CN105391515A - 用于内容中心网络的网络编码 - Google Patents

用于内容中心网络的网络编码 Download PDF

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CN105391515A
CN105391515A CN201510481868.2A CN201510481868A CN105391515A CN 105391515 A CN105391515 A CN 105391515A CN 201510481868 A CN201510481868 A CN 201510481868A CN 105391515 A CN105391515 A CN 105391515A
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CN105391515B (zh
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J·库里哈拉
E·尤祖恩
J·J·加西亚-鲁娜-阿塞韦斯
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Cisco Technology Inc
Vihana Inc
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Palo Alto Research Center Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
    • H04L67/565—Conversion or adaptation of application format or content
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0076—Distributed coding, e.g. network coding, involving channel coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/08—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by repeating transmission, e.g. Verdan system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/104—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks
    • H04L67/1074—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks for supporting data block transmission mechanisms
    • H04L67/1078—Resource delivery mechanisms
    • H04L67/108—Resource delivery mechanisms characterised by resources being split in blocks or fragments
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/12—Protocols specially adapted for proprietary or special-purpose networking environments, e.g. medical networks, sensor networks, networks in vehicles or remote metering networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/06—Notations for structuring of protocol data, e.g. abstract syntax notation one [ASN.1]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/10—Streamlined, light-weight or high-speed protocols, e.g. express transfer protocol [XTP] or byte stream

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
  • Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
  • Information Transfer Between Computers (AREA)

Abstract

本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于促进在信息中心网络中的网络编码的***。操作中，所述***从内容消费者节点发送对与内容对象关联的多个组块的一个或多个兴趣。相应的兴趣使用分层结构可变长度标识符指示相应组块，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续名称组成。作为响应，所述***然后接收许多个网络编码数据包，其中，相应的数据包对应于所述内容对象的所有组块的线性无关组合。所述***随后基于接收的数据包重构所述内容对象。

