year.
6. fertilising:
(1) fertilizer type test: in ×××× year, carried out fertilizer type test in ×× village, ××× town, Hengnan County；It is all plot experiment, plot area 20 × 10m=200, do not set repetition；If chemistry N, P, K fertilizer makees base manure and topdress (processing 1), base manure+dry chicken and duck excrement made by chemistry N, P, K fertilizer, cake fertilizer topdresses (processing 2), dry chicken and duck excrement, cake fertilizer are made base manure+chemistry N, P, K fertilizer and are topdressed (processing 3), and dry chicken and duck excrement, cake fertilizer make base manure and 4 process such as (processing 4) of topdressing.××× year × moon × day sowing alfalfa, surveys and cradles green forage yield the 1st, the 2nd, the 3rd time.
(2) fertilizer type compares.4 fertilizer type collocation process compares, and alfalfa cradles green forage yield the 1st, the 2nd, the 3rd time and all follows process 4 > > process 3 > > process 2 > process 1；Processing 4 and relatively process 1 green forage yield height 0.65-1.02kg/, rate of growth is that 12.4%-17.8%(sees table 4).
Grass yield (fresh grass): kg/, rate of growth: %.
7. spray titanium fertile.
(1) increasing yield that titanium is fertile mainly improves the physiologically active of crop, and intensity of photosynthesis increases 6.6-85.8%, and chlorophyll content increases 9.2-1.7%, nitrogen. and phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency is respectively increased 6.6-13.7% and 20%.According to test, using the tender Seedling of alfalfa that titanium is fertile, protein and various aminoacid, various vitamin, content of mineral substances increases by more than 5%, and heavy acid fiber, neutral fibre content reduce by 50%.Titanium fertilizer is spraying 2-3 time preferably around florescence.If better with conventional chemical fertilizer compounding application, but can not mix with calcium superphosphate, ammonium molybdate and use, the former produces precipitation, and the latter appraises at the current rate inefficacy.
(2) fruit type titanium fertilizer test: ×××× year, has carried out alfalfa and has sprayed the test of fruit type titanium fertilizer in ×× village, ××× town, Hengnan County；It is all plot experiment, plot area 20 × 10m=200, do not set repetition；If spraying 4 process such as 3 fruit type titaniums fertile (processing 4) between spraying 2 fruit type titaniums fertile (processing 3) between spraying 1 fruit type titanium fertile (processing 2) between not spraying fruit type titanium fertile (processing 1), cradling for 2 times, cradling for 2 times, cradling for 2 times.Sowing on April 7th, 2010 alfalfa, surveys and cradles green forage yield the 1st, the 2nd, the 3rd time.
(3) fruit type titanium fertilizer sprays and compares one after another: 4 process are compared, grass yield is then process 4 > process 3 > process 2 > process 1, i.e. spray increasing and increasing or increasing and increase with the fruit type titanium fertilizer amount of spraying of number of times with fruit type titanium fertilizer, between particularly each process, difference all reaches significant level, illustrates to spray titanium fertile big to improving Alfalfa Output effect.Processing 4 and relatively process 1 green forage yield height 3.18-4.86kg/, high 71.8%-83.6%(sees table 5).
Grass yield (fresh grass): kg/, rate of growth: %.
8. use water-retaining agent:
(1) test method: ×××× year, has executed water-retaining agent test in ×× village, ××× town, Hengnan County with having carried out alfalfa；It is all plot experiment, plot area 20 × 10m=200, do not set repetition；If do not execute water-retaining agent (processing 1), per hectare executes 75kg water-retaining agent (processing 2), per hectare executes 150kg water-retaining agent (processing 3), per hectare executes 225kg water-retaining agent (processing 4), per hectare executes 5 process such as 300kg water-retaining agent (processing 5).×××× year × moon × day sowing alfalfa, surveys green forage yield, 0-20cm soil layer moisture content, 0-20cm soil temperature, porosity, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium content when cradling for the 1st, the 2nd, the 3rd time.
