CN105819986A - Preparation method and application of selenium-enriched cadmium-resistant foliar fertilizer special for rice - Google Patents
Preparation method and application of selenium-enriched cadmium-resistant foliar fertilizer special for rice Download PDFInfo
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- CN105819986A CN105819986A CN201610359856.7A CN201610359856A CN105819986A CN 105819986 A CN105819986 A CN 105819986A CN 201610359856 A CN201610359856 A CN 201610359856A CN 105819986 A CN105819986 A CN 105819986A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
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Abstract
The invention provides a preparation method and application of a selenium-enriched cadmium-resistant foliar fertilizer special for rice .The preparation method of the selenium-enriched cadmium-resistant foliar fertilizer special for the rice comprises the following steps that sodium selenite, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate and ferrous sulfate are dissolved in water and prepared into an original mother liquid, wherein the concentration of sodium selenite ranges from 30 g/l to 60 g/l; the original mother liquid is mixed with an amino acid solution of which the mass concentration ranges from 15% to 20%, shaking chelating is conducted, and a chelating liquid is obtained; the chelating liquid and a single silicic acid aqueous solution are mixed to be uniform to be prepared into a mixed liquid; sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate is added, the mixture and filtrate obtained through saccharose alcohol fermentation are stirred at 25 DEG C to 35 DEG C for secondary chelating, and the selenium-enriched cadmium-resistant foliar fertilizer special for the rice is obtained .By means of the preparation method and application of the selenium-enriched cadmium-resistant foliar fertilizer special for the rice, 90% or above of inorganic selenium is converted into organic selenium such as selenomethionine and selenocystine, the poisoning risk is eliminated, the absorption conversion rate of selenium is increased, the raw material amount is reduced, the cost is reduced, and the rice has a good cadmium-resistant property.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural fertilizer technical field, particularly relate to the preparation method and applications of a kind of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer.
Background technology
At present, the selenium-enriched foliage fertilizer of the overwhelming majority typically uses selenite or selenite is fermented or carries out repeatedly foliage-spray after chelating agent on the market, minimum needs sprayed once respectively in Oryza sativa L. jointing stage and cut phase phase beginning of i.e. earing, it is generally required to spray more than twice, to realize the production of Se-rich farm products.This method is primarily present following weakness: one is that the residual of inorganic selenium is serious, has potential murder by poisoning risk；Two is that the conversion ratio of agricultural product selenium is low, and cost is high；Three are the applications of foliage fertilizer and plant itself are had burn seedlings risk；Four is repeatedly to spray workload greatly, and cost of labor is high.
It addition, because soil is polluted by heavy metal so that in the agricultural product that its growth is got up, also contain heavy metal.Especially as in the rice of staple food, often inspection is to higher cadmium content, leverages the healthy of people.
Summary of the invention
For above technical problem, the invention discloses the preparation method and applications of a kind of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, use the Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer that the method obtains, inorganic states selenium more than 90% is converted into the Organic Seleniums such as selenomethionine and selenocystine, eliminates murder by poisoning risk；Improve its sorption enhanced utilization rate to selenium, it is possible to reduce spray number of times, be so effectively reduced and spray workload, reduce artificial production cost；And the cadmium content in rice is substantially reduced, preferably guard the healthy of people.
To this, the technical solution used in the present invention is:
Step S1: sodium selenite, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate is soluble in water, is made into original nut liquid, wherein, the concentration of sodium selenite is 30 ~ 60g/l, sulphuric acid zinc concentration is 30 ~ 50g/l, and the concentration of described manganese sulfate is 30 ~ 40g/l, and the concentration of described ferrous sulfate is 40 ~ 60g/l；
Step S2: be that 15%-20% Freamine Ⅲ mixes by the original nut liquid of step S1 and mass concentration, described original nut liquid is 1:(3 ~ 4 with the volume ratio of Freamine Ⅲ), at 35 ~ 45 DEG C, then carry out concussion chelating 48-60 hour, obtain chelating liquid；Wherein, the concentration of Freamine Ⅲ can not be too high, the most easily produces crystallization；The concentration of Freamine Ⅲ is too low, impact effect；
Step S3: by described chelating liquid and single silicate content be the aqueous solution of 1.5 ~ 2.5kg/L be (8 ~ 10) according to volume ratio: 1 mixes and is made into mixed liquor；
Step S4: add adhesive agent sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate in mixed liquor described in step S3, described sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate is to add 1 ~ 3g by every liter of mixed liquor；Being stirred secondary again at 25 ~ 35 DEG C to chelate 36-48 hour with sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid, described sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid is 1:(0.8 ~ 1.2 with the volume ratio of mixed liquor), obtain Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer.
