CN105676503B - 使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户及其制造方法 - Google Patents
使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户及其制造方法,其中玻璃珠由玻璃材料而不是常规智能窗户的聚合物基体制成。通过在玻璃珠外部放置液晶,使得液晶的尺寸,形状和排列保持不变,从而保证高稳定性和耐化学性,避免雾影,具有低操作电压,并且具有改善的光学特性,例如在OFF(不可透光)和ON(可透光)状态之间的透光率具有宽的可变范围。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户及其制造方法。
背景技术
汽车行业是整合机械、电子、化学、能源和环境领域的先进技术的行业,并且是大大促进了工业的发展,极大地影响了市场经济的工业。近年来,高效率、安全性和便利性随着对于能源的耗尽、环境监管的加强以及隐私保护和生活质量的关注的提高而成为重要的课题。能够改进能量效率、同时满足美观和功能性的智能窗户技术得到了大量关注。
智能窗户技术是通过自由控制从外界引入的光的透射率从而可以减少能量损失并给消费者提供愉悦环境的主动控制技术的一部分。智能窗户技术可以被认为是基础技术,其通常可以应用于各种工业领域中,如交通、信息显示、建筑等。因为智能窗户技术使得通过按压按钮等的简单操作即可引起智能窗户的透明和不透明之间的转变,并提供各种先进的便利功能,所以可预期积极地应用和发展以在汽车中产生高附加值。
过去,使用聚合物分散液晶(在下文中以“PDLC”表示)技术来制造智能窗户。PDLC具有在聚合物基体中分散微米尺寸的液晶粒子的结构,通过施加外部电压引起液晶粒子和聚合物之间的折射率的差而控制透光率。如图1A所示,在不施加电压的OFF状态下,液晶粒子不规则排列,因此光由于液晶粒子与聚合物基体的折射率的差而进行散射。如图1B所示,在施加电压的ON状态下,液晶粒子规则排列,从而具有与聚合物基体相同的折射率,由此透射光。因此,通过散射引起的不透光性和通过施加电压引起的透射率之间的差别是决定智能窗户性能的重要因素。
使用聚合物基体的PDLC可能赋予雾度从而引起智能窗户具有浑浊颜色,当聚合物暴露至UV时***并改性。因此,存在在智能窗户中往往发生泛黄的问题。
此外,由于施加至紧邻聚合物基体的透明电极的大部分电场被由于聚合物基体的高介电常数所产生的聚合物的激发极化而屏蔽,所以具有需要高驱动电压的缺点。
此外,当处于OFF状态时由于液晶粒子在聚合物基体中不规则排列,因此透射率范围窄(最大遮光率为65%水平)。
再者,为了使智能窗户着色,应当添加染料。然而,由于染料的特征在于吸收光,其在OFF和ON状态下减少透光率,因此难以辨别所需的颜色。
公开于该发明背景技术部分的上述信息仅仅旨在加深对发明背景的理解,因此其可以包含的信息并不构成在本国已为本领域技术人员所公知的现有技术。
发明内容
本发明致力于解决与现有技术相关的上述问题。
因此,本发明的目的在于改善智能窗户的特性并提供一种实用的智能窗户制造方法。
本发明的目的并不限于上述目的,未经描述的本发明的其他目的和优点将通过以下描述而被理解,并通过参考本发明的实施方案而变得明显。此外,应理解,本发明的目的和优点通过在所附的专利权利要求及其组合中所示的手段而易于实现。
为了实现以上目的,本发明包括以下要素。
一方面,本发明提供一种使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其包括:一对透明电极,所述一对透明电极以在其之间的小间隔分开地排列以相互面对;玻璃珠,其***在透明电极之间;液晶,其包围在玻璃珠的外部并***在透明电极之间。
在一实施方案中,透明电极可以为涂布有透明导电薄膜的玻璃或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜。