null(2) water-retaining agent result of the test: 5 process are compared，Grass yield is process 5 > process 4 > process 3 > process 2 > process 1，I.e. increasing and increase with water-retaining agent amount of application，This is because，Water-retaining agent has strong water absorption function water conservation、Slowly discharge the characteristic of moisture，Soil layer moisture content is made to improve，Soil temperature luffing reduces，By chemical fertilizer soluble in water、Nutrient substance required for the crop growths such as pesticide is fixing wherein，Reduce the leaching loss of soluble nutrient to a certain extent，Reach water-saving fertilizer-saving、Improve the effect of water and fertilizer utilization，Thus improve the content of various available nutrient，And along with the existing rule of its imbibition and dehydration shrinkage changes，Surrounding soil can be made to be become loose from consolidation，Hole increases，Thus make the penetrating situation of soil be improved to a certain extent，I.e. alfalfa rely growth environmental condition improve，Therefore yield increase，And its effect of increasing production increases with the increase of amount of application，Process difference between 5 and process 4 the most notable；Between other soil layer moisture content, porosity, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium content respectively process, the significance of difference is identical with grass yield.Use water-retaining agent effect notable this explanation alfalfa, and execute 150-225kg conveniently with per hectare；Processing 3, process 4, process 5 averages and relatively process 1 green forage yield height 0.74-1.33kg/, high 14.7%-26.4%(sees table 6).
Moisture content, soil temperature, porosity, nutrient are all the measured values after cradling for the 1st, the 2nd, the 3rd time.
9. cradle, intertill, topdress, anti-disease pest:
(1) cradling: test proves, the yield of 5%-50% phase of blooming and quality are best, and later herbage is gradually old, and quality is the poorest；As made hay powder, preferably gather in squaring period；Make Radix Glycyrrhizae, then the initial bloom stage harvesting that can terminate in the flower bud phase, to ensure yield；The annual phase of cutting at end should not too late, and the autumn and winter cradle, and the most late harm is the biggest, i.e. impact is survived the winter, unfavorable to Second Year growing way again.Due to by the gamma roentgenization of protactinium, broken not eye, 7,8,9, high temperature season in October eye endlessly, and can fast-growth, annual Cutting can increase 4-5 time, i.e. more than 1 times.
(2) intertillage: to intertill after cradling every time and cut weeds, is to carry out weed control in time seedling stage, because of Seedling of Alfalfa poor growth, easily by weed infestation, so as artificial remove impurity mode should be used when Weed infestation is heavier in time or selects suitable herbicide.Two be cradle every time after to intertill and cut weeds.
(3) topdress: one is that Seedling Stage is in addition to executing appropriate phosphorus potash fertilizer (mix with fertilizer and execute), also preferably Nitrogen Top Dressing, because alfalfa is poor in Seedling Stage root nodule bacteria nitrogen fixing capacity, so this phase should water in time or use again after soluble in water for nitrogenous fertilizer, to promote being formed and the growth of seedling of the effective root nodule bacteria of alfalfa；And later stage alfalfa forms minimizing applied nitrogen after nitrogen fixing capacity, gradually decrease 20-50% the second half year, in order to avoid affecting the formation of its effective root nodule bacteria.
(4) preventing and treating disease pest: be described before the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control, be supplemented with here the preventing and treating about Semen Cuscutae is described, the seed of Semen Cuscutae is easily with the orofecal of poultry, during field management, at the multiple stacking being born in results Herba Medicaginis of Semen Cuscutae, therefore, timely roping is wanted after Herba Medicaginis results.As found Semen Cuscutae, after Herba Medicaginis roping, with 48% 100-200 times of liquid of Amchem 70-25 cream, carry out ground in time and spray, spray and make every effort to uniform.
Those skilled in the art can carry out various modifications and variations to the present invention, if these amendments and modification are within the scope of the claims in the present invention and equivalent technologies thereof, then these amendments and modification are also within protection scope of the present invention.
The prior art that the content not described in detail in description is known to the skilled person.
