CN1058501C - 热塑性淀粉的生产方法 - Google Patents

热塑性淀粉的生产方法 Download PDF

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CN1058501C
CN1058501C CN94192753A CN94192753A CN1058501C CN 1058501 C CN1058501 C CN 1058501C CN 94192753 A CN94192753 A CN 94192753A CN 94192753 A CN94192753 A CN 94192753A CN 1058501 C CN1058501 C CN 1058501C
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J·洛克
W·波默雷茨
K·克伦克
H·施米特
J·霍耶尔
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Abstract

本发明提供以可再生的原料为基础的一种热塑性淀粉的生产方法，而且必要时还将这种淀粉继续加工成颗粒，其中使低粘度和低剪切应力的淀粉在挤压过程中改性，而经过改性的淀粉以丝带、细丝或其它几何形式以高粘度离开挤压机。本发明的优点主要在于：淀粉产品的质量较好；不损伤挤压机设备的机械部件；可提高挤压机的额定产量。

Description

热塑性淀粉的生产方法
本发明涉及以可再生的原料为基础通过挤压成丝带、丝状或其它几何形状来生产生物聚合的热塑性淀粉的一种方法。还可将这种挤出物继续加工成粒子。
按现有技术是通过一个挤压过程由热塑性淀粉和其它改性淀粉制成粒子，因此可在挤压机的直接出口处用一把转动的刀将改性的热淀粉切成颗粒。在挤压过程中的压力和温度下，这种淀粉就被裂解，其中一般情况下10-20％的天然水份含量就足够了，必要时还加入其它溶剂、添加剂和增塑剂。总的来说，由于挤压机中的反应条件和高剪切应力，这种可塑的热淀粉物料受到机械和/或物理-化学损伤，就是说，必须接受淀粉聚合物的分子降解这一不受欢迎的副作用。因此受过挤压的淀粉的结合力和其膜强度都降低，因为随着分子量降低，淀粉的膜强度也降低。此外，由于被破坏了的淀粉的高粘度和高韧性也使双螺杆挤压机在机械上受到超高强负荷。这就导致，或者必须对挤压机机壳和螺杆使用非常昂贵的耐磨机器部件，或者相应的设备部件受到过度的磨损，而且生产出的热塑性淀粉的成本高和质量不稳定。由于挤压机的磨损问题和淀粉热塑性塑料的质量问题，例如由GB-A-2 208652中得知的这种方法至今未能实施。
CH-A-679 564说明了一种挤压方法，这种方法是将原料(至少部分淀粉或淀粉衍生物)和水和/或乙醇一起在一个挤压机中连续进行压缩、加热(因此胶凝化)和用一种成型模进行模制。在挤压过程中保持几乎一样的温度。
本发明的任务是提出一种优选为颗粒状或纤维状的淀粉挤出物的生产方法，使产品质量得到改进，挤压机设备的机械负荷得到降低，同时其生产能力得到提高。
这个任务是通过一种热塑性淀粉的生产方法得以实现，所述淀粉为颗粒状或纤维状并以可再生的、含淀粉的原料和任选的固态和/或液态添加剂为基础，该方法包含以下顺序的工艺步骤：
a)将可再生的原料混合，任选地和固态的和/或液态的添加剂一起混合成均匀的原料混合物，
b)将其它添加剂计量加入计量的原料混合物，
c)加热并使此原料混合物反应和形成具有第一粘度的熔体，
d)冷却熔体并在25×105帕斯卡-150×105帕斯卡压力和30℃-220℃温度下对冷却的熔体进行增塑并对具有比第一粘度高的第二粘度的热塑性淀粉进行挤出，
e)在提高或降低的大气压力下用气态的和/或液态的和/或固态的助剂对挤出物进行处理，
f)排放挤出物。
本发明在解决此任务时从以下基本思想出发：
在挤压过程中使低粘度和低剪切应力的热塑性淀粉粉碎，并使其进行化学-物理改性。高粘度的液态热塑性淀粉以丝带、蛛网形细丝或其它几何形式离开挤压机，紧接着进行调节处理(Konditioniert)，目的在于使此产品固化、稳定和加以小心的后处理。其后可将已凝固的淀粉制成颗粒或继续加工成纤维和用其它调节方法调节到所希望的剩余水份，然后包装。