在另一实施方案中,玻璃珠可以具有10至20μm的均匀直径,并且可以在透明电极之间均匀分散。
还在另一实施方案中,玻璃珠可以以单层***在透明电极之间。
还在另一实施方案中,玻璃珠可以以多层***在透明电极之间。
在另一实施方案中,玻璃珠可以具有交错结构使得上层的玻璃珠位于下层的相邻的玻璃珠之间的间隔中。
在另一实施方案中,在智能窗户的OFF状态下液晶可以沿着玻璃珠的外部连续排列。
在又一实施方案中,在智能窗户的ON状态下液晶可以与由透明电极产生的电场平行排列,由此透射光。
在又一实施方案中,智能窗户的厚度可以为4至50μm。
另一方面,本发明提供一种使用玻璃珠和液晶制造智能窗户的方法,所述方法包括:(i)在下层透明电极的一侧涂布粘合剂;(ii)在下层透明电极的经涂布粘合剂的侧面上均匀地分散玻璃珠;(iii)通过粘合剂的硬化将玻璃珠粘合至下层透明电极;(iv)从下层透明电极震落除了粘合至下层透明电极表面的单层玻璃珠之外的剩余玻璃珠;(v)粘结上层透明电极以使得玻璃珠***在一对透明电极之间;以及(vi)在一对透明电极之间注射液晶至玻璃珠以包围玻璃珠的外部。
在另一方面中,本发明提供一种使用玻璃珠和液晶制造智能窗户的方法,所述方法包括:(i)分别在下层透明电极的一侧和上层透明电极的一侧涂布粘合剂;(ii)在下层透明电极和上层透明电极的经涂布粘合剂的侧面上均匀地分散玻璃珠;(iii)通过粘合剂的硬化将玻璃珠粘合至下层透明电极和上层透明电极;(iv)从下层透明电极和上层透明电极震落除了粘合至下层透明电极表面和上层透明电极表面的单层玻璃珠之外的剩余玻璃珠;(v)粘结下层透明电极和上层透明电极以使得玻璃珠***在一对透明电极之间;以及(vi)在一对透明电极之间注射液晶至玻璃珠的外部以包围玻璃珠。
在一个实施方案中,可以使用毛细作用力将液晶注射在透明电极之间。
在另一实施方案中,玻璃珠可以以多层制造以具有交错结构,其中粘合至上层透明电极的玻璃珠位于粘合至下层透明电极的相邻的玻璃珠之间的间隔。
下面讨论本发明的其它方面和实施方案。
应当理解,此处所使用的术语“车辆”或“车辆的”或其它类似术语一般包括机动车辆,例如包括运动型多用途车辆(SUV)、大客车、卡车、各种商用车辆的乘用汽车,包括各种舟艇、船舶的船只,航空器等等,并且包括混合动力车辆、电动车辆、可插式混合动力电动车辆、氢动力车辆以及其它替代性燃料车辆(例如源于非石油的能源的燃料)。正如此处所提到的,混合动力车辆是具有两种或更多动力源的车辆,例如汽油动力和电力动力两者的车辆。
下面讨论本发明的上述特征及其它特征。
附图说明
接下来将参照由所附附图显示的本发明的某些示例性实施方案来详细地描述本发明的以上及其它特征,这些附图在下文中仅以显示的方式给出,因而对本发明是非限定性的,在这些附图中:
图1A和图1B为显示常规PDLC的结构的示意图;
图2A和图2B为显示本发明的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户的结构的示意图;
图3为显示本发明的实施方案的智能窗户的结构的示意图,所述智能窗户包含具有多层结构的玻璃珠;
图4为根据本发明的一个实施方案制造的智能窗户的视图;
图5为在根据本发明的一个实施方案制造的智能窗户中均匀地分散的玻璃珠的显微镜照片;
图6为测量随着根据本发明的一个实施方案制造的智能窗户的施加电压变化的透射率的图表;以及
图7为测量在起偏振片上散射光的偏振效应的图表,所述起偏振片附接至根据本发明的一个实施方案制造的智能窗户的两侧。
应了解,附图并不必须按比例绘制,其示出了某种程度上经过简化了的本发明的基本原理的各个特征。在此所公开的本发明的特定的设计特征,包括例如特定的尺寸、定向、位置和形状,将部分地由特定目的的应用和使用环境加以确定。
在这些图形中,附图标记在贯穿附图的多幅图形中指代本发明的同样的或等同的部件。
具体实施方式
