CN105814766B - 充放电*** - Google Patents

充放电*** Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105814766B
CN105814766B CN201380080922.1A CN201380080922A CN105814766B CN 105814766 B CN105814766 B CN 105814766B CN 201380080922 A CN201380080922 A CN 201380080922A CN 105814766 B CN105814766 B CN 105814766B
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China
Prior art keywords
capacitor
electric power
secondary cell
soc
charge
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN201380080922.1A
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English (en)
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CN105814766A (zh
Inventor
肥喜里邦彦
土屋孝幸
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UD Trucks Corp
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Volvo Lastvagnar AB
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/15—Preventing overcharging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
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    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/46—Series type
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/40—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
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Abstract

充放电***能够向电动发电机供给电力，且能够充入来自所述电动发电机的再生电力。充放电***具备连接于所述电动发电机的电容器、与所述电容器并联连接的二次电池、安装于所述电容器与所述二次电池之间且对所述二次电池的充放电电压进行升降压的电力变换装置以及控制所述电力变换装置的控制装置。所述控制装置在所述二次电池的SOC为预先设定的第一设定值以上时，将所述电动发电机的再生电力仅向所述电容器充入，在所述二次电池的SOC低于所述第一设定值时，将所述电动发电机的再生电力的一部分或全部向所述二次电池充入。

Description

充放电***
技术领域
本发明涉及能够向电动发电机供给电力且能够充入来自电动发电机的再生电力的充放电***。
背景技术
以往以来，为了向作为车辆等的驱动力源的电动机供给电力而使用电池。作为电池，例如使用铅蓄电池、锂离子电池等二次电池。另外，也已知有与电池相独立地通过双电层电容器等来对电能进行充放的装置。
电池具有如下特性：虽然可蓄积的容量大，但若进行高频度的充放电、深度大的充放电，则寿命会下降。另一方面，电容器具有如下特性：虽然善于高频度的充放电、深度大的充放电比较而寿命长，但可蓄积的容量比较小。这样，因为电池和电容器特性不同，所以在同时搭载电池和电容器的情况下，需要进行与各自的特性相应的控制。
在JP2008-035670A号公报中公开了一种电力供给装置，其在搭载由电池和电容器实现的多个充电机构的车辆中，确保输出性能比电池优异的电容器的充电量。
发明内容
在JP2008-035670A号公报所记载的电力供给装置中，为了行驶用的旋转电机被要求了瞬时的高输出的情况而确保电容器的充电量。因此，电池的充电量有可能会因确保电容器的充电量而过度下降。
本发明是鉴于上述的问题点而完成的，其目的在于确保具备电容器和二次电池的充放电***的二次电池的充电量。