在一个优选的实施方案中，在步骤a)中在一混合设备中将原料和添加剂混合成均匀的原料混合物。
在另一优选的实施方案中，在步骤b)-d)中在双螺杆挤压机中将原料混合物进行加热、变性、化学物理改性和冷却。
在又一优选的实施方案中，把经过增塑的淀粉在步骤e)之后，在步骤f)中通过一个粉碎过程粉碎成颗粒形的热塑性淀粉和/或作为连续丝排出。
在又一优选的实施方案中，在步骤f)之后，把得到的挤出物在一个干燥过程中除去挥发性的增塑剂和助剂，并调节成规定的干含量。
本发明尤其具有以下优点：因为内摩擦很快被减少到最低限度，所以不损伤热塑性淀粉，无分子降解，产品质量显著改善，不损伤挤压机设备，无磨损现象，以及尤其转矩和能量投入都较低时产量较高。因此，例如用本发明方法可达到目前已知的一些方法用的双螺杆挤压机的额定生产量的三倍。
以下根据一个实施例来说明本发明。
流程图1中与此有关的图表明生产热塑性淀粉颗粒的本发明的工艺原理。
如图1表明，按照热塑性淀粉的生产方法首先在混合装置1中将原料混合。为此使用的是可再生的原料的一种原料混合物，以及在此混合物中附加其它合适的乳化剂如甘油单硬脂酸酯。可再生的原料例如有来自玉米、小麦、土豆、木薯淀粉、杂交玉米或来自其它粮食的或含淀粉的植物根或球根的聚合碳水化合物。混合之后将这种均匀的物料加到缓冲容器2中，该缓冲容器经常存有足够的混合物量用于一个连续的工艺过程。螺旋输送器3从缓冲容器中把混合物输送到计量容器4中，该计量容器通过第一个入口5给双螺杆挤压机6提供预定的混合物量。和输入混合物量同时通过第二个入口7把其它添加剂加入双螺杆挤压机6中，尤其加入增塑助剂、增溶助剂、疏水助剂、染色助剂、成膜助剂、薄膜成形促进剂和/或纤维助剂。此外其中还可用甘油帮助增塑和/或用纺织纤维形成支持组织(Stützgewebe)。总的来说，这些其它添加剂有利于降低熔体的粘度，因此通过挤压过程中的熔体的较低剪切应力有助于保持淀粉聚合物的分子结构。此外还可显著降低挤压机的机器部件的机械负荷和防止挤压机壳体和挤压机螺杆的过早磨损现象。混合物中的可再生的原料含量优选为5-95重量％，更优选为50-90重量％，尤其优选为60-85重量％。但根据对要制备的淀粉产物的性能要求而定也可能是大于或小于这种含量。使双螺杆6中的原料混合物在压力和温度下(例如通过加热装置8进行加热)于反应过程中进行变性，并使其进行化学/物理改性。为使处理达到最佳化程度可通过合适的温度调节装置来调节双螺杆挤压机6中的温变时间过程和温变局部过程，例如按照DE专利申请号P4228016,0所述的调节方法进行调节。就在熔体从双螺杆挤压机6中流出之前通过抽出液体直接提高熔体的粘度，同时降低其温度，在例如压力为25×105帕斯卡-150×105帕斯卡和温度为30-220℃，优选为30-99℃的条件下将淀粉以丝带、丝状或其它几何形状排出来，需要时纺成连续丝。
在与双螺杆挤压机6邻接的、例如以循环的传送带形式存在的处理段9上借助于一个吹风装置10可将挤出物进行化学物理后处理，尤其进行调节处理，为的是使挤出物的结构牢固和稳定。
生产粒子时是把凝固了的淀粉在磨碎机11中磨碎、成粒，加到干燥器12中，以便继续抽去液体，抽去挥发性的增塑剂和助剂。干燥过程是通过在干燥器12中使粒子连续滚动、通过例如用送风机13和吸气设备14对干燥器12进行送风和排气以及借助于加热装置15来实现。紧接着通过传送带16把粒子送入筛分机17进行分级，然后在灌装台18进行称重和包装。为了调节送入筛分机17中的粒子量，给筛分机17装配了一个溢流容器19。
以下实施例说明混合物组成及工艺条件：
在高效混合器1中生产一种由100公斤玉米淀粉和1公斤甘油单硬脂酸酯组成的混合物。以45公斤/小时的流量将此混合物连续地计量加到双螺杆挤压机6中(此双螺杆挤压机为Werner &Pfleiderer AG，DE，产品，型号“Continua 37”，螺杆直径约40mm)。同时以15公斤/小时的流量计量加入甘油。通过使最后两区冷却将喷嘴头的出口温度调节到90℃。在螺杆转速为210转/分钟时调节物料压力为62×105帕斯卡。将喷出的丝在传送带9上进行后处理，然后送入磨碎机11中。把磨碎的物料连续在浆叶式干燥器12中干燥到湿度为2％。