Use this technical scheme, utilize active absorption (symplast approach) this principle, by increasing selenium in Oryza sativa L. body, Zn content, the entrance of the cadmium that reaches to fly up and down and migration, it is achieved the absorption of competition rice cadmium and transport；Utilize transpiration inhibitor (fulvic acid etc. in sucrose alcohol fermentation liquid) series products, reduce cadmium with water passive migration；Utilizing activated silica to be mainly enriched in the tip of a root, internode key position, resistance control cadmium enters to rice or migrates；Multiple method is used jointly to act on so that it is the collaborative minimizing rice absorption to cadmium.
First this technical scheme the most dynamically shakes chelating with certain density Freamine Ⅲ, it is subsequently adding adhesive agent the most dynamically to chelate, promote the stable absorption of selenium further so that inorganic states selenium is largely converted into Organic Selenium.Wherein, the alcohol fermentation liquid of employing comprises compound bacteria, and effect is more preferable, and can turn waste into wealth.And the selenium in general common fermentation mixed liquor is substantially inorganic states selenite, and the method for the present invention is to be chelated by constant temperature, and the selenium of the inside has been largely converted into Organic Selenium；Inorganic states selenium is by double chelatings, and more than 90% changes into the Organic Seleniums such as selenomethionine and selenocystine, eliminates murder by poisoning risk, is also greatly saved the usage amount of sodium selenite raw material simultaneously, can save more than 80%.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in step S1, the concentration of described sodium selenite is 40 ~ 50g/l, and sulphuric acid zinc concentration is 35 ~ 45g/l, and the concentration of described manganese sulfate is 32 ~ 35g/l, and the concentration of described ferrous sulfate is 45 ~ 55g/l.
Preferably, described zinc sulfate is zinc sulphate heptahydrate, and ferrous sulfate is agricultural ferrous sulfate heptahydrate.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in step S2, described original nut liquid is 1:3.5 with the volume ratio of Freamine Ⅲ.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in step S2, the frequency of concussion is 60-120 pendulum beat/min；In step S4, the speed of stirring is 20-40 rev/min.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in step S3, described single silicate content is 2.0kg/L.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described chelating liquid is 9:1 with the volume ratio of single silicate aqueous solution.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in step S4, described sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid is 1:1 with the volume ratio of chelating liquid.
The invention also discloses the application of a kind of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer,Described Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer use as above described in any one Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer preparation method prepare, in the Oryza sativa L. jointing stage to the cut phase, take described Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer 200 ~ 300 times of Herbs of dilution to spray 2 times, two minor ticks 5-8 days.
As a further improvement on the present invention, in the Oryza sativa L. jointing stage to the cut phase, every mu takes described Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer 200-300 milliliter, and after diluting 200 ~ 300 times, Herb sprays.
As a further improvement on the present invention, described in time of spraying be at 9 in the morning before or at 4 in afternoon after, such as heavy rain in spraying latter 10 hours, again spray.
Compared with prior art, the invention have the benefit that
First, use technical scheme, for the first time after chelating, inorganic states selenium existing more than 60% is converted into Organic Selenium, and by double chelatings, more than 90% is converted into the Organic Seleniums such as selenomethionine and selenocystine, eliminates murder by poisoning risk；And it being greatly saved the usage amount of sodium selenite raw material, saving ratio reaches more than 80%.
Second, use technical scheme, activator monomer reactivity silicon is organically combined with adhesive agent sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate, not only add the adhesiveness of foliage fertilizer, and by the happiness silicon characteristic of Oryza sativa L., activate the physiological growth characteristic of Oryza sativa L., be effectively promoted Oryza sativa L. to the absorption of selenium element and transfer, improve its sorption enhanced utilization rate to selenium.