根据本发明的技术方案，提供一种充放电***，能够向电动发电机供给电力且能够充入来自所述电动发电机的再生电力，其中，所述充放电***具备：电容器，连接于所述电动发电机；二次电池，与所述电容器并联连接；电力变换装置，安装于所述电容器与所述二次电池之间，对所述二次电池的充放电电压进行升降压；以及控制装置，控制所述电力变换装置，所述控制装置在所述二次电池的SOC为预先设定的第一设定值以上时，将所述电动发电机的再生电力仅向所述电容器充入，在所述二次电池的SOC低于所述第一设定值时，将所述电动发电机的再生电力的一部分或全部向所述二次电池充入。
附图说明
图1是应用了本发明的实施方式的充放电***的车辆的结构图。
图2是充放电***中的控制装置的框图。
图3是对电容器充电系数映射的一例进行说明的图。
图4A是对电容器放电偏置系数映射的一例进行说明的图。
图4B是对电容器充电偏置系数映射的一例进行说明的图。
图5A是对二次电池的充放电映射的一例进行说明的图。
图5B是对二次电池的充放电映射的一例进行说明的图。
图6A是对放电时的充放电***的动作进行说明的图，且是示出电容器的SOC处于x4～x3的范围的情况的图。
图6B是对放电时的充放电***的动作进行说明的图，且是示出电容器的SOC处于x3～x2的范围的情况的图。
图6C是对放电时的充放电***的动作进行说明的图，且是示出电容器的SOC处于x2～x1的范围的情况的图。
图7A是对充电时的充放电***的动作进行说明的图，且是示出电容器的SOC处于x1～x2的范围的情况的图。
图7B是对充电时的充放电***的动作进行说明的图，且是示出电容器的SOC处于x2～x3的范围的情况的图。
图7C是对充电时的充放电***的动作进行说明的图，且是示出电容器的SOC处于x3～x4的范围的情况的图。
图8是对充电时的充放电***的动作进行说明的图，且是示出二次电池的SOC处于X2～X2+α的范围的情况的图。
具体实施方式
以下，参照附图对本发明的实施方式进行说明。
首先，参照图1，对本发明的实施方式的充放电***1的结构进行说明。
充放电***1具备：作为电动发电机的电动发电机2；驱动电动发电机2的变换器3；经由变换器3连接于电动发电机2的电容器10；与电容器10并联连接的二次电池20；安装于电容器10与二次电池20之间的电力变换装置30；控制电力变换装置30的控制装置50；以及对包含充放电***1的车辆整体进行控制的ECU(Electronic Control Unit：电子控制装置)100。充放电***1能够向电动发电机2供给电力，且能够充入来自电动发电机2的再生电力。
电容器10由双电层电容器构成，对电力进行充放。二次电池20例如由镍氢二次电池、锂离子二次电池构成，对电力进行充放。
电容器10以及二次电池20经由变换器3而将充在其中的电力向电动发电机2供给。另外，电容器10以及二次电池20经由变换器3而充入由电动发电机2发电产生的电力。变换器3在电容器10及二次电池20与电动发电机2之间进行交直流的变换。
电力变换装置30例如由DC/DC转换器构成。电力变换装置30将从二次电池20放出的电力的电压升压并将其向电动发电机2供给。电力变换装置30将来自电动发电机2的再生电力的电压降压并将其向二次电池20充入。这样，电力变换装置30对二次电池20的充放电电压进行升降压。
二次电池20连接有电动辅机9，二次电池20向电动辅机9供给电力。电动辅机9包含空调、冷却水回路的泵、散热器的翅片以及其他的被电驱动的装置等。
电动发电机2作为车辆的驱动力源发挥功能，使驱动轮5旋转。另外，电动发电机2在车辆减速时作为发电机发挥功能，作为再生电力而进行回收。发动机4与电动发电机2一起或者单独作为车辆的驱动力源发挥功能。另外，发动机4也能够驱动电动发电机2而使电动发电机2发电。
ECU100控制变换器3以及发动机4的动作。ECU100以能够通信的方式与控制装置50电连接。在车辆从停止状态被要求了起步时，ECU100通过将充在电容器10以及二次电池20中的电力经由变换器3向电动发电机2供给来使车辆起步。ECU100例如在电容器10以及二次电池20的SOC都低的情况和/或需要大的输出的情况下，使发动机4运转来实现利用发动机4的驱动力和电动发电机2的驱动力进行行驶的混合动力行驶。
之后，在车辆从行驶状态被要求了减速的情况下，ECU100使电动发电机2作为发电机而驱动，将发电产生的电力经由变换器3而向电容器10以及二次电池20充入。
接着，对如上述那样构成的充放电***1的动作进行说明。
二次电池20由锂离子二次电池构成。二次电池40在进行高输出高频度的充放电、深度大的充放电时，寿命会显著下降，所以需要以避免这样的充放电的方式进行控制。电容器10虽然充电容量比二次电池20小，但不容易因高输出高频度的充放电、深度大的充放电而产生寿命下降。
根据这样的特性，例如，在车辆起步时等在短时间内向电动发电机2供给大的电力的情况下，适于使用充在电容器10中的电力。另一方面，因为电容器10能够蓄积的电力有限，所以优选设置能够适当利用充在二次电池20中的电力的措施。
这样，通过进行与电容器10和二次电池20各自的特性相符的适宜的电力的充放电控制，能够在不使二次电池20的寿命下降的情况下能够提高能量效率，能够提高车辆的燃料经济性。