现在将在下文中详细地提及本发明的各个实施方案,这些实施方案的示例示意在附图中并描述如下。虽然本发明将与示例性的实施方案相结合进行描述,但是应当了解,本说明书不是要将本发明限制为那些示例性的实施方案。相反,本发明旨在不但覆盖这些示例性实施方案,而且覆盖可以被包括在由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围之内的各种替换、修改、等同和其它实施方案。
参考图2A和2B,根据本发明实施方案的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户可以包括一对透明电极,所述一对透明电极以在其之间的小间隔分开排列以相互面对;玻璃珠,这些玻璃珠***透明电极之间;固定玻璃珠位置的粘合剂;以及液晶,所述液晶包围在玻璃珠的外部并***在透明电极之间。
透明电极为涂布有透明导电薄膜(如ITO、FTO等)的玻璃或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜,并连接至智能窗户的外部电源。因此,当智能窗户在ON状态下,在透明电极之间的间隔处产生电场。优选地,可以使用ITO膜作为透明电极。
这些玻璃珠为***在一对透明电极之间的组分。这些玻璃珠都可具有玻璃珠的形状并具有10至20μm的均匀直径,并且可以在透明电极之间均匀地分散。
玻璃珠为替代PDLC聚合物基体的组分,并由于其高稳定性和耐化学性而具有高效的优点,因为所述玻璃珠由玻璃而不是聚合物制成,在智能窗户上没有雾影并且驱动电压较低。
参考图3,玻璃珠在透明电极之间可以形成多层结构,并且可以具有交错结构,其中上层的玻璃珠(B)位于下层的相邻的玻璃珠(A)之间的间隔。因此,由于液晶在智能窗户中占据的间隔增加以及液晶和玻璃珠之间的界面变得更宽而改善了液晶的操作。因此,智能窗户的驱动电压变得低得多,浑浊度得到改善,并且透光率控制范围增大。
此外,当玻璃珠以上下层交错的结构形成时,在OFF状态下的遮光率由于光不能在玻璃珠之间穿过而增加。因此,光学特性(例如在ON和OFF状态下的透光性之间的差别)可以改善。
液晶是与由透明电极产生的电场相互作用的组分,液晶排列从而主动地透射或散射光,并且液晶位于玻璃珠的外部,不同于PDLC。
由于在没有施加电压的OFF状态下与玻璃珠的锚固效果(anchoring effect)使得液晶与玻璃珠的外表面平行排列,由此散射光。在施加电压的ON状态下,液晶与由透明电极所产生的电场平行排列,因此液晶获得与玻璃珠的折射率相同的折射率,从而透射光而不是散射光。
与PDLC相比,根据本发明的智能窗户具有反转结构(inverted structure),其中玻璃珠具有珠的形状,并且液晶填充玻璃珠的外部。因此,液晶的尺寸、形状和排列变为常数,并因此改善了光学特性。
粘合剂为这样的组分,其铺展或涂布于透明电极的一面上,并且随着玻璃珠粘合至透明电极而固定玻璃珠。粘合剂可以为任何合适的粘合剂,但是其还可以是UV的固化剂。
智能窗户可以根据用途或目的而制造成各种厚度,但其可以以1至50μm的厚度进行制造。如果智能窗户具有1μm或更小的厚度,则可能难以制造具有均匀厚度的智能窗户。如果智能窗户具有50μm或更大的厚度,则可能具有驱动电压变为100V或以上的问题。
下文将详细描述根据本发明的实施方案的使用玻璃珠和液晶制造智能窗户的方法。为了便于描述,一对透明电极根据图2A和2B中所示的位置将分别描述为上层和下层,并且玻璃珠预先固定在透明电极的下层上。
如图2A和图2B所示,根据本发明的实施方案的智能窗户可以包含具有单层结构的玻璃珠,如图3所示智能窗户还可以包含具有多层结构的玻璃珠。因此,这些将分开描述。
图2A和图2B中所示的本发明的使用玻璃珠和液晶制造智能玻璃的方法可以包括:(i)在下层透明电极的一侧涂布粘合剂;(ii)在下层透明电极的经涂布粘合剂的侧面上均匀地分散玻璃珠;(iii)通过硬化粘合剂将玻璃珠粘合至下层透明电极;(iv)从下层透明电极震落除了粘合至下层透明电极表面的单层玻璃珠之外的剩余玻璃珠;(v)粘结上层透明电极以使得玻璃珠***在一对透明电极之间;以及(vi)在一对透明电极之间注射液晶至玻璃珠以包围玻璃珠的外部。
