CN105613043A - Bionic cultivation method for edible fungi - Google Patents
Bionic cultivation method for edible fungi Download PDFInfo
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- CN105613043A CN105613043A CN201610053540.5A CN201610053540A CN105613043A CN 105613043 A CN105613043 A CN 105613043A CN 201610053540 A CN201610053540 A CN 201610053540A CN 105613043 A CN105613043 A CN 105613043A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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Abstract
The invention discloses a bionic cultivation method for edible fungi, which comprises: (1) preparing a substrate; (2) carrying out cultivation; (3) carrying out management of a hypha recovery period; (4) carrying out management of an impurity removal period; (5) building a shed; (6) carrying out management of a fungus culturing period; (7) carrying out management of a first-harvest fruiting period; (8) carrying out management of a wet turning period; (9) carrying out management of a second-harvest fruiting period; (10) preventing and treating diseases and insect pests by an ecological method without using chemical pesticides. Cultivation in the step (2) comprises preparation of rectangular lands, seeding and watering and particularly comprises the steps of: forming the rectangular lands with land surface widths of 80 to 100cm, unlimited lengths and land depths of 20cm; laying and pouring the substrate in the rectangular lands; after the substrate is full laid in the rectangular lands, carrying out leveling; sowing fungus seed blocks and treading down; then laying one layer of substrate again; after carrying out leveling, sowing one layer of fungus seeds again and treading down, wherein mass of the fungus seed blocks accounts for 10 to 15 percent of mass of the substrate; after seeding, covering a layer of wet soil with a thickness of 3 to 4cm on the land surfaces, and treading down. Fungi obtained by the bionic cultivation method are green and pollution-free, and are high in quality and low in cost; incomes are obviously improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fungus growing technique field, be specifically related to a kind of edible fungi bionic cultivation method.
Background technology
The monster that one child is raw, straw hat head is worn; It is not afraid of and rains heavily, be just afraid of that sun shines. Edible fungi living environment under wild state and living condition said in one section of proverb. That requires humid environment, the low light level, middle temperature (10-25 DEG C) exactly. The bionic cultivation of edible fungi is exactly the wild environment studying edible fungi, Ecological Principle is utilized (not use chemical agent, but utilize the technology of counteracting each other changed between environmental condition or biology to reach the purpose of high yield, high-quality, low cost), the production cultivation technique of edible fungi is planted in imitation or simulation edible fungi wild environment or field survivorship condition.
The edible fungi requirement (for Pleurotus ostreatus) to environmental condition:
Nutrition: Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to wooden saprophytic mushroom. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and the ingredient breakdown such as starch, pectin, by secreting multiple enzyme, can be become the nutrient such as monosaccharide or disaccharidase, be absorbed and used as carbon source, also can directly absorb organic acid and alcohols etc., but can not directly utilize DIC by mycelia. Pleurotus ostreatus is using inorganic nitrogen (ammonium salt, nitrate etc.) and organonitrogen compound (carbamide, aminoacid, protein etc.) as nitrogenous source. Protein to pass through proteases for decomposing, just can be absorbed and used after becoming aminoacid.
Mushroom growth is grown and is also needed to certain inorganic salts, wherein mostly important with phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium constituent. The fuel wide range of suitable Pleurotus ostreatus. During artificial culture, conventional broad leaf tree Duan Mu and wood sawdust make planting material, China is again with straw stalk (large and small wheat straw), corn cob, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae, cotton seed hulls etc. are as compost, suitable collocation a little cake fertilizer, calcium superphosphate, Calx etc. feed nitrogen and other element again, can promote the good development growth of Pleurotus ostreatus.
Temperature: Pleurotus ostreatus Sporulation 12 DEG C��20 DEG C as well, be advisable with 24 DEG C��28 DEG C by spore germination, all affects germination higher than 30 DEG C or lower than 20 DEG C; Mycelia is 5 DEG C��35 DEG C equal energy growths, and optimum temperature is 24 DEG C��28 DEG C; The temperature range forming sporophore is 7 DEG C��28 DEG C, most widely suited with 15 DEG C��18 DEG C. Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to alternating temperature fecundity mushrooms, and in certain temperature range, temperature control is more big, and fruiting body differentiation is more fast. So, day and night temperature is big and artificial alternating temperature, can promote fruiting body differentiation.