ECU100在如图1那样构成的充放电***1中，基于车辆的状态来进行是使电动发电机2驱动还是使电动发电机2发电的控制。控制装置50控制电力变换装置30来决定充放电时的电容器10和二次电池20各自的输入输出电压的比例。关于该控制装置50的控制，将在后面进行详细说明。
ECU100例如基于驾驶员的加减速要求、车速以及电容器10的SOC来进行电动发电机2的驱动以及发电，并且也控制发动机4的运转。
接着，参照图2～图5B，对控制装置50进行说明。
如图2所示，控制装置50具备：电容器SOC检测部51，检测电容器10的SOC(State ofCharge：充电状态)[％]；电容器电流检测部52，检测相对于电容器10输入输出的电流Ic[A]；电容器电压检测部53，检测电容器10的电压Vc[V]；输入输出电流检测部54，检测电力变换装置30的与电动发电机2之间的输入输出电流Ibref[A]；以及二次电池SOC检测部55，检测二次电池20的SOC[％]。控制装置50控制电力变换装置30的动作。
不限于此，也可以在电容器10设置检测SOC的SOC检测器、检测输入输出的电流值的电流检测器以及检测电压的电压检测器。同样，也可以在二次电池20设置检测SOC的SOC检测器，在电力变换装置30设置检测输入输出电流的电流检测器。另外，电容器SOC检测部51也可以是根据电容器电压检测部53所检测到的电容器10的电压来运算SOC的结构。
控制装置50具备：要求电力运算部61，基于电容器10的电流及电压和电力变换装置30的输入输出电流来运算电动发电机2的要求输入输出电力；电容器充电系数映射68，基于二次电池20的SOC来规定由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输出电力中从电动发电机2向电容器10充入的电力的比例；电容器放电偏置系数映射62，基于电容器10的SOC来规定由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入电力中从电容器10向电动发电机2供给的电力的比例；以及电容器充电偏置系数映射63，基于电容器10的SOC来规定由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输出电力中从电动发电机2向电容器10充入的电力的比例。
要求电力运算部61根据电容器10的电流Ic[A]以及电压Vc[V]和电力变换装置30的与电动发电机2之间的输入输出电流Ibref[A]，通过Vc×(Ic+Ibref)来运算要求输入输出电力Preq[W]。要求输入输出电力Preq[W]是在电动发电机2作为电动机进行动作时所需要的电力或者在电动发电机2作为发电机进行动作时所输出的再生电力。在向电动发电机2供给电力的情况下，输入输出电流Ibref[A]是从电力变换装置30向电动发电机2流动的电流，在充入来自电动发电机2的再生电力的情况下，输入输出电流Ibref[A]是从电动发电机2向电力变换装置30流动的电流。
如图3所示，电容器充电系数映射68根据从二次电池SOC检测部55输入的二次电池20的SOC来决定电容器充电系数。在二次电池20的SOC为作为预先设定的第一设定值的X2+α[％]以上的情况下，电容器充电系数映射68输出1.0。
电容器充电系数映射68被设定成：低于X2+α[％]的二次电池20的SOC越小，则从电容器10放出的电力量越小，在二次电池20的SOC小到X2[％]时，从电容器10放出的电力量成为0。此时，向二次电池20充入的电力量按向电容器10充入的电力量的减小量增大。此外，X2[％]是在后述的充放电映射71、72中使用的阈值。常数α是相对于X2[％]的余裕量，例如是20[％]。
这样，电容器充电系数映射68被设定成：在充入来自电动发电机2的再生电力时，若二次电池20的SOC为X2+α[％]以上，则将电动发电机2的再生电力仅向电容器10充入，在二次电池20的SOC低于X2+α[％]时，将电动发电机2的再生电力的一部分或全部向二次电池20充入。
如图4A所示，电容器放电偏置系数映射62根据从电容器SOC检测部51输入的电容器10的SOC来决定偏置系数。在电容器10的SOC为作为预先设定的第二设定值的x2[％]以上的情况下，电容器放电偏置系数映射62输出1.0。
电容器放电偏置系数映射62被设定成：低于x2[％]的电容器10的SOC越小，则从电容器10放出的电力量越小，在电容器10的SOC小到x1[％]时，从电容器10放出的电力量成为0。此时，从二次电池20放出的电力量按从电容器10放出的电力量的减小量增大。此外，x1[％]被设定成与对变换器3的最低可动作电压加上余裕量而得到的电压对应的SOC，x2[％]为了防止振荡(hunting)而被设定成对x1[％]加上x1[％]～x4[％]的范围的5～10％左右而得到的SOC。