Description

用于内容中心网络的网络编码
技术领域
本申请一般涉及促进网络中的数据处理。更具体地，本申请涉及用于促进在内容中心网络中的网络编码的***和方法。
背景技术
互联网和电子商务的繁荣继续引发网络行业的革命性变化。当今，从在线观看电影到每日新闻发送、零售和即时消息的相当大量的信息交互是在线进行的。日益增长的互联网应用也变成移动的。然而，当前的互联网基于大型的基于位置的寻址方案工作。两个最普遍存在的协议即互联网协议(IP)和以太网协议都以终端主机地址为基础。即，内容的消费者可以只接收通过从通常与物理对象或位置关联的地址(例如IP地址或以太网介质访问控制(MAC)地址)显式请求内容的内容。此限制性的寻址方案越来越不足以满足不断变化的网络需求。
最近，行业中已经提出内容中心网络(CCN)架构。CCN将新方法引入到内容传输。代替在应用等级以内容得以通过的端对端对话查看网络流量，内容是基于其唯一的名称请求或返回的，网络负责将内容从提供者路由到消费者。注意，内容包括可以在通信***中传输的数据，包括任何形式的数据，诸如文本、图像、视频和/或音频。消费者和提供者可以是计算机处的个人或CCN内部或外部的自动化过程。一项内容可以指整个内容或内容的相应部分。例如，新闻文章可以由体现为数据包的多项内容表示。一项内容还可以与元数据关联，所述元数据描述或用诸如认证数据、创建日期、内容所有者等的信息加强该项内容。
在CCN中，内容对象和兴趣是由其名称标识的，名称通常是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)。当在CCN节点上接收对一项内容的兴趣时，检查本地内容缓存以查看被请求的内容是否是存在的。然而，在某些情况下，在发送兴趣的多个副本时，通过许多个CCN节点和链接传输数据可能是不高效的。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例一种用于促进在信息中心网络中的网络编码的***。操作中，所述***从内容消费者节点发送对与内容对象关联的多个组块的一个或多个兴趣。相应的兴趣使用分层结构可变长度标识符指示相应组块，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续名称组成。作为响应，所述***然后接收许多个网络编码数据包，其中，相应的数据包对应于所述内容对象的所有组块的线性无关组合。所述***随后基于接收的数据包重构所述内容对象。
在此实施例的一个变形中，基于接收的数据包重构所述内容对象包括：确定重构丢失组块需要至少一个数据包；以及发送指示所述丢失组块的重试兴趣。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括指示使用网络编码和许多个所述内容对象的组块的组成。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括指示相应兴趣是否是重试兴趣的组成。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括指示已经被重构的一个或多个组块的组成。
本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于促进在信息中心网络中的交换节点上的网络编码的***。操作中，所述***接收由内容消费者节点生成的对与内容对象关联的组块的兴趣。响应于所述组块是本地可用的并且以前还没有发送到接收兴趣的节点，所述***向从其接收兴趣的节点发送所述组块和与所述内容对象关联的一个或多个其它组块的线性无关组合。响应于所述组块本地不可用，所述***转发所述兴趣，以及随后在响应于转发的兴趣接收所述组块和所述内容对象的其它组块的线性无关组合时缓存这种组合。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述***从另一节点接收所述内容对象的多个组块的线性组合。所述***然后确定接收的组块的线性组合并非独立于本地缓存的组块的线性组合；以及丢弃所接收的组块的线性组合。
在此实施例的一个变形中，在发送组块的线性无关组合之后，所述***指示所述组块已经发送到从其上接收兴趣的节点。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述***确定接收的兴趣是绕行兴趣，并且作为响应，丢弃所述绕行兴趣。
附图说明
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。
图2示出根据本发明的实施例的内容对象的示例性组块。
图3呈现对根据本发明的实施例的示例性网络协议栈进行图解说明的框图。
图4呈现对根据本发明的实施例的示例性绕行兴趣进行图解说明的图。
图5图解说明根据本发明的实施例的具有网络编码的示例性内容消费者***。
图6呈现根据本发明的实施例的具有网络编码的示例***换***。
表1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的示例性名称组成。
在图中，相同的附图标记指相同的附图元件。
具体实施方式