3rd, the selenium-enriched foliage fertilizer that technical scheme obtains is not simple fermentation or complex liquid, is a kind of stable Chelating state organic liquor, it it is a kind of stable Chelating state organic liquor, simultaneously under the collaborative promotion of monomer reactivity silicon, improve the resistance of Oryza sativa L., eliminate the risk of burn seedlings.
4th, technical scheme, by increasing selenium in Oryza sativa L. body, Zn content, the entrance of the cadmium that reaches to fly up and down and migration, it is achieved the absorption of competition rice cadmium and transport；Utilizing transpiration inhibitor, i.e. the series products such as the fulvic acid in sucrose alcohol fermentation liquid, reduce the cadmium passive migration with water, utilize activated silica to be mainly enriched in the tip of a root, internode key position, resistance control cadmium enters to rice or migrates；Use multiple method so that it is produce synergism, Oryza sativa L. absorption to cadmium is greatly reduced.
5th, use technical scheme, Oryza sativa L. is strong to the adhesiveness of this selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, and absorption rate is high, only need to spray twice, if except running into rainstorm weather after spraying in phase beginning of i.e. earing Oryza sativa L. jointing stage to cut phase；The most general Oryza sativa L. resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer needs to spray more than 2 times, is so effectively reduced and sprays workload, reduces artificial production cost；The rice Se content using technical scheme kind to go out is stable at about 0.2-0.4mg/kg, rice Zn content 20 about mg/kg, rice cadmium can reach safety criterion ＜ 0.2 mg/kg, makes rice have well resistance cadmium performance, more healthy and safe.
Detailed description of the invention
Below the preferably embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1
A kind of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, uses following steps to prepare:
(1) weigh 100 grams of sodium nitrite, 80 grams of zinc sulphate heptahydrate, 70 grams of manganese sulfates, 100 grams of agricultural ferrous sulfate heptahydrates, be dissolved in 2 liters of distilled water or deionized water, be made into original nut liquid a；
(2) by 2 liters of original nut liquid a, and the Freamine Ⅲ of 7 liters of 15%-20% shakes between 35 DEG C-45 DEG C, and frequency is 60-120 pendulum beat/min, chelates 48-60 hour, forms 9 liters of chelating liquid b；
(3) the aqueous solution mixing of 9 liters of chelating liquid b and 1 liter of single silicate content 2kg/L is made into 10 liters of mixed liquor c；
(4) in 10 liters of mixed liquor c, add 20 grams of sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate chemical pures and make adhesive agent, the 10 liters of sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquids fermented again and are stirred between 25 DEG C-35 DEG C, mixing speed is 20-40 rev/min, secondary chelates 36-48 hour, just defines 20 liters of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizers.
These 20 liters of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizers can be supplied the Selenium rich rice of more than 50 mu and produce.
Five samples are prepared respectively according to above-mentioned steps, step (2) in Sample Preparation Procedure and step (4) are respectively adopted chromatographic fractionation system, atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer and Se form pretreatment unit and are combined into HPLC-HG-AFS combined system and are measured after terminating, five samples are after chelating for the first time, in the chelating liquid of five samples, organic selenium content accounts for selenium total amount respectively and is followed successively by 60.8%, 61.5%, 63.1%, 64.7%, 65.8%, average out to 63.2%；After second time chelating, in chelating liquid, organic selenium content accounts for total Se content respectively and is followed successively by 88.7%, 89.2%, 92.5%, 94.7%, 96.2%, average out to 92.3%, it can be seen that, use technical scheme, substantially increase conversion ratio, eliminate murder by poisoning risk.
And, the most general liquid fertilizer rich in selenium conversion is containing sodium selenite about 2%, that is produce 20 liters of liquid fertilizer rich in selenium and need 400 grams of sodium selenite raw materials, it it is our 4-8 times, use technical scheme, the usage amount of sodium selenite raw material can save more than 80%, eliminates murder by poisoning risk simultaneously.