这样，电容器放电偏置系数映射62被设定成：在向电动发电机2供给电力时，若电容器10的SOC为x2[％]以上，则仅从电容器10供给电力，在电容器10的SOC低于x2[％]时，从二次电池20供给电力的一部分或全部。
同样，如图4B所示，电容器充电偏置系数映射63根据从电容器SOC检测部51输入的电容器10的SOC来决定偏置系数。在电容器10的SOC为作为预先设定的第三设定值的x3[％]以下的情况下，电容器充电偏置系数映射63输出1.0。
电容器充电偏置系数映射63被设定成：超过了x3[％]的电容器10的SOC越大，则向电容器10充入的电力量越小，在电容器10的SOC大到x4[％]时，向电容器10充入的电力量成为0。此时，向二次电池20充入的电力量按向电容器10充入的电力量的减小量增大。此外，x4[％]被设定成与电容器10满充电的情况下的电压对应的SOC，x3[％]为了防止振荡而被设定成从x4[％]减去x1[％]～x4[％]的范围的5～10％左右而得到的SOC。
这样，电容器充电偏置系数映射63被设定成：在充入来自电动发电机2的再生电力时，若电容器10的SOC为x3[％]以下，则将再生电力仅向电容器10充入，若电容器10的SOC超过了x3[％]，则将再生电力的一部分或全部向二次电池20充入。
另外，如图2所示，控制装置50具备：积算部64，将要求输入电力乘以根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62而得到的偏置系数；积算部65，将要求输出电力乘以根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的偏置系数和根据电容器充电系数映射而得到的充电系数；充放电切换开关66，基于要求输入输出电力来切换是从电容器10进行放电还是向电容器10进行充电；以及减算部67，从要求输入输出电力减去根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62或电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的电容器10的充放电电力来运算二次电池20的充放电电力。
积算部64将由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]乘以根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62而得到的偏置系数。此时，偏置系数是0～1.0之间的值。因而，在积算部64中，运算要求输入输出电力Preq[W]中从电容器10向电动发电机2供给的目标电容器输出的大小。
积算部65将由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]乘以根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的偏置系数和根据电容器充电系数映射68而得到的充电系数。此时，偏置系数是0～1.0之间的值。充电系数也同样是0～1.0之间的值。因而，在积算部65中，运算要求输入输出电力Preq[W]中从电动发电机2向电容器10充入的目标电容器输出的大小。
充放电切换开关66判定由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]是正的值还是负的值。充放电切换开关66在要求输入输出电力Preq[W]为正的值的情况下，以使电容器10进行放电的方式进行切换(目标电容器输出为正)，在要求输入输出电力Preq[W]为负的值的情况下，以使电容器10进行充电的方式进行切换(目标电容器输出为负)。
减算部67从由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去电容器10的目标电容器输出。由此，运算二次电池20的目标二次电池输出。
另外，控制装置50具备：充放电映射71，规定二次电池20的可使用的SOC的范围的上限；充放电映射72，规定二次电池20的可使用的SOC的范围的下限；以及充放电限制器73，基于根据充放电映射71、72而得到的二次电池20的输出的上下限值来限制二次电池20的输出。
从二次电池SOC检测部55向充放电映射71、72输入二次电池20的SOC[％]。如图5A以及图5B所示，在二次电池20的SOC比预定值X4大的情况下，限制向正侧的输出，即，限制从电动发电机2向二次电池20的充电。另外，在二次电池20的SOC比预定值X1小的情况下，限制负侧的输出。即，限制从二次电池20向电动发电机2的放电。
在图5A中，充放电映射71以防止二次电池20的充放电电力因SOC的变化而骤变为目的，在SOC从预定值X3到比X3大的X4之间被设定成随着SOC变大而输出变小，且被设定成在成为了预定值X4时不进行输出，即不进行从电动发电机2向二次电池20的充电。
