CN105636558A - 采用适于所有人造关节的通用电子模板安装人造膝关节的装置和方法 - Google Patents

采用适于所有人造关节的通用电子模板安装人造膝关节的装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN105636558A
CN105636558A CN201380077678.3A CN201380077678A CN105636558A CN 105636558 A CN105636558 A CN 105636558A CN 201380077678 A CN201380077678 A CN 201380077678A CN 105636558 A CN105636558 A CN 105636558A
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***·阿姆·艾尔·丁·哈菲兹
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    • A61B17/16Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans
    • A61B17/17Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires
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    • A61B17/16Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans
    • A61B17/17Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires
    • A61B17/1721Guides or aligning means for drills, mills, pins or wires for applying pins along or parallel to the axis of the femoral neck
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/46Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
    • A61F2/4603Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor for insertion or extraction of endoprosthetic joints or of accessories thereof
    • A61F2/461Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor for insertion or extraction of endoprosthetic joints or of accessories thereof of knees
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B2017/568Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor produced with shape and dimensions specific for an individual patient
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/46Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
    • A61F2/4657Measuring instruments used for implanting artificial joints
    • A61F2002/4658Measuring instruments used for implanting artificial joints for measuring dimensions, e.g. length

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Abstract

本发明是有关于设计一些用在患者体内的外科手术器材,尤其是专门为患者订制的器材(PSI)的一种装置及相应方法,它也是有关于按照一些个别大小需要而订制出通用模板,去为需要进行全膝关节成形手术(TKA)的患者准备植入不同生产商所制的人造膝关节。这些生产商一般制造假肢和专门订制的PSI,以致这些器材变得很昂贵,而且制约了它们与竞争公司所生产的PSI大规模地混合使用。本发明的装置是适用于目前在市场出售的各种各类的人造关节,以及目前已为患者专门订制及将来制造出来的任何种类关节。本发明的装置是一种专门为每位患者订制的可植入器材,它是根据解剖和三维医学影像(CT或MRI扫描)重组而制造出来的。