Moisture and humidity: Pleurotus ostreatus moisture-proof power is relatively strong, wild Pleurotus ostreatus, rainy, occurs under shady and cool or quite moist environment. At vegetative stage, it is desirable to Compost moisture content is 65%��70%, if lower than 50%, mycelial growth is slow, and water content is too high, and air anoxia in material also can affect mycelial growth. When compost overly moist meets high temperature again, meeting souring is smelly, and easily by living contaminants.
Mycelial growth requires that relative air humidity is 70%��80% period, and in fruit body development period, relative humidity to bring up to 85%��95%. The poor growth when 55%, little mushroom drying shrinkage when 40%��45%; Higher than 95%, cap is easy to change to rot, and substantial amounts of little button also can occur also easy infection miscellaneous bacteria sometimes on cap. If Pleurotus ostreatus takes earthing measure, it is also noted that regulate earthing water content. General from underground 30cm��60cm earth dug, so long as not just raining, soil moisture is consistent with above-mentioned requirements. Through the earth that dries, point adjust foot moisture for 4��6 times, reach when hands is pinched flat not broken, tack-free be advisable.
Air
Pleurotus ostreatus is that aerobic fungus, mycelia and sporophore growth are required for air. Under normal circumstances, in air, the content of oxygen is 21% (volume ratio), and the content of carbon dioxide is 0.03%, when the concentration of Carbon Dioxide in Air increases, partial pressure of oxygen just certainly will reduce, and the carbon dioxide of excessive concentrations directly influences the respiratory activity of Pleurotus ostreatus, and hinders growth promoter.
The needs of oxygen, at vegetative stage, particularly in the fruit body development stage, are sharply increased by Pleurotus ostreatus, should cultivate under draughty condition.
Illumination: the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus normal growth in the dark, it is not necessary to light, has light to irradiate and mycelial growth rate can be made to slow down, be prematurely formed former base, is unfavorable for improving yield. Fruiting body differentiation is grown needs certain scattering light, insufficient light, and former radix reduces. Having formed sporophore, its stem is elongated, and cap is little and pale, and misshapen mushroom is many, will not form big cap.
Acid-base value: Pleurotus ostreatus is relatively wide to the subject range of acid-base value, and pH value all can grow in 3��10 scopes; But liking meta-acid environment, during pH5.5��7, mycelium and sporophore can be grown by normal growth. Mushroom growth optimum pH is 5.4��6, and wind tail mushroom optimum pH is 6.5��7, and JIGU and Florida mushroom are the fastest with pH6.5��7.5 mycelial growth rate, and sturdy. In mushroom growth growth course, owing to metabolism produces organic acid and acetic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid etc., the pH value of compost is made to be gradually reduced.
Additionally, culture medium pH value after sterilization also can decline, so should regulate pH value when preparing compost be 7��8 as well. In order to make strain stable growth in optimum pH, when preparing culture medium, often add the dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K of 0.2%2HPO4)With potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) etc. buffer substance, if in incubation produce hyper acid, a little nertralizer calcium carbonate (CaCO can be added3), make culture medium not reason pH value decline too much and affect the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, in a large amount of production, also often common gypsum or lime water regulate acid-base value.
Other: in mushroom carpophore growth promoter, the bad airs such as CO in Air, sulfide, acetylene is sensitive. When in air, the concentration of these materials is higher, sporophore growth arrest, deformity are even withered. Additionally, also to dichlorvos allergy, after mushroom house uses dichlorvos parasite killing, sporophore can be tipping up forming " chicken feet mushroom ".
It is above the edible fungi growth requirement to environmental condition, no matter take any cultivation technique, be all to meet based on the edible fungi growth requirement to environment above condition, target or research core, the satisfactory degree of cultivation condition is more high, the edible fungi yield then cultivated is more high, otherwise, then yield is more poor. Owing to studying the difference of the understanding of people of edible fungus culturing, ability, technical merit, then sage sees intelligence, and core person sees core, occurs in that diversified cultivating method for edible fungi, has the cultivation of ridge cultivation, bag, factory culture etc. And our growth conditions according to above edible fungi, investigated bionic cultivation method, this and other cultural method are very different.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of edible fungi bionic cultivation method, green non-pollution, quality better, and cost is low, significantly improves income.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is by the following technical solutions:
A kind of edible fungi bionic cultivation method, comprise the following steps: the preparation of (1) compost, (2) sowing, the management of (3) mycelia convalescent period, (4) impurities removal period management, (5) scaffolding, (6) bacteria period management, (7) first planting fruiting period management, (8) change of tide period management, (9) regrowth hair fruiting period management (10) are without chemical pesticide, ecological method prevention and elimination of disease and pests; Sowing in described step (2) includes whole furrow, stone and sows, and specifically comprises the following steps that furrow face width 80-100 centimetre, deep 20 centimetres of furrow, length is not limit, and after doing what a furrow, compost paving is fallen in furrow, after compost is paved with, plows flat, spread lower strain block, trample honest, repave one layer of compost, plow after putting down, spread next layer of strain again, trampling honest, wherein, the quality of strain block accounts for the 10-15% of compost quality. After sowing, furrow face overlying lid layer wet soil, thick 3-4 centimetre, steady and sure; The measure that described step (4) impurities removal period management is taked is for watering.