同样，在图5B中，充放电映射72在SOC从预定值X2到比X2小的X1之间被设定成随着SOC变小而负侧的输出变小，且被设定成在成为了预定值X1时不进行输出，即不进行从二次电池20向电动发电机2的放电。
另外，这些充放电映射71、72的充放电量的上限值被设定为电力变换装置30的最大输出。
以下，参照图6A～图8，对充放电***1的动作进行说明。
首先，主要参照图6A～图6C，对从电容器10以及二次电池20向电动发电机2供给电力时的充放电***1的动作进行说明。
如图6A所示，在电容器10的SOC处于x4～x3的范围的情况下，因为电容器10的SOC存在足够的余裕，所以根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62而得到的偏置系数是1.0。因而，从电容器10输出的电力与要求输入输出电力Preq[W]相等，所以仅从电容器10向电动发电机2供给电力。
如图6B所示，在电容器10的SOC处于x3～x2的范围的情况下也是同样，因为电容器10的SOC存在足够的余裕，所以仅从电容器10向电动发电机2供给电力。
如图6C所示，在电容器10的SOC处于x2～x1的范围的情况下，根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62而得到的偏置系数是0以上且不足1.0的值。因而，由积算部64将偏置系数和要求输入输出电力Preq[W]相乘，运算从电容器10向电动发电机2供给的电力的大小。
另外，由减算部67从由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去从电容器10输出的电力。由此，运算从二次电池20向电动发电机2供给的电力的大小。
因此，在电容器10的SOC处于x2～x1的范围的情况下，以使得从电容器10输出的电力和从二次电池20输出的电力的合计成为要求输入输出电力Preq[W]的方式决定各个电力的大小。此时，随着电容器10的SOC从x2向x1减少，从二次电池20输出的电力的大小逐渐变大。并且，在电容器10的SOC成为x1时，成为仅从二次电池20向电动发电机2供给电力。
如以上那样，根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62来得到由要求电力运算部61运算的电动发电机2的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]中电容器10进行放电的电力的比例。另外，由减算部67从要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62而得到的电容器10的放电电力来决定二次电池20进行放电的电力的比例。这样，电容器10和二次电池20各自进行放电的电力的合计成为要求输入输出电力Preq[W]。
接着，主要参照图7A～图7C，对在二次电池20的SOC为X2+α[％]以上的情况下将来自电动发电机2的再生电力向电容器10以及二次电池20充入时的充放电***1的动作进行说明。
如图7A所示，在电容器10的SOC处于x1～x2的范围的情况下，因此电容器10的SOC存在足够的空余容量，所以根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的偏置系数是1.0。另外，因为二次电池20的SOC为X2+α[％]以上，所以根据电容器充电系数映射68而得到的充电系数也是1.0。因而，向电容器10充入的电力与要求输入输出电力Preq[W]相等，所以来自电动发电机2的再生电力仅被充入电容器10。
如图7B所示，在电容器10的SOC处于x2～x3的范围的情况下也是同样，因为电容器10的SOC存在足够的空余容量，二次电池20的SOC也是充足的，所以来自电动发电机2的再生电力仅被充入电容器10。
如图7C所示，在电容器10的SOC处于x3～x4的范围的情况下，因为二次电池20的SOC为X2+α[％]以上，所以根据电容器充电系数映射68而得到的充电系数是1.0，但根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63得到的偏置系数是0以上且不足1.0的值。因而，由积算部65将充电系数、偏置系数以及要求输入输出电力Preq[W]相乘，运算从电动发电机2向电容器10充入的再生电力的大小。
另外，由减算部67从由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去向电容器10充入的电力。由此，运算从电动发电机2向二次电池20充入的电力的大小。
因此，在电容器10的SOC处于x3～x4的范围的情况下，以使得向电容器10充入的电力和向二次电池20充入的电力的合计成为要求输入输出电力Preq[W]的方式决定各个电力的大小。此时，随着电容器10的SOC从x3向x4增大，向二次电池20充入的电力的大小逐渐变大。并且，在电容器10的SOC成为x4时，成为从电动发电机2仅向二次电池20充入再生电力。