Description

采用适于所有人造关节的通用电子模板安装人造膝关节的装置和方法
技术领域
全膝关节成形术(TKA)是先进的膝关节标准疗法。全膝关节成形术所期望达到的医疗结果,是要使得植入物能长期成功运作、达到高成本效益且并发症减至最少。全膝关节成形术的成功条件,就是要有高度准确性和高度再现性的外科手术。技术错误能对植入物的功能和持久性产生不利影响。部件若放错位置,可引致早期失效和需要做翻修手术。目前的外科技术依赖使用X光片来做手术前计划准备,以及采用标准的常规器械去进行手术。X光片具有有限的准确性。有报告说,常规器械有局限性,以致影响手术的最终准确性,尤其切割骨头和植入物对齐位置的准确性。这类手术所用的常规器械,是带有夹具及定位装置的复杂器械。组装这些器械耗时费力,而且可能引致错误。重复使用这些器械,在理论上面对污染风险。使用对位导引器的可能结果,就是侵害到髓内管道,这可能引致流血、感染、脂肪栓塞和骨折等更大风险。每项膝关节成形术都有自己的器械。英国有超过30种膝关节成形术,而同一部门的不同外科医生使用不同的关节成形术,是绝不希奇。这可能使得医院库存、护士的学习周期以及手术室使用时间等都超荷。虽然常规的手术器械已有所改进,但技术改善却有限。计算机辅助导航和机器人技术都已证明比起常规器械更加准确。不过,广泛使用这些技术却受到了成本、复杂性、架设时间和长学习周期的制约。最近,一种新技术问世,用以克服前述的缺陷。这种技术名为“为患者专门定制膝关节成形术”(PatientSpecificInstrumentsforkneearthroplasty),它是一种使用计算机去协助做手术前计划的新概念,以提供手术导引器,其作用可部分或全部取代常规器械***。这种“为患者专门定制器械”(patientspecificinstruments,PSI)的新技术,是最先由Hafez1-3等人发表报告介绍。
背景技术
“为患者专门定制器械”(PatientSpecificInstruments,PSI)的膝关节成形术,涉及以影像为基础的手术前计划,然后制作模板以契合患者骨骼结构的表面几何图形。这个模板的设计,是要把手术前计划转化成手术中的表现。这些制作机器种类繁多,从计算机数字控制(computernumeric-controlled,CNC)到更精密的快速成形(rapidprototyping,RP)技术都有,后者充当一个三维打印机,把三维的计算机辅助设计(虚拟)打印成实物。一个手术前的计算机断层扫描(CT)或核磁共振成像(MRI)扫描,被输进一个特别的软件***,它采用的是TKA植入物的三维数据。手术计划和虚拟手术是首先在计算机上进行,然后才用在患者身上。这包括设定大小、对齐位置、切割骨头以及确定最佳的植入位置等。有两种虚拟的模板被设计出来,并采用快速成形科技将其转化成手术导引装置。手术导引装置中汇集的信息使这些装置变成专为患者定制的装置,外科医生可将其用作为切割导引装置或切割模板。因此,TKA是不需要常规的髓内或髓外手术导引装置的。这项革命性的技术比起常规***具有潜在优势,因为它改善了短期复元,减少手术时间和流血及脂肪栓塞的风险,而且维持准确性。这对于关节外变形的病例尤其有用,尤其在老年患者身上。这种技术介于常规技术与类似导航机器人之类的较复杂技术之间。
目前工艺的难题:
“为患者专门定制器械”(PSI)目前是由一些膝关节成形术的植入物制造公司所生产。每家公司的计划程序和PSI都是基于生产公司的植入物,而这意味着一家公司的PSI不可能用于另一家公司的植入物。因此,这些PSI都是每家公司为自己订制的,而且非常昂贵,这是一大缺点,因为它限制了现有的PSI不能被广泛地应用。再者,世界各地很多外科医生所用的工业制植入物都是没有PSI的,这剥夺了患者使用PSI的权利。其次,目前PSI技术的一个严重制约就是,有关计划是由技术员制订,而并非由外科医生本人,而整个程序则由植入物公司所操控。虽然外科医生可以审核最终的计划,但是外科医生却未能控制计划过程。为了这个原因,PSI技术目前一般用于直前膝更换,但不用于复杂的关节腔内或关节腔外变形手术。
参考文献
1.HafezMA,CheluleK等人提出的“计算机辅助全膝更换:两块定制模板可取代复杂的常规器械吗?”发表于《计算机辅助手术》2004;9(3):93-4
2.HafezMA,JaramazB等人提出的“计算机辅助膝手术:综观”发表于《膝手术(第四版)》InstallJN,ScottN(Eds).Philadelphia,ChurchillLivingston.2006,1655-1674
3.HafezMA,CheluleK,SeedhomBB,ShermanKP提出的“使用专为患者订制的计算机辅助全膝关节成形术”发表于《临床及整形外科与相关研究》2006;444:184-192
发明内容
本发明是一种在通用和开放的平台下为TKA手术患者制备用于假体的膝关节的装置和方法,所述假体可以是任何类型的膝植入物。所述通用装置和方法适用于任何市售的现有膝植入物,所述通用装置和方法也进一步适用于将来任何为患者定制或非定制的膝植入物。