到目前为止，已经提出几种信息中心网络(ICN)架构作为现有的互联网架构的替代，以便能够独立于其位置通过名称高效地访问内容和服务。同时，由于多点通信或连接中断，网络编码(NC)被证明能提高网络中信息传播的吞吐量。这是通过以来源和中继可以传送(按组成)数据包的线性组合而不是各个数据包本身的方式对数据包编码来达到的，使得只要任何中继或潜在接收器接收足够的数据包的线性无关组合，就能够解码数据包。
在信息传播方面，NC可以提高ICN的总体性能。不过到目前为止对NC和ICN的集成几乎没有提出什么建议。而且，通常认为所有的路由器都支持NC。
本发明的实施例促进网络编码内容中心网络(NCCN)，作为NC如何可以与ICN方法无缝地集成以便不需要所有路由器实现NC情况下提高ICN的性能的示例。NCCN允许兴趣和数据包被不具有NC能力的常规的CCN或命名数据网络(NDN)节点以常规CCN或NDN包处理。为了实现这种能力，NCCN引入代表使用NC所需的信息的新的名称组成，而不对兴趣和数据包的结构进行任何改变。以对常规CCN或NDN栈的最小改变，设计NCCN的协议栈。NCCN在CCN或NDN的基本转发和缓存策略之前只增加附加步骤，以能够使用NC。这意味着不在NCCN中进行修改，可以使用为CCN或NDN设计的现有的转发策略和缓存策略。
通常，CCN使用两种类型的消息：兴趣和内容对象。兴趣承载内容对象的分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)，也称作“名称”，并用作对该对象的请求。如果网络元件(例如路由器)接收对相同名称的多个兴趣，则它可以聚合这些兴趣。在具有匹配的内容对象的兴趣的路径上的网络元件可以缓存并返回该对象，以满足兴趣。内容对象遵循相反的兴趣路径到达兴趣的(若干)原点。内容对象除其它信息外包含相同的HSVLI，对象的有效载荷，以及用来将HSVLI绑定到有效载荷的加密信息。
本申请中使用的词语通常定义如下(但其解释不限于此)：
“HSVLI”：分层结构的可变长度标识符，也称作名称。它是名称组成的排序列表，它可以是可变长度的八位字节字符串。以人可读的形式，HSVLI可以用诸如ccnx：/path/part的形式表示。没有主机或查询字符串。如上文提到的，HSVLI指内容，希望HSVLI能够表示内容的组织结构，并至少部分对人是有意义的。HSVLI的个别组成可以具有任意长度。而且，HSVLI可以具有显式界定的组成，可以包括任何字节序列，不局限于人可读的字符。最长前缀匹配查询在转发具有HSVLI的包时是重要的。例如，指示对“/parc/home/bob”的兴趣的HSVLI会与“/parc/home/bob/test.txt”和“/parc/home/bob/bar.txt”匹配。按照名称组成的数目，最长匹配被认为是最佳的，原因是它是最具体的。
“兴趣(Interest)”：对内容对象的请求。兴趣规定HSVLI名称前缀和可以用来在具有相同名称前缀的多个对象中选择的其它可选的选择器。其名称与兴趣的名称前缀和选择器匹配的任何内容对象满足兴趣。
“内容对象(ContentObject)”：响应于兴趣发送的数据对象。它具有HSVLI名称和通过加密签名绑定在一起的内容有效载荷。可选地，所有的内容对象都具有由内容对象的SHA-256摘要组成的隐式终端名称组成。在一个实施例中，隐式摘要不在线上传输，但需要时在每一跳上计算。
如之前提到的，HSVLI指示一项内容，是分层结构的，包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续组成。相应的HSVLI的长度是不固定的。在内容中心网络中，与传统的IP网络不同，包可以由HSVLI标识。例如，“abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news”可以是内容的名称，标识相应的(若干)包，即，来自名称为“ABCD”的机构的用户名字为“Bob”的报纸“ccn”集的“news”文章。为了请求一项内容，节点通过内容的名称表达(例如广播)对该内容的兴趣。对一项内容的兴趣可以是根据内容的名称或标识符对内容的查询。内容如果在网络上可用，则从存储该内容的任何节点发送回请求节点。路由架构智能地将兴趣传播到可能具有信息的潜在节点，然后携带可用内容沿与兴趣消息行进的路径相反的路径返回。
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。在此示例中，网络180包括节点100-145。网络中的每个节点耦连到一个或多个其它节点。网络连接185是这种连接的一个示例。网络连接显示为实线，但每条线还可以代表子网络或超级网络，子网络或超级网络可以将一个节点耦连到另一节点。网络180可以是内容中心的、局域网、超级网络或子网络。这些网络中的每个可以互联，使得一个网络中的节点可以到达其它网络中的节点。网络连接可以是宽带、无线、电话、卫星或任何类型的网络连接。节点可以是计算机***、代表用户的端点和/或可以生成兴趣或发起内容的装置。
根据本发明的实施例，消费者可以生成对一项内容的兴趣，然后向网络180中的节点发送该兴趣。该项内容可以由发布者或内容提供者存储在网络180中的节点上，发布者或内容提供者可以位于网络内部或外部。例如，在图1中，对一项内容的兴趣在节点105上发起。如果内容在该节点上不可用，则兴趣流向耦连到第一节点的一个或多个节点。例如，在图1中，兴趣流向节点115(兴趣流150)，节点115也没有可用的内容。接着，兴趣从节点115流向节点125(兴趣流155)，节点125也没有该内容。兴趣然后流向节点130(兴趣流160)，节点130具有可用的内容。内容流然后反向折回其路径(内容流165、170和175)，直到到达节点105，在此传送内容。诸如认证的其它过程可以包括于内容流中。