如以上那样，根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63和电容器充电系数映射68来得到由要求电力运算部61运算的电动发电机2的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]中电容器10进行充电的电力的比例。另外，由减算部67从要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的电容器10的充电电力来决定二次电池20进行充电的电力的比例。这样，电容器10和二次电池20各自进行充电的电力的合计成为要求输入输出电力Preq[W]。
接着，主要参照图8，对在二次电池20的SOC不足X2+α[％]的情况下将来自电动发电机2的再生电力向电容器10以及二次电池20充入时的充放电***1的动作进行说明。
如图8所示，在二次电池20的SOC处于X2～X2+α的范围的情况下，根据电容器充电系数映射68而得到的充电系数是0以上且不足1.0的值。另外，根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的偏置系数是0以上且不足1.0的值。因而，由积算部65将充电系数、偏置系数以及要求输入输出电力Preq[W]相乘，运算从电动发电机2向电容器10充入的再生电力的大小。
另外，由减算部67从由要求电力运算部61运算出的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去向电容器10充入的电力。由此，运算从电动发电机2向二次电池20充入的电力的大小。
例如，在根据电容器充电系数映射68而得到的充电系数是0.5、根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的偏置系数是0.8的情况下，向电容器10充入的再生电力的比例是0.5×0.8＝0.4，向二次电池20充入的再生电力的比例是1.0-0.4＝0.6。因而，在该情况下，来自电动发电机2的再生电力中的40％被充入电容器10，60％被充入二次电池20。
这样，在充入来自电动发电机2的再生电力时，分别向电容器10和二次电池20充入的电力的比例基于根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的偏置系数和根据电容器充电系数映射68而得到的充电系数来运算。
因此，在二次电池20的SOC处于X2～X2+α的范围的情况下，以使得向电容器10充入的电力和向二次电池20充入的电力的合计成为要求输入输出电力Preq[W]的方式决定各个电力的大小。此时，随着二次电池20的SOC从X2向X2+α增加，向二次电池20充入的电力的大小逐渐变小。并且，在二次电池20的SOC成为X2+α时，成为从电动发电机2仅向电容器10充入再生电力。
如以上那样，根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63和电容器充电系数映射68来得到由要求电力运算部61运算的电动发电机2的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]中电容器10进行充电的电力的比例。另外，由减算部67从要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去根据电容器充电偏置系数映射63和电容器充电系数映射68而得到的电容器10的充电电力来决定二次电池20进行充电的电力的比例。这样，电容器10和二次电池20分别进行充电的电力的合计成为要求输入输出电力Preq[W]。
另外，通过设置电容器充电系数映射68，无论电容器10的SOC是高还是低，在二次电池20的SOC下降时，来自电动发电机2的再生电力的一部分或全部都会被充入二次电池20。因而，二次电池20的SOC不会过度下降，能够确保具备电容器10和二次电池20的充放电***1的二次电池20的SOC。因此，可确保向电动辅机9供给电力的二次电池20的SOC，所以能够防止二次电池20的失陷。
另外，如参照图6A～图8所说明那样，电容器10仅与电动发电机2之间进行充放电，在电容器10与二次电池20之间不会进行充放电。因而，可抑制由多余的充放电导致的能量损失，能够最大限地活用电容器10的容量。因此，能够提高具备电容器10和二次电池20的充放电***1的能量效率。
另外，二次电池20也是同样，仅与电动发电机2之间进行充放电。因此，能够降低二次电池20的充放电频度，所以能够延长二次电池20的寿命。另外，能够将二次电池20的容量设得小，能够抑制二次电池20的大小以及重量。或者，也可以取代将二次电池20的容量设得小而例如使用廉价的铅蓄电池作为二次电池20。因此，能够削减二次电池20的成本。