Claims (18)

1.热塑性淀粉的生产方法，该淀粉为颗粒状或纤维状并以可再生的、含淀粉的原料和任选的固态和/或液态添加剂为基础，该方法包含以下顺序的工艺步骤：
a)将可再生的原料混合，任选地和固态的和/或液态的添加剂一起混合成均匀的原料混合物，
b)将其它添加剂计量加入计量的原料混合物，
c)加热并使此原料混合物反应和形成具有第一粘度的熔体，
d)冷却熔体并在25×105帕斯卡-150×105帕斯卡压力和30℃-220℃温度下对冷却的熔体进行增塑并对具有比第一粘度高的第二粘度的热塑性淀粉进行挤出，
e)在提高或降低的大气压力下用气态的和/或液态的和/或固态的助剂对挤出物进行处理，
f)排放挤出物。
2.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于在步骤f)后对排放的挤出物进行干燥。
3.按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于：原料混合物中的可再生的原料是来自玉米、小麦、土豆、木薯淀粉、杂交玉米和其它粮食或含淀粉的植物根或球根的聚合碳水化合物。
4.按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于：在步骤a)中作为乳化剂加入一种添加剂甘油单硬脂酸酯。
5.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：步骤b)中的添加剂选自增塑助剂、软化剂、增溶助剂、疏水助剂、染色助剂、成膜助剂、薄膜成形促进剂和纤维助剂。
6.按权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于：加入甘油作为增塑助剂。
7.按权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于：加入纺织纤维作为纤维助剂。
8.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：这种原料混合物含有5-95重量％的可再生的原料。
9.按权利要求8的方法，其特征在于：这种原料混合物含有50-90重量％的可再生原料。
10.按权利要求9的方法，其特征在于：这种原料混合物含有60-85重量％的可再生原料。
11.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在步骤a)中在混合设备(1)中将原料和添加剂混合成均匀的原料混合物。
12.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：在步骤b)-d)中在双螺杆挤压机(6)中将原料混合物进行加热、变性、化学物理改性和冷却。
13.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：挤压在30-99℃的温度下进行。
14.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：将这种经过改性的淀粉挤压成丝带、丝状或其它几何形式。
15.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：在步骤e)将挤出物进行后处理。
16.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：把经过增塑的淀粉在步骤e)之后，在步骤f)中通过一个粉碎过程粉碎成颗粒形的热塑性淀粉和/或作为连续丝排出。
17.按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：在步骤f)之后，把得到的挤出物在一个干燥过程中除去挥发性的增塑剂和助剂，并调节成规定的干含量。
18.可按照权利要求1至17的任一项所述的方法制得的热塑性淀粉。
CN94192753A 1993-05-27 1994-05-27 热塑性淀粉的生产方法 Expired - Lifetime CN1058501C (zh)

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