Compost in described step (1) adopts the method for fermentation to be prepared from, wherein compost major ingredient be: corn straw 80wt%, high-quality chicken manure or fertilizer 20wt%; The adjuvant of compost is account for the Calx of major ingredient mass fraction 3-4% and account for major ingredient mass fraction 0.5-1.0% carbamide.
The process of described Compost fermentation is as follows: a batch mixing: first uniformly pave fermentation place by broken corn straw consumption according to plan, again high-quality chicken manure or fertilizer are uniformly spread to above straw, again pulverized limestone consumption on request is let go, sprinkled evenly, ram on stockpile with grapple and draw one time, uniformly spray water again, till place surrounding there are flowing out, turning one time, the more dry position of stockpile adds water again, makes uniform moisture soak into windrow;
B system is piled: compost raw material stirring is uniform, piles high 30-40 centimetre, the wide 2-3 rice of heap, and length is not limit, and adds a cover straw screen or mat or plastic foil covering, in order to insulation, moisturizing;
C turning: two days later when temperature of charge rises to 65 DEG C, can carry out first time turning, later turning every day once, continuous turning 6-7 days;
D temperature control: fermentation initial stage temperature is likely to be rapidly increased to more than 70-75 DEG C and belongs to normal, but should turning immediately, the high temperature of more than 75 DEG C can not be kept for a long time, otherwise can cause compost nutrient relatively lossy, affecting yield, the fermentation later stage takes to remove covering, increase punch density, moisturizing respectively, height is piled in reduction, temperature is controlled in suitable scope by turning measure;
E damping: along with sharply raising of stockpile temperature and constantly gathering of heat, the moisture in material can evaporate lost in a large number, therefore while turning, also should look the timely moisturizing of concrete condition;
Supplementary carbamide during the last turning of f, Compost fermentation 5-6 days, the compost that fermentation maturity is good, moisture 65%, in coffee color, surface is covered with white hypha, without ammonia taste, has aromatic odor, and tack-free and high resilience, straw light draws and namely breaks, it was shown that fermented.
Described step (3) mycelia convalescent period management method is as follows: 3-4 days mycelia convalescent period, ensure that in mycelia convalescent period the earthing in furrow face moistens, dry ground does not occur, furrow face to be inserted thermometer, the degree of depth 15 centimetres, controls temperature below 28 DEG C, it is prevented that burn bacterium, if it exceeds 28 DEG C, to water water for cooling in time.
Described step (5) scaffolding adopts plastics mushroom shed, the high 1.5��1.8m of canopy, span 6��8m; 1 meter 1 arch stalk, 3 meters of columns, be above covered with two films one and cover with mat.
Make a hole every 20 centimetres on furrow face during the management of described step (6) bacteria period management, at the bottom of furrow, through 25-30 days, after mycelia is covered with furrow face, proceed to first planting fruiting period management.
Described step (7) first planting fruiting period management includes former base management phase, Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye period management, shaping period management and management collection period.
The method of described step (8) change of tide period management is: water after removing furrow face residual mushroom root, dead root filling furrow in time, and after oozing under water, dry in the air diel, then punches at frog-face, makes a call to a passage every 20 centimetres, enters regrowth hair fruiting period management.
The present invention is without chemical pesticide, the method of ecological method prevention and elimination of disease and pests is: by the impurities removal of watering of early stage, and competitive disease substantially eliminates, if competitive disease or parasitic disease still occurs in the later stage, earthing after removing furrow face residual mushroom root, dead root, is repeated once the management of impurities removal phase.
Pest control: insect pest has bacterium maggot, bacterium demodicid mite etc., pest control can spread the preventing and treating of some pulverized limestones after pouring water in change of tide period management on furrow face.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:
1, save manually: owing to bionic cultivation technology does not pack, eliminate artificial pack program, be greatly saved cost of labor, reduce labor intensity. Cost of labor saves more than 90%.