Embodiment 2
A kind of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, uses following steps to prepare:
(1) weigh 120 grams of sodium nitrite, 60 grams of zinc sulphate heptahydrate, 80 grams of manganese sulfates, 80 grams of agricultural ferrous sulfate heptahydrates, be dissolved in 2 liters of distilled water or deionized water, be made into original nut liquid a；
(2) by original nut liquid a, and the Freamine Ⅲ of 20% shakes between 35 DEG C-45 DEG C, and original nut liquid a is 1:3 with the volume ratio of Freamine Ⅲ, and concussion frequency is 60-120 pendulum beat/min, chelates 48-60 hour, forms chelating liquid b；
(3) it is that 10:1 mixing be made into mixed liquor c with the aqueous solution that single silicate content is 1.5kg/L according to volume ratio by described chelating liquid；
(4) being made in mixed liquor c addition adhesive agent sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate what step (3) obtained, described sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate is to add 1g by every liter of mixed liquor c；Being stirred at 25 ~ 35 DEG C with sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid, mixing speed is 20-40 rev/min again, and secondary chelates 36-48 hour, and described sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid is 1:0.8 with the volume ratio of mixed liquor, obtains Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer.
After step (2) and step (4) complete, it is respectively adopted chromatographic fractionation system, atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer and Se form pretreatment unit be combined into HPLC-HG-AFS combined system and be measured, this example chelates organic selenium content in liquid after chelating for the first time and accounts for selenium total amount average out to 64.1%；After second time chelating, in chelating liquid, organic selenium content accounts for total Se content average out to 93.7%.
Embodiment 3
A kind of Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, uses following steps to prepare:
(1) weigh 80 grams of sodium nitrite, 90 grams of zinc sulphate heptahydrate, 65 grams of manganese sulfates, 110 grams of agricultural ferrous sulfate heptahydrates, be dissolved in 2 liters of distilled water or deionized water, be made into original nut liquid a；
(2) by original nut liquid a, and the Freamine Ⅲ of 15% shakes between 35 DEG C-45 DEG C, and original nut liquid a is 1:4 with the volume ratio of Freamine Ⅲ, and concussion frequency is 60-120 pendulum beat/min, chelates 48-60 hour, forms chelating liquid b；
(3) it is that 8:1 mixing be made into mixed liquor c with the aqueous solution that single silicate content is 2.5kg/L according to volume ratio by described chelating liquid；
(4) being made in mixed liquor c addition adhesive agent sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate what step (3) obtained, described sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate is to add 3g by every liter of mixed liquor c；Being stirred at 25 ~ 35 DEG C with sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid, mixing speed is 20-40 rev/min again, and secondary chelates 36-48 hour, and described sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid is 1:1.2 with the volume ratio of mixed liquor, obtains Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer.
After step (2) and step (4) complete, it is respectively adopted chromatographic fractionation system, atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer and Se form pretreatment unit be combined into HPLC-HG-AFS combined system and be measured, this example chelates organic selenium content in liquid after chelating for the first time and accounts for selenium total amount average out to 63.8%；After second time chelating, in chelating liquid, organic selenium content accounts for total Se content average out to 94.3%.
Embodiment 4
The application of the Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer of embodiment 1.
The special selenium-rich of Oryza sativa L. of embodiment 1 being hindered cadmium foliage fertilizer spray at rice terrace, in the Oryza sativa L. jointing stage to the cut phase, every mu takes described Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer 200-300 milliliter, and after diluting 200 ~ 300 times, Herb sprays 2 times, two minor ticks 5-8 days.Before the time of spraying is at 9 in the morning or after at 4 in afternoon, such as heavy rain in spraying latter 10 hours, again spray.