步骤(i)为在透明电极上铺展或涂布作为粘合剂的UV固化剂,并且优选地,可以使用500至6000RPM的旋转涂布的方法。
在步骤(ii)中,可以使用从经粘合剂涂布的侧面的上方喷洒玻璃珠的方法用于分散。
步骤(iii)为通过进行1至60秒的UV辐射而硬化UV固化剂。通过该步骤,玻璃珠可以固定在透明电极的上。
步骤(iv)为通过对透明电极施加微弱的外力而震落未被粘合剂固定的剩余玻璃珠。通过该步骤,仅可以保留粘合至透明电极的表面的单层的玻璃珠。
步骤(vi)为在具有通过步骤(v)将玻璃珠夹在中间的结构的一对透明电极之间通过使用毛细作用力注射液晶。液晶可以为向列液晶。
图3所示的本发明的实施方案的使用玻璃珠和液晶制造智能玻璃的方法可以包括:(i)分别在下层透明电极的一侧和上层透明电极的一侧涂布粘合剂;(ii)在下层透明电极和上层透明电极的经涂布粘合剂的侧面上均匀地分散玻璃珠;(iii)通过粘合剂的硬化将玻璃珠粘合至下层透明电极和上层透明电极;(iv)从下层透明电极和上层透明电极震落除了粘合至下层透明电极和上层透明电极表面的单层玻璃珠之外的剩余玻璃珠;(v)粘结下层透明电极和上层透明电极以使得玻璃珠***在一对透明电极之间;以及(vi)在一对透明电极之间注射液晶至玻璃珠的外部以包围玻璃珠。
因此,为了制造包含具有多层结构的玻璃珠的智能窗户,进行在上层透明电极和下层透明电极两者上都固定玻璃珠的方法,随后以玻璃珠面向内部的方式粘结透明电极。
实施例
以下实施例说明了本发明的实施方案,并且并非旨在限制于这些实施例。
实施例
(i)使用丙酮冲洗具有9至13μm直径的玻璃珠(微型球体玻璃珠),然后使用离心机制备具有非均匀直径的玻璃珠。
(ii)以6000RPM的速度将UV固化剂(NOA65)旋转涂布于透明电极的一侧。
(iii)喷洒制备的玻璃珠并将其均匀地分散在透明电极的经UV固化剂涂布的一侧上。
(iv)在样品上进行15秒的UV辐射以硬化UV固化剂,从而在透明电极上固定玻璃珠。
(v)施加外部力至透明电极以震落未固定的玻璃珠,从而制造粘合单层玻璃珠的透明电极。
(vi)将一对透明电极的另一个粘结至经玻璃珠粘合的透明电极,然后在玻璃珠之间使用毛细作用力注射液晶从而制造智能玻璃。
图4为以上述实施例制造的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户的视图,图5为在透明电极上分散的玻璃珠的显微镜照片。参考图5,可以发现玻璃珠均匀地分散在透明电极上。
测试实施例
如上所述,根据本发明的智能窗户具有改善了光学特性的优点。
图6显示了测量随着根据上述实施例制造的智能窗户的电压变化的透射率的结果,由交流发电机施加电压后在相同条件下使用透射率测量装置(Cary 5000紫外线-可见光-近红外线,Agilent)测量数次,所述交流发电机使用其自身的电压互感器和可变电阻产生电压。
图7显示了在上述实施例中制造的智能窗户的光偏振效应的测量结果,在样品的两侧上粘附彼此垂直的起偏振片之后在相同条件下测量数次,通过交流发电机施加电压,使用半导体激光器将光引入,然后使用光电二极管测量透射的光。
参考图6,当施加40V的电压至透明电极时,透光率增加40%或更多,此时反应速率非常快,为大约1ms的水平。即,根据本发明的智能窗户具有极大的商业效用的优点,因为操作智能窗户的驱动电压比100V的常规PDLC的驱动电压低得多,在OFF和ON状态之间的转换很快,并且在OFF和ON状态之间的不透过性差别大。
此外,参考图7,可以发现当不施加电压时(0V),通过起偏振片偏振的入射光被转换为非偏振状态,同时通过智能窗户散射。在另一方面,当施加高电压时,经偏振的入射光当经过智能窗户时保持偏振状态。因此,光吸收于垂直安装的相对的起偏振板上,从而不透射光。因此,可以证实根据本发明的智能窗户具有如下智能窗户的特性:当起偏振板粘合至两侧时,在OFF状态下为半透性,在ON状态下变为完全不透性。