2, cost is reduced: reduce cost of labor, sack cost, insecticide, antibacterial cost (bionic cultivation need not any insecticide, antibacterial), raw material and processing cost (corn straw that bionic cultivation utilizes land for growing field crops to pulverize is major ingredient, and cost is substantially reduced) thereof.
3, suitable cultivation season is taken full advantage of: what bionic cultivation utilized is soil ridge cultivation, in furrow, stone is quickly, 0.07 hectare 10,000 jin 3��4 people of material can quickly spread for 1��2 day, if the compost pack of 10000 jin, need 10 people, within 7 days, just can install, even needing to do twice vexed fermentation of heap, planting time will be postponed significantly. Can not fruiting before the likely part cultivating bag year that plantation amount is big.
4, take full advantage of stalk resource: cotton seed hull has become the scarce resource of culturing edible fungus now, quickening along with the mechanization process that Semen Maydis combine machine is received, corn cob also will become scarce resource, utilizing agricultural crop straw culturing edible fungus is the developing direction of Edible Fungi, currently with wheat stalk cultivating agaricus bisporus extensive use on producing, our bionic cultivation technology cultivates flat bacterium mainly by corn straw, we can also use Semen sojae atricolor in the future, Fructus Capsicis etc. are containing the higher planting Lentinus edodes with crops straw stalk of lignin, this awaits carrying out further pilot production.
5, improve yield: bionic cultivation method makes compost directly contact with soil, mineral matter nutritional contained in soil can be made full use of, the moisture state that can make compost meets the edible fungi growth needs to moisture often, do not have the phenomenon of the dry underproduction of material, the fruit body of edible fungi water content of output is also higher simultaneously, therefore improve the yield of edible fungi, biological conversion rate is up to 120��150%, and every ten thousand jin of material can produce Pleurotus ostreatus 12000��15000 jin.
6, improve planting benefit: bionic cultivation, reduce production cost, also just improve economic benefit accordingly, front two batches of yield height of prior bionic cultivation, fruiting is neat, and before year, price is high, and benefit also can be greatly improved.
7, improve product quality: bionic cultivation, owing to not using the chemical agent such as insecticide, antibacterial to kill miscellaneous bacteria when impurities removal period management, the method for flood irrigation but employing is watered, therefore entirely without public hazards, the Pleurotus ostreatus of output is pollution-free food, improves product quality. Meanwhile, the edible fungi mycoplasma matter of bionic cultivation is crisp not continuous, and mouthfeel is good, and quality is high.
8, waste material in puerperal processes well: due to the edible fungi of bionic cultivation, without bacterium bag, does not produce useless bacterium bag, and free from environmental pollution, mushroom bran can be fully converted to fertilizer. Make agricultural fertilizer to use, be then high-quality fertilizer, owing to without pathogenic bacteria, inorganic salinity is less again, it is possible to making vegetable seedling substrate and use, vegetable seedling is not susceptible, vegetable strong sprout. Utilizing edible fungus bran to make vegetable seedling substrate is optimum selection.
Detailed description of the invention
For Pleurotus ostreatus, bionic cultivation method is as follows:
1, get the raw materials ready
Utilizing which type of raw materials for production cultivating white mushroom is determine according to local agricultural straw resource, the stalk resource that the season of cultivating white mushroom here is the abundantest surely belongs to corn straw, currently, agricultural crop straw is no longer cook the main material of fuel wood in rural area, and vast rural area has also abandoned the traditional habit of the bigger retting organic fertilizer of labor intensity, agricultural crop straw has been descended taboo to burn order by country, process agricultural crop straw and become a difficult problem for Rural Areas at Present agricultural production, agricultural crop straw has become agricultural wastes, abundant maize straw resource is the primary raw material of our cultivating white mushroom, corn straw in field after mechanical activation comminution, collection is returned, can directly pile vexed fermentation, save grinding and processing link.
The primary raw material of bionic cultivation Pleurotus ostreatus has: corn straw, high-quality chicken manure or fertilizer. Adjuvant has: Calx, carbamide etc. Other mineral nutrition can be drawn from soil, it is not necessary to supplements. Not adopting bean cake, wheat bran, corn grit, these material costs are high, use these material nutrients easily to decompose, utilize, easily grow miscellaneous bacteria.
2, dispensing
Major ingredient: corn straw 80%, high-quality chicken manure or fertilizer 20%
Adjuvant: account for major ingredient 3-4% Calx, 0.5-1.0% carbamide.