所述装置是专为患者定制的器械,采用一种以三维影像为基础(计算机断层扫描(CT)、核磁共振成像扫描(MRI)或计算机X光)的手术前计划去设计虚拟模板,然后采用计算机辅助制造方法将其转化为实体,而所涉及的计算机辅助制造方法可包括计算机数字控制(CNC)或增材制造(additivemanufacturing),例如快速成形技术等。一种计划和完成虚拟TKA手术的方法包括几个步骤:三维重建以及对计算机断层扫描(CT)或核磁共振成像扫描(MRI)数据进行分割。手术前的计划包含对膝关节进行解剖及病理学三维评估,识别特征和轴线,然后作出完整的计划,包括量测大小并设定植入物对齐位置、切割骨头以及置放植入物(假体部件),然后再进行手术模拟及模板的设计。上述方法可生成模板(器械)。一个股骨和一个胫骨的模板被设计成切割板,以便根据手术前计划去处理骨骼。其实现方式是在模板上形成狭缝,以便对股骨远端及胫骨近端进行骨头切割。所述模板被设计为具有五个圆柱形股骨***及四个圆柱形胫骨***。这些***是形成在模板的内表面,以匹配股骨远端及胫骨近端的表面形状。由于这些***是为患者度身定制的,它们只允许模板置放于特定的安稳位置。这些***被制成管状的,以便定位针通过,用以把模板更安稳地固定在骨骼上。所述股骨模板的作用是让外科医生可以通过特定的狭缝在远端切割骨头,并且引导外科医生在股骨远端标示前端切割的位置和旋转方向。接着便使用一个常规的切割手术导引器在股骨上进行余下的3种切割(向后、向前斜切和向后斜切)。在胫骨模板的上部有一狭缝,可显示胫骨的旋转方向,在需要时可引导骨干和龙骨的位置。在胫骨下部的前端有一突出位,可以在突出位上连接一杆,使杆向下延伸至踝部,以便检查胫骨旋转。可以采用虚拟模板对切骨和植入物定位进行手术过程的仿真。订制模板(为患者专门定制器械)的最终设计通过电子***传送到一个快速的成形机器那里,然后使用一种具有生物相容性的耐久材料将所述为患者专门定制的器械制造出来。制造完毕后对这些模板进行消毒,然后供外科医生用来进行TKA。
所述装置是特别为TKA而设计的,并根据一种通用的TKA假肢三维档案去做计划。所述装置有两个部分,一个是股骨部分,另一个是胫骨部分,两者都不依赖于任何市售的膝植入物,且在功能上与目前可购得的植入物或未来出现的任何植入物都能相通。所述装置具有管状的定位探测器,还可配有金属套管以便让定位针穿过,从而把该器械固定在骨骼上。所述方法涉及利用虚拟的手术结果去对整个TKA手术设定计划,包括设定大小、对齐位置和旋转等。不需要在手术前与同一公司的其他手术器械(例如钻子或套管等)进行匹配。该手术前计划被转换成一个两件式器械,可用以取代常规的TKA器械,例如为胫骨和股骨二者而设的髓内或髓外手术导引器、大小量测或旋转手术导引器等。所述器械被设计为切割板,通过该切割板可实现大部分的骨骼加工步骤。除了定位针之外,在权利要求10中所提及的用器械,例如锯和钻子,加工骨骼的路径,都是多方向性的,但是它们都被准确定位,避免任何交叉。模板的表面匹配依赖于突出的***去匹配背离软骨的骨骼表面,即***被置放在“没有软骨的地方”。此外,还有一个为股骨而设的突出可移动的探测器,也置放在没有软骨的地方。所述装置是一个器械(工具)而不只是模板。所述器械直接置放在骨骼上而无需其他界面(手术导引装置、套管或切割板)。
相同的技术也可应用于其他膝部手术,例如单髁间、双髁间和髌股关节成形术。
附图说明
股骨模板:(视图1-A,1-B,1-C,1-D,1-E,1-F,1-G,1-H)
此图提供股骨模块的几个视图,从1-A至1-H。该模板被设计成有5个圆柱型骰骨***(图1-A、1-D和1-E)。这些***是在模板的内表面上制造,以匹配股骨远端的表面形状。由于这些***是专为患者定制的,它们只准许模板置放在一个独特的安稳位置(图1-F和1-G)。这些***是管状的,容许定位针通过,使模板更稳固地置放在骨骼上(图1-H)。有了该股骨模板,外科医生就可以通过特定的狭缝进行远端切割(图1-B)。该模板也能引导外科医生在股骨远端标示向前切割及在边沿旋转的位置和方向(图1-C和1-D)。
胫骨模板:(视图2-A,2-B,2-C,2-D,2-E,2-F,2-G,2-H,2-I)
此图提供胫骨模板的几个示图,从2-A至2-I。该模板被设计成有4个胫骨***。这些***是在模板的内表面制造(图2-A、2-D和2-E),以匹配胫骨远端的表面形状(图2-F,2-G和2-H)。由于这些***是为患者特别定制,它们只容许模板被置放在一个独特而安稳的位置(图2-F、2-G和2-H)。这些***是管状的,容许定位针通过,使模板更稳固地置放在骨骼上(图2-I)。位于胫骨上部的一个狭缝显示出胫骨的旋转方向,并在有需要时引导骨干和龙骨的位置(图2-B)。在胫骨模板前部有一个狭缝容许一根杆依附其上,该杆向下伸向脚踝关节,以检查胫骨旋转(图2-C)。
附图标记说明(参见各附图):
1.模板本体——切割板(用于股骨或胫骨);
2.用于标示旋转和供龙骨通过的狭缝(用于胫骨);
3.用于骨干通过的孔(用于胫骨);
4.用于末端股骨切割的狭缝;
5.用于标示旋转的狭缝(用于胫骨);
6.***(近端);
7.用于销固定的孔(远端);
8.用于放置胫骨粗隆的空心区域/空间;
9.用于股骨的前切和旋转的切割平面;
10.可移除的***(用于股骨);
11.用于近端胫骨切割的狭缝;
12.无软骨的骨质区域(用于股骨或胫骨);
13.胫骨模板下部前部突出位;
14.固定销/固定针;
15.锯刃;
16.电锯。