根据本发明的实施方案的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,使用的玻璃珠由玻璃材料而不是聚合物材料制成,所述玻璃珠为智能窗户提供了保证高稳定性和耐化学性的效果,使得智能窗户没有引起模糊的雾影现象并且具有低的操作电压。
再者,本发明提供的智能窗户,其在OFF和ON状态之间的透光率具有较宽的范围,因为其形成与PDLC相比反转的结构,并且液晶在OFF状态下通过与玻璃珠的锚固效应而沿着玻璃珠的外表面连续排列。
此外,本发明提供的智能窗在OFF状态下由于玻璃珠的多层结构而具有高的遮光率,并改善了液晶的操作。
此外,本发明提供的用于生产智能窗户的方法,其为低生产成本且能大量生产的方法,因为所述方法仅包括简单的过程。
参考本发明的优选实施方案详细描述了本发明。然而,应理解,下本领域技术人员可以对这些实施方案作出改变而不脱离本发明的原理和精神,本发明的范围限定在所附权利要求其等同方案中。
Claims (10)
1.一种使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其包括:一对透明电极,所述一对透明电极以其之间的小间隔分开排列以相互面对;玻璃珠,其***透明电极之间;液晶,其包围在玻璃珠的外部并***在透明电极之间,其中,所述玻璃珠以两层***在透明电极之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其中所述透明电极为涂布有透明导电薄膜的玻璃或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET膜。
3.根据权利要求1所述的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其中所述玻璃珠具有10至20μm的均匀直径,并且在透明电极之间均匀地分散。
4.根据权利要求1所述的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其中所述玻璃珠具有交错结构,在所述交错结构中上层的玻璃珠位于下层的相邻的玻璃珠之间的间隔中。
5.根据权利要求1所述的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其中所述液晶在智能窗的OFF状态下沿着玻璃珠的外表面连续排列。
6.根据权利要求1所述的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其中在智能窗户的ON状态下液晶与由透明电极产生的电场平行排列,由此透射光。
7.根据权利要求1所述的使用玻璃珠和液晶的智能窗户,其中所述智能窗户的厚度为4至50μm。
8.一种用于制造智能窗户的方法,其包括:
i)分别在下层透明电极的一侧和上层透明电极的一侧涂布粘合剂;
ii)在下层透明电极和上层透明电极的经粘合剂涂布的侧面上均匀地分散玻璃珠;
iii)通过硬化粘合剂将玻璃珠粘合至下层透明电极和上层透明电极;
iv)从下层透明电极和上层透明电极震落除了粘合至下层透明电极和上层透明电极的表面的单层玻璃珠之外的剩余玻璃珠;
v)粘结下层透明电极和上层透明电极以使得玻璃珠***在一对透明电极之间;以及
vi)在一对透明电极之间将液晶注射至玻璃珠外部,从而使得液晶包围玻璃珠,
其中,所述玻璃珠以两层***在透明电极之间。
9.根据权利要求8所述的用于制造智能窗户的方法,其中玻璃珠以两层制造从而具有这样的交错结构:其中粘合至上层透明电极的玻璃珠位于粘合至下层透明电极的相邻的玻璃珠之间的间隔中。
10.根据权利要求8所述的用于制造智能窗户的方法,其中使用毛细作用力在透明电极之间注射所述液晶。
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