3, fermentation
What does is the purpose of fermentation? why does culturing edible fungus carry out Compost fermentation process? a lot of people are it is considered that sterilizing, and be provided to the same with fermentation material of high temperature steaming eliminates the miscellaneous bacteria in base material, and sterilizing is not thorough, can cause cultivating unsuccessfully. Bionic cultivation edible fungi is also required to fermentation, but the fermentation purpose of the culture medium of edible fungus of bionic cultivation is not configured to sterilizing, the sterilizing works of bionic cultivation is not here, that is in other cultivation link, the purpose of the fermentation of edible fungi bionic cultivation compost is to make raw material become grog, raw material edible fungi mycelium is difficult to decomposition, digestion, absorbs, utilizes, and grog mycelium can well decompose, digests, absorbs, utilize, the edible fungi of grog cultivation sends out that bacterium is fast, fruiting is fast, yield is high, and quality is good. Does is so what the difference of raw material and grog? the difference of raw material and grog is the tertiary structure of the protein in the nutritional labeling in compost and the space structure of protein there occurs change, is called protein denaturation. After protein denaturation, molecular structure is loose, it is impossible to form its intrinsic space structure, easily by protease hydrolysis. Be beneficial to the biological decomposition of hypha of edible fungus, digestion, absorption and be used. Grog culturing edible fungus, mycelia material feeding is fast, and growth is fast, shortens the bacteria time, accelerates developmental process, take full advantage of cultivation season, improves Yield and quality and the economic benefit of Edible Fungi.
(1) batch mixing: first uniformly pave fermentation place by broken corn straw consumption according to plan, again high-quality chicken manure or fertilizer are uniformly spread to above straw, again pulverized limestone consumption on request is let go, sprinkled evenly, ram on stockpile with grapple and draw one time, uniformly spray water again, till place surrounding there are flowing out. Turning one time. The more dry position of stockpile adds water again, makes uniform moisture soak into windrow.
(2) system heap: compost raw material stirring is uniform, piles high 30-40 centimetre, and the wide 2-3 rice of heap, length is not limit. And add a cover the covering such as straw screen or mat or plastic foil, in order to insulation, moisturizing.
(3) turning: two days later when temperature of charge rises to about 65 DEG C, can carry out first time turning, later turning every day once, continuous turning 6-7 days. For saving manpower, can use excavator or double-bladed plough turning.
(4) temperature control: fermentation initial stage temperature is likely to be rapidly increased to more than 70-75 DEG C and belongs to normal, but should turning immediately, it is impossible to the high temperature of long-term maintenance more than 75 DEG C, otherwise can cause compost nutrient relatively lossy, affect yield. The fermentation later stage takes to remove the measure such as covering, increase punch density, moisturizing, reduction heap height, turning respectively and temperature is controlled in suitable scope.
(5) damping: along with sharply raising of stockpile temperature and constantly gathering of heat, the moisture in material can evaporate lost in a large number, therefore while turning, also should depending on the timely moisturizing of concrete condition (mending 0.5% lime water to be preferred).
(6) a small amount of carbamide 0.5% can be supplemented during last turning, it is possible to prevent from producing during the fermentation ammonia. Planting material about needs fermentation about 5-6 days; The compost that fermentation maturity is good, moisture about 65%, is generally coffee-like, and surface is covered with white hypha, without ammonia taste, has aromatic odor, and tack-free and high resilience, straw light draws and namely breaks, it was shown that fermented.
4, bedding
The form of bionic cultivation is earthing ridge cultivation, bionic cultivation has very big difference with tradition ridge cultivation, tradition ridge cultivation is after cultivating bed performs, lower paving plastic film, upper cover plastic sheeting or lid newspaper, it is do not allow compost contact with soil in a word, reason is that in soil, miscellaneous bacteria is too much, and easy infection miscellaneous bacteria can cause cultivating unsuccessfully. The theory of bionic cultivation is different, and bionic cultivation method is also different, and the compost of bionic cultivation directly spreads in furrow on soil, above also not lid thin film or newspaper, but direct earthing. Bionic cultivation theory is thought, edible fungi and miscellaneous bacteria belong to fungi microbe, and the relationship of the two is competitive relation, it it not relation incompatible as fire and water, just as crops is the same with the relation of weeds, agricultural production because of ground borough chief grass, and can not all be managed soilless culture by us. So the bionic cultivation method of edible fungi is not afraid of miscellaneous bacteria, to coexist with peacefully with miscellaneous bacteria, utilize different to the tolerance of poor environment of high large edible fungus and the miscellaneous bacteria fungus of low grade, the method taking to change environmental condition, environmental condition is made to be conducive to the growth promoter of high large edible fungus to be unfavorable for low etc. miscellaneous bacteria fungus existence, thus reaching to control miscellaneous bacteria, promote that edible fungi growth growth reaches the purpose of good quality and high output.