另外，上述控制不依赖于由ECU100控制的上位***，仅通过控制装置50进行的分配电容器10和二次电池20的电力的控制就能够实现。因而，能够宛如单一的蓄电池那样使用具备电容器10和二次电池20的充放电***1。
根据以上的实施方式，可起到以下所示的效果。
通过设置电容器充电系数映射68，无论电容器10的SOC是高还是低，在二次电池20的SOC下降时，来自电动发电机2的再生电力的一部分或全部都会被充入二次电池20。因而，二次电池20的SOC不会过度下降，能够确保具备电容器10和二次电池20的充放电***1的二次电池20的SOC。因此，可确保向电动辅机9供给电力的二次电池20的SOC，所以能够防止二次电池20的失陷。
另外，在充放电***1中，由要求电力运算部61来运算电动发电机2的要求输入输出电力Preq[W]。并且，根据基于电容器10的SOC而规定的电容器放电偏置系数映射62以及电容器充电偏置系数映射63，来决定电容器10进行充放电的电力的比例。另外，由减算部67从要求输入输出电力Preq[W]减去根据电容器放电偏置系数映射62或电容器充电偏置系数映射63而得到的电容器10的充放电电力，来决定二次电池20进行充放电的电力的比例。因而，电容器10和二次电池20分别进行充放电的电力的合计成为要求输入输出电力Preq[W]，所以在电容器10与二次电池20之间不会进行充放电。因此，能够提高具备电容器10和二次电池20的充放电***1的能量效率。
以上，虽然对本发明的实施方式进行了说明，但上述实施方式只不过示出了本发明的应用例的一部分，并非意图将本发明的技术范围限定为上述实施方式的具体结构。
例如，在上述实施方式中，虽然将二次电池20设为锂离子二次电池而进行了说明，但不限于此，也可以是铅蓄电池、镍氢电池等其他的二次电池。另外，电容器10不限于双电层电容器，也可以是锂离子电容器等其他的电容器。

Claims (7)

1.一种充放电***，能够向电动发电机供给电力，且能够充入来自所述电动发电机的再生电力，其中，
所述充放电***具备：
电容器，连接于所述电动发电机；
二次电池，与所述电容器并联连接；
电力变换装置，安装于所述电容器与所述二次电池之间，对所述二次电池的充放电电压进行升降压；以及
控制装置，控制所述电力变换装置，
在所述二次电池的SOC为预先设定的第一设定值以上时，所述控制装置将所述电动发电机的再生电力仅向所述电容器充入，在所述二次电池的SOC低于所述第一设定值时，所述控制装置将所述电动发电机的再生电力的一部分或全部向所述二次电池充入，
其中，所述控制装置具备：
要求电力运算部，基于所述电容器的电流及电压和所述电力变换装置的输入输出电流来运算所述电动发电机的要求输入输出电力；和
电容器充电系数映射，基于所述二次电池的SOC来规定由所述要求电力运算部运算出的要求输出电力中从所述电动发电机向所述电容器充入的电力的比例。
2.根据权利要求1所述的充放电***，其中，
所述电容器充电系数映射被设定成：低于所述第一设定值的所述二次电池的SOC越小，则向所述二次电池充入的电力量越大。
3.根据权利要求2所述的充放电***，其中，
所述控制装置还具备：
电容器放电偏置系数映射，基于所述电容器的SOC来规定由所述要求电力运算部运算出的要求输入电力中从所述电容器向所述电动发电机供给的电力的比例；
电容器充电偏置系数映射，基于所述电容器的SOC来规定由所述要求电力运算部运算出的要求输出电力中从所述电动发电机向所述电容器充入的电力的比例；以及
减算部，从所述要求输入输出电力减去根据所述电容器放电偏置系数映射或所述电容器充电偏置系数映射而得到的所述电容器的充放电电力，来运算所述二次电池的充放电电力，
在充入来自所述电动发电机的再生电力时，分别向所述电容器和所述二次电池充入的电力的比例基于根据所述电容器充电偏置系数映射而得到的偏置系数和根据所述电容器充放电系数映射而得到的充电系数来运算。
4.根据权利要求3所述的充放电***，其中，
所述电容器放电偏置系数映射被设定成：在向所述电动发电机供给电力时，若所述电容器的SOC为预先设定的第二设定值以上，则仅从所述电容器供给电力，若所述电容器的SOC低于所述第二设定值，则从所述二次电池供给电力的一部分或全部。
5.根据权利要求4所述的充放电***，其中，
所述电容器放电偏置系数映射被设定成：低于所述第二设定值的所述电容器的SOC越小，则从所述二次电池放出的电力量越大。
6.根据权利要求3～5中任一项所述的充放电***，其中，
所述电容器充电偏置系数映射被设定成：在充入来自所述电动发电机的再生电力时，若所述电容器的SOC为预先设定的第三设定值以下，则将再生电力仅向所述电容器充入，若所述电容器的SOC超过了所述第三设定值，则将再生电力的一部分或全部向所述二次电池充入。
7.根据权利要求6所述的充放电***，其中，
所述电容器充电偏置系数映射被设定成：超过了所述第三设定值的所述电容器的SOC越大，则向所述二次电池充入的电力量越大。
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