Claims (10)
1. the method that an Alfalfa southern China is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
(1) select not accumulated water, hillside fields on the sunny side as plantation soil in monsoon moist climate region, subtropical zone, south；
(2) by the alfalfa seed gamma roentgenization of radiosiotope protactinium；
(3) by alfalfa seed warm water soaking, drain, then cross the table soil of alfalfa with endemic species or treat earth and human excrement, the Caulis et Folium Oryzae retting mud of kind of alfalfa with locality, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud is modulated together with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder with the mud after air-drying, convert titanium solution, with the phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud of modulation, be watered the seed dressing of titanium solution；
(4), after general's plantation ploughing soil is good, contour trench digging divides railway carriage or compartment, face, smooth good railway carriage or compartment, rakes, harrows broken large clod, opens seed furrow；
(5) organic fertilizer, water-retaining agent and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder in seed furrow；Sowing；
(6) start to spray the fertile mixed liquor with nitrogenous fertilizer of titanium, spray face of blade and the back side when germination grows blade；
(7) fertilizer, water-retaining agent, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder mix homogeneously are executed down together；
(8) sowing cradles alfalfa then, executes Nitrogen Top Dressing alfalfa every time and titanium is fertile after cradling；Or also impose fertilizer；Loosen the soil after cradling every time, take deficiency and excess intertillage method to intertill.
2. the method that Alfalfa southern China as claimed in claim 1 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (1st) step, deep more than the 70cm of soil layer；The soil pH value 7.0-8.0 in described hillside fields, total salt<3.0g/kg, Ground-water level>1.5m.
3. the method that Alfalfa southern China as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is efficiently planted, it is characterized in that: in (2nd) step, the time using the gamma ray of radiosiotope protactinium to be irradiated alfalfa seed is 1-3 hour, and transmitted intensity is Gr600, and irradiation distance is 1-3m.
4. the method that the Alfalfa southern China as described in claim 1 or 2 or 3 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (3rd) step, soaking the temperature of warm water used by alfalfa seed and be 30-50 DEG C, soak time is 10-14 hour；Described titanium solution of having converted refers to, every 1ml titanium solution is watered 0.8 kg-1.2kg；The phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria mud of described modulation, it is watered the seed dressing of titanium solution, refers to every 95kg-105kg seed phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder 2kg.
5. the method that Alfalfa southern China as claimed in claim 1 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (4th) step, for acid soil, liming, cohesive soil per hectare limes 400-500kg, and sand soil per hectare limes 200-250kg.
6. the method that the Alfalfa southern China as described in one of claim 1-5 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (5th) step, railway carriage or compartment face width 1.5-2.0m, furrow width 20-40cm, ditch depth 20-25cm.
7. the method that the Alfalfa southern China as described in one of claim 1-6 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (5th) step, sowing uses drilling, line-spacing 20-40cm, seed level 1-2cm, every mu of sowing quantity 1.0-1.2kg.
8. the method that the Alfalfa southern China as described in one of claim 1-7 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (5th) step, the consumption of described fertilizer is 3000-3500kg/hm2, the consumption of water-retaining agent is 140-230kg/hm2, the consumption of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder is 7.0-8.0kg/hm2。
9. the method that the Alfalfa southern China as described in one of claim 1-8 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (6th) step, described titanium fertilizer is fruit type titanium solution, and described nitrogenous fertilizer is carbamide；The fertile mixed liquor with nitrogenous fertilizer of described titanium, the most formulated: the clear water dilution of fruit type titanium solution quality 1000-3000 times, then add carbamide toward with in the fruit type titanium solution after clear water dilution, carbamide is 1:90-110 with the mass ratio of clear water；The amount of spraying of the mixed liquor of fruit type titanium solution and carbamide is 450-600kg/hm2。
10. the method that the Alfalfa southern China as described in one of claim 1-9 is efficiently planted, it is characterised in that: in (7th) step, the consumption of described fertilizer is 3000-3500kg/hm2, the consumption of water-retaining agent is 140-230kg/hm2, the consumption of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria powder is 7.0-8.0kg/hm2。
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