After Compost fermentation completes, whole ground bedding, can use and play furrow machine or double-bladed plough bedding, making furrow machine can one-shot forming, double-bladed plough trench digging bedding, is respectively turn up after a plough around, then with the smooth furrow face of spade, general furrow face width 80-100 centimetre, length is not limit, deep 20 centimetres of furrow. At the bottom of furrow smooth, surrounding side is vertical up and down, does not have ramp rate. The furrow catch cropping ridge, the ridge is wide 40 centimetres, it is possible to walks servant, puts down basket, it is simple to manages and adopts mushroom.
5, stone with sow
After doing what a furrow, can sowing by stone, the benefit done so is that dumper can reach furrow limit, it is simple to stone is sowed, the bedding of such limit, and foot under side layer, cycle operation, speed is also quickly.
Dumper opens car door after reaching furrow limit, compost paving is fallen in furrow, after compost is paved with, plows flat with creeper, and the strain block of lower egg size is spread in top, tramples honest, repaves a layered material, plows after putting down, then next layer of strain, tramples honest. For promoting hyphal development, shortening the bacteria time, the amount of sowing should be somewhat larger, can account for the 10-15% of compost.
6, earthing
Stone, sow after, furrow face overlying lid layer wet soil, thickness about 3-4 centimetre. Steady and sure.
7, mycelia convalescent period management
When sowing, strain has broken " mycelia base material group " into egg size, strain has injury, strain send out bacterium and has a mycelia convalescent period, have just as seed a germination period, 3-4 days mycelia convalescent period. Ensure that in mycelia convalescent period the earthing in furrow face moistens, dry ground does not occur. Furrow face to be inserted thermometer, the degree of depth 15 centimetres, controls temperature below 28 DEG C, it is prevented that burn bacterium. If it exceeds 28 DEG C, to water water for cooling in time.
8, water (impurities removal period management)
After mycelia convalescent period, water, broad irrigation, make Compost moisture content in furrow excessive, cause anaerobic environment, anoxia in furrow, miscellaneous bacteria meeting " race upper ground surface ", and edible fungi " mycelia base material group " " can not run upper ground surface ", can only grin and bear it, but its tolerance is significantly high, will not because of anoxia for the moment " being drowned ", thus reach elimination miscellaneous bacteria, it is prevented that the purpose of pollution. This stage is referred to as " impurities removal phase " and implies that and cover remove impurity bacterium. After miscellaneous bacteria " race upper ground surface ", furrow face there will be miscellaneous bacteria mycelia one layer thin, and color is tender in vain, after 4-5 days, miscellaneous bacteria mycelia color and luster becomes lark, it was demonstrated that it is " aging ", " one foot in the grave ", after it becomes lark completely, it is possible to forward next management link to.
9, scaffolding
Plastics mushroom shed is high 1.5��1.8m generally, span 6��8m; Having bamboo wood and steel frame construction, people can operate in canopy. 1 meter 1 arch stalk, 3 meters of columns, be above covered with two films one and cover with mat.
10, bacteria period management
The edible aerobic fungus of Pseudomonas, edible fungi growth needs oxygen, it is chronically at anaerobic environment, meeting " is suffocated ", simultaneously containing substantial amounts of anaerobic bacteria in soil, the breathing pattern of anaerobic bacteria is anaerobic respiration, it is do not need oxygen, it is chronically at anaerobic environment and can cause anaerobic bacteria amount reproduction, in the course of time, compost will macerate into excrement, this of course not sees desired by us, what if? because anaerobe is to be afraid of oxygen, solution yes release anoxia condition, the way adopted is punching ventilation, adopt grapple, excrement hairpin, ferrum is bored, the instruments such as lever, make a hole every 20 centimetres, at the bottom of furrow, to its ventilation, release anoxia condition, promote mycelial growth, suppress anaerobe existence, prevent compost from macerating into excrement. so through 25-30 days, mycelia just can be covered with furrow face. after mycelia is covered with furrow face, it is possible to proceed to fruiting period management.