Claims (23)

1.一种在通用和开放的平台下为全膝关节成形手术(TKA)患者制备用于假体的膝关节的装置,所述假体是任何膝植入物。
2.一种在通用与开放平台技术下计划并进行虚拟全膝关节成形手术以制造如权利要求1所述装置的方法。
3.如权利要求1所述的通用和开放平台装置,其特征在于,适用于目前可获得的任何膝植入物(所有市售植入物)。
4.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,适用于所有为患者专门定制的植入物。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,包括两部分:股骨部分和胫骨部分;所述两部分均不依赖于任何市售膝植入物,且能与目前市售的所有植入物或将来制造的任何植入物通用。
6.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,包括管状的定位探测器,所述定位探测器可配备金属套管,以供定位针穿过从而把该装置安稳固定在骨骼上。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,被设计成一切割板,通过所述切割板完成大部分的骨骼加工步骤。
8.如权利要求10所述的骨骼加工步骤,例如用锯和钻子,所采用的路径,除定位针的路径外,都是多方向性的,所述路径被准确定位以避免交叉。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置的表面匹配是基于突出的定位探测器与骨表面的匹配,所述骨表面是远离软骨的一面,即所述定位探测器置于没有软骨的区域。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,具有一突出的可移除的股骨探测器,其置于没有软骨的区域。
11.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置是一个器械(工具),而不是导引器,所述装置用于在膝关节成形手术中进行加工作业。
12.如权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述装置直接置放在骨骼上,而无需通过任何其他界面(手术导引器、套管或切割板)。
13.所述通用与开放的平台装置适用于将来可能制造出来的任何膝植入物。
14.如权利要求2所述的通用与开放平台方法,其特征在于,适用于目前可获得的任何膝植入物(所有市售植入物)。
15.如权利要求2所述的通用与开放平台方法,其特征在于,适用于所有为患者专门定制的植入物。
16.所述的通用与开放平台方法适用于将来可能制造出来的任何膝植入物。
17.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,包括对膝关节进行三维的解剖和病理学评估,识别标识物和标识轴,然后采用通用与开放平台技术对植入物(假体部件)进行完整计划,包括量测及对准、切割骨骼和放置植入物。
18.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,包括在通用与开放平台技术下模拟外科手术及设计模板。
19.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,制造出如权利要求1所述的装置(器械),该装置采用开放平台技术(通用的)引导骨骼切割,或者引导所有植入物的常规切割夹具的准确放置。
20.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,包括基于三维影像的手术前计划,用于设计虚拟模板,然后利用快速成形之类的增材制造技术将所述虚拟模板转化为实物模板。
21.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,涉及计划整个TKA手术,包括采用虚拟手术的结果去设定大小、对齐位置以及旋转。
22.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,无需在手术前与专属于某一公司的钻子或套管等其他器械进行匹配。
23.如权利要求20所述的手术前计划被转换为一个两件式器械,所述两件式器械被用以取代常规的TKA器械,例如为股骨和胫骨两者而设的髓内或髓外导引器、量测及旋转导引器。
CN201380077678.3A 2013-06-11 2013-06-11 采用适于所有人造关节的通用电子模板安装人造膝关节的装置和方法 Pending CN105636558A (zh)

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