在网络180中，在内容持有者(节点130)和兴趣生成节点(节点105)之间的路径中的任何数目的中间节点(节点100-145)可以在内容在网络上行进时参与缓存内容的本地副本。通过隐式地共享对本地缓存内容的访问，缓存降低了位于其它订阅者附近的第二订阅者的网络负载。
我们首先引入在NCCN描述中会使用的定义和符号。假设Fq是阶数q的有限域，是Fq上的m维向量空间。考虑内容对象被分成相同大小的多个组块k1，k2，...。我们将每个组块看作是有限域Fq的元素或中的向量。例如，每个组块的大小为1024字节时，每个组块被认为是F2 8上的1024-维向量。我们假设使用固定大小n的若干组内容组块，并假设任何两组之间的交集为空。我们还假设每个组具有唯一的标识符或数字。
图2示出内容对象的示例性组块，其中n＝4。图中的每个分组有数字#1，#2，...。对于每个分组，我们定义编码组块为该分组中内容组块的线性组合。假设网络节点在其缓存中有分组(k1，...，kn)的t个编码组块并且将他们表示为[y1，...，yt]T＝A[k1，...，kn]T，其中，.T表示转置。由于成立，向量被称作yi的系数向量。如果编码组块与另一编码组块的系数向量是线性无关的，则我们认为他们是线性无关的。假定是由行向量A即系数向量跨越的线性子空间。然后我们引入可见(seen)和不可见(unseen)组块的定义。如果形式为的向量属于VA，则组块ki被认为是可见的。否则，认为是不可见的。
我们注意到，在节点上可见的组块的数目等于dimVA。来自特定分组的节点上可见的组块的信息由n维二进制向量表示。例如，在n＝4的情况下，分组中的第一和第二组块是可见的，该分组中可见和不可见组块的信息由 [ 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ∈ F 2 4 给出。
NCCN中的密钥设计目标是以从CCN或NDN到NCCN的增量部署是可行的方式达到与常规CCN或NDN架构的兼容性。这意味着即便网络中的一些中间节点是不支持NCCN的常规CCN或NDN节点，这些中间节点都可以象常规CCN或NDN包一样处理NCCN兴趣和数据包，不过生产者和消费者仍然可以使用网络编码进行通信。相反，NCCN节点可以给不使用网络编码进行通信的生产者和消费者提供常规CCN或NDN流量的兴趣和数据包。
图3图解说明NCCN和CCN或NDN之间的潜在兼容性。NCCN协议栈具有相同的底层接口以及与常规CCN或NDN节点相同的应用编程接口(API)。此外，NCCN策略层必须能够以需要常规CCN或NDN协议栈进行最小变化的方式转发并缓存包。另一方面，无论何时在使用网络编码时，编码内容必须被解码，以保证原始(未编码)内容的可用性。在CCN或NDN中，数据包由转发节点随机缓存，并被反复使用以应答引用相同内容的兴趣。NCCN中的第二密钥设计目标是通过使内容的消费者解码原始内容，允许通过网络传播编码内容组块。
NCCN的设计涉及内容被命名、转发和缓存的方式，以便充分利用在CCN和NDN背景下的网络编码(NC)。
为了达到CCN、NDN和NCCN之间的最大兼容性，在NCCN中定义新的名称组成，以允许NCCN路由器利用NC处理兴趣包和数据包，而CCN或NDN路由器可以在无NC时处理这些包。NCCN中的兴趣和数据包的包形式与CCN中的是相同的。
NCCN中采用的传播和缓存编码内容组块的方法在每个NCCN节点上实现发送标志表。节点上的发送标志表显示每个内容组块被其下游节点认为是“可见”或“不可见”的。通过引用发送标志，每个NCCN节点控制在执行CCN或NDN的基本策略之前如何转发或缓存到来的包。使用基于发送标志的控制方法，NCCN节点可以通过网络传播编码内容组块，同时保持消费者的可解码性。
表1图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例在NCCN中引入的三个新的名称组成，以能够使用NC。在此表中，“CCN/NDN中的名称”代表在CCN/NDN中序号0x03的组块的名称的示例，“NCCN中的名称”代表使用NC运算用分组中的其它组块编码的相同组块。如此示例中所示，我们引入三个名称组成：
●具有分组大小的网络编码标志(NC标志)。
●重试标志。
●在消费者上的“可见”信息。
标记符，例如表1中的序号的前缀％00是CCN或NDN架构中的控制字符。通常，名称中的控制字符指示内容组块的附加信息，诸如版本号或序列号。我们引入三个新的标记符来增加三个新的名称组成。
NC标志由表1中的标记符％A0指示，标记符之后的值代表分组大小。例如，当兴趣具有表1中的NCCN名称时，它是对大小为0x10＝16的分组中的编码组块的请求，其中，分组包括序号为0x03的组块。分组可以由原始存在的序号和分组大小唯一地确定。注意，通过NC标志，进入到中间节点的兴趣/数据包可以被识别为NCCN包或CCN/NDN包。
重试标志由表1中的标记符％A1指示。标记符之后的值是0x00(假)或0x01(真)。如果兴趣具有包括％A1％01的名称，则它是被称作特定组块的重试兴趣的特殊兴趣。否则，它只是对编码组块的常规兴趣。
当消费者