11, fruiting period management
After mycelia is covered with furrow face, it is possible to carry out fruiting period management. First removing furrow face earthing, bacterium loses light, not fruiting, removes furrow face earthing, is put on the ridge by it, exposes furrow face bacterium material, it will be seen that compost has become white, furrow face was covered with mycelia, through 5-6 days, after the mycelia guttation phase, mycelia distortion is agglomerating, forms mushroom flower bud, and starts fruiting.
(1) the former base management phase
Should not be excessively dark in canopy, certain light scattering to be given, air will be kept fresh, do not feel in canopy uncomfortable in chest just, daily management need not be aerated management, after furrow face forms a large amount of former base, still based on moisturizing, mushroom flower bud protocorm is tender little, and moisture and wind is more sensitive. At this moment emphases of supervision is: 1 is sure not former base is sprayed water, and large area mushroom thunder otherwise can be caused dead, furrow face overdrying, can lid mulch film, after the big formation of mushroom flower bud, spread mulch film. 2 do not need ventilation, and the closed management with suitable gas concentration lwevel can promote the generation of former base, it is also possible to this regulates the generation density of former base, namely ventilate too early, former base can large quantities of death, ventilated late or high humidity, former base survives increased number, former base survival rate is too high neither be meddlesome, can make troubles to the management of mushroom flower bud, once former base meets requirement, be necessary for stronger ventilation amount, to ensure oxygen supply, misshapen mushroom otherwise can be produced.
(2) Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye period management
Enter Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye after date, the vent on both sides should be opened in time, 2 hours ventilating convections should be kept every day, notice that cross-ventilation amount will with the Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye phase to becoming the mushroom phase to be gradually increased. If entering Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye after date, still stuffy, or air can not form convection current, mushroom body will only long stem, not long cap forms Flammulina velutiper (Fr.) Sing type. Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye phase ventilation should progressively strengthen, and ventilation size is regulated by the open ports of vent. The oxygen that the Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye phase needs is less, if wind-force is too strong, air-flow is too fast, will result in little mushroom and dries up. Except doing a good job of it ventilation and moisture management, it is also noted that thin flower bud allows the mushroom flower bud selecting and remain concentrate growth, forms big mushroom, particularly first planting mushroom, and fruiting is too many, mutually fights for nutrient, from but mushroom type diminish, misshapen mushroom increases.
(3) shaping period management
When children's mushroom bacteria cover diameter grows to 1 centimeter, vent also all to open wide, and daytime ventilates, and night closes. To keep good humidity environment in canopy, keep air fresh, when first planting mushroom length is divided into ripe to 7-8, just can pluck.
(4) management collection period
During Pleurotus ostreatus ripe standard, cap edge is turned to open and flat by curls inward, and now, mushroom list Cong Chongliang reaches maximum, and bacterial context is thick, big, fertile tender. Plucking in time after Pleurotus ostreatus maturation, gather late, mushroom body is aging, can distribute spore in a large number, not only consumes sack nutrient, and spore is fallen on other little mushrooms. Will also result in little mushroom geromorphism. Pin mushroom clump base portion with hands when gathering, prune mushroom root with scraper. The mushroom body scraper taken is pruned Pleurotus ostreatus root earth. After gathering, furrow face should be remained mushroom root, dead root etc. and remove, subsequently enter change of tide period management.
12, change of tide period management
Water after the removings such as furrow face residual mushroom root, dead root filling furrow in time, and after oozing under water, dry in the air diel, then punches at frog-face, makes a call to a passage for every 20 centimetres, enters the fruiting of second batch of Pleurotus ostreatus.
13, the management of regrowth hair and three, four batches of fruiting phases ibid, is no longer sewed and is stated.
14, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
The pest and disease damage of edible fungi is divided into insect pest and disease, wherein disease is divided into again competitive disease and parasitic disease (mushroom body introduced disease), by the impurities removal period management of early stage, competitive disease substantially eliminates, if still there is competitive disease or parasitic disease in the later stage, earthing after removing furrow face residual mushroom root, dead root, is repeated once the management of impurities removal phase.
Pest control: insect pest has bacterium maggot, bacterium demodicid mite etc., pest control can carry out after pouring water in change of tide period management, because of anoxia in base material below furrow face, insect all gets out furrow face, spreads the preventing and treating of some pulverized limestones, after one day on furrow face, water a water again, watering down furrow flour base, again through the bacteria stage of several days, Pleurotus ostreatus can normal fruiting.
The ultimate principle of the present invention and principal character and advantages of the present invention have more than been shown and described. Skilled person will appreciate that of the industry; the present invention is not restricted to the described embodiments; described in above-described embodiment and description is that principles of the invention is described; without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; the present invention also has various changes and modifications, and these changes and improvements both fall within the claimed scope of the invention. Claimed scope is defined by appending claims and equivalent thereof.
Claims (10)
1. an edible fungi bionic cultivation method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps: the preparation of (1) compost, (2) sowing, the management of (3) mycelia convalescent period, (4) impurities removal period management, (5) scaffolding, (6) bacteria period management, (7) first planting fruiting period management, (8) change of tide period management, (9) regrowth hair fruiting period management; Sowing in described step (2) includes whole furrow, stone and sows, and specifically comprises the following steps that furrow face width 80-100 centimetre, and length is not limit, deep 20 centimetres of furrow, after doing what a furrow, fall compost paving in furrow, after compost is paved with, plow flat, spread lower strain block, trample honest, repave one layer of compost, plow after putting down, then spread next layer of strain, trample honest.
2. wherein, the quality of strain block accounts for the 10-15% of compost quality.
3. after sowing, furrow face overlying lid layer wet soil, thick 3-4 centimetre, steady and sure; The measure that described step (4) impurities removal period management is taked is for watering.
4. edible fungi bionic cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: compost in described step (1) adopts the method for fermentation to be prepared from, wherein compost major ingredient be: corn straw 80wt%, high-quality chicken manure or fertilizer 20wt%; The adjuvant of compost is account for the Calx of major ingredient mass fraction 3-4% and account for major ingredient mass fraction 0.5-1.0% carbamide.
5. edible fungi bionic cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the process of described fermentation is as follows: a batch mixing: first uniformly pave fermentation place by broken corn straw consumption according to plan, again high-quality chicken manure or fertilizer are uniformly spread to above straw, again pulverized limestone consumption on request is let go, sprinkled evenly, ram on stockpile with grapple and draw one time, uniformly spray water again, till place surrounding there are flowing out, turning one time, the more dry position of stockpile adds water again, makes uniform moisture soak into windrow;
B system is piled: compost raw material stirring is uniform, piles high 30-40 centimetre, the wide 2-3 rice of heap, and length is not limit, and adds a cover straw screen or mat or plastic foil covering, in order to insulation, moisturizing;
C turning: two days later when temperature of charge rises to 65 DEG C, can carry out first time turning, later turning every day once, continuous turning 6-7 days;
D temperature control: fermentation initial stage temperature is likely to be rapidly increased to more than 70-75 DEG C and belongs to normal, but should turning immediately, the high temperature of more than 75 DEG C can not be kept for a long time, otherwise can cause compost nutrient relatively lossy, affecting yield, the fermentation later stage takes to remove covering, increase punch density, moisturizing respectively, height is piled in reduction, temperature is controlled in suitable scope by turning measure;
E damping: along with sharply raising of stockpile temperature and constantly gathering of heat, the moisture in material can evaporate lost in a large number, therefore while turning, also should look the timely moisturizing of concrete condition;
Supplementary carbamide during the last turning of f, Compost fermentation 5-6 days, the compost that fermentation maturity is good, moisture 65%, in coffee color, surface is covered with white hypha, without ammonia taste, has aromatic odor, and tack-free and high resilience, straw light draws and namely breaks, it was shown that fermented.
6. edible fungi bionic cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (3) mycelia convalescent period management method is as follows: 3-4 days mycelia convalescent period, ensure that in mycelia convalescent period the earthing in furrow face moistens, dry ground does not occur, furrow face to be inserted thermometer, the degree of depth 15 centimetres, control temperature below 28 DEG C, prevent from burning bacterium, if it exceeds 28 DEG C, to water water for cooling in time.
7. edible fungi bionic cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described step (5) scaffolding adopts plastics mushroom shed, the high 1.5��1.8m of canopy, span 6��8m; 1 meter 1 arch stalk, 3 meters of columns, be above covered with two films one and cover with mat.
8. edible fungi bionic cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: make a hole every 20 centimetres on furrow face during the management of described step (6) bacteria period management, at the bottom of furrow, through 25-30 days, after mycelia is covered with furrow face, proceed to first planting fruiting period management.
9. edible fungi bionic cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described step (7) first planting fruiting period management includes former base management phase, Corallium Japonicum Kishinouye period management, shaping period management and management collection period.
10. edible fungi bionic cultivation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the method for described step (8) change of tide period management is: water after removing furrow face residual mushroom root, dead root filling furrow in time, after oozing under water, dry in the air diel, then punch in furrow face, make a call to a passage every 20 centimetres, enter regrowth hair fruiting period management.
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