Use the Oryza sativa L. that the method obtains, find through inspection:
Pollute rice field, i.e. this paddy soil cadmium content at mild or moderate and reach 0.3-1.0mg/kg, compare Cd concentration of brown rice 0.2-0.6 mg/kg；Oryza sativa L. at this paddy field cultivation, spraying and hinder cadmium foliage fertilizer by this Oryza sativa L. tailored version selenium-rich, rice Se content is stable at about 0.2-0.4mg/kg, rice Zn content 20 about mg/kg, rice cadmium can reach safety criterion ＜ 0.2 mg/kg, and rice cadmium content is substantially reduced.The concrete condition of two of which proving ground is as follows:
Applying on the early rice in Jin Cao village, Luo Jin town, Yongfu county, hazard prevention, sampled detection finds, the rice Se content spraying selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer is 0.242mg/kg, and cadmium content is 0.027mg/kg；And using the rice Se content of spray clear water comparison is 0.139mg/kg, cadmium content is 0.371mg/kg.
Applying on the late rice in Bao Tu village, She Po town, Guiping, Guangxi city, sampled detection finds, the rice Se content spraying selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer is 0.36mg/kg, and cadmium content is 0.03mg/kg；The rice Se content of spray clear water comparison is 0.06mg/kg, and cadmium content is 0.28mg/kg.Above content is to combine concrete preferred implementation further description made for the present invention, it is impossible to assert the present invention be embodied as be confined to these explanations.For general technical staff of the technical field of the invention, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, it is also possible to make some simple deduction or replace, all should be considered as belonging to protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. the preparation method of an Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Step S1: sodium selenite, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate is soluble in water, is made into original nut liquid, wherein, the concentration of sodium selenite is 30 ~ 60g/l, sulphuric acid zinc concentration is 30 ~ 50g/l, and the concentration of described manganese sulfate is 30 ~ 40g/l, and the concentration of described ferrous sulfate is 40 ~ 60g/l；
Step S2: be that 15%-20% Freamine Ⅲ mixes by the original nut liquid of step S1 and mass concentration, described original nut liquid is 1:(3 ~ 4 with the volume ratio of Freamine Ⅲ), at 35 ~ 45 DEG C, then carry out concussion chelating 48-60 hour, obtain chelating liquid；
Step S3: by described chelating liquid and single silicate content be the aqueous solution of 1.5 ~ 2.5kg/L be (8 ~ 10) according to volume ratio: 1 mixes and is made into mixed liquor；
Step S4: add adhesive agent sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate in mixed liquor described in step S3, described sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate is to add 1 ~ 3g by every liter of mixed liquor；Being stirred secondary again at 25 ~ 35 DEG C to chelate 36-48 hour with sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid, described sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid is 1:(0.8 ~ 1.2 with the volume ratio of mixed liquor), obtain Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer.
The preparation method of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 1 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterized in that: in step S1, the concentration of described sodium selenite is 40 ~ 50g/l, sulphuric acid zinc concentration is 35 ~ 45g/l, the concentration of described manganese sulfate is 32 ~ 35g/l, and the concentration of described ferrous sulfate is 45 ~ 55g/l.
The preparation method of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 1 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that: in step S2, described original nut liquid is 1:3.5 with the volume ratio of Freamine Ⅲ.
The preparation method of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 1 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that: in step S2, the frequency of concussion is 60-120 pendulum beat/min；In step S4, the speed of stirring is 20-40 rev/min.
The preparation method of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 1 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that: in step S3, described single silicate content is 2.0kg/L.
The preparation method of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 5 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that: described chelating liquid is 9:1 with the volume ratio of single silicate aqueous solution.
The preparation method of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 1 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that: in step S4, described sucrose alcohol fermentation cleaner liquid is 1:1 with the volume ratio of chelating liquid.
8. the application of an Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer,It is characterized in that: described Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer uses the preparation method of the Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer as described in claim 1 ~ 7 any one to prepare, in the Oryza sativa L. jointing stage to the cut phase, take described Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer 200 ~ 300 times of Herbs of dilution to spray 2 times, two minor ticks 5-8 days.
The application of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 8 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that: in the Oryza sativa L. jointing stage to the cut phase, every mu takes described Oryza sativa L. special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer 200-300 milliliter, and after diluting 200 ~ 300 times, Herb sprays.
The application of Oryza sativa L. the most according to claim 9 special selenium-rich resistance cadmium foliage fertilizer, it is characterised in that before the time sprayed described in: is at 9 in the morning or after at 4 in afternoon, such as heavy rain in spraying latter 10 hours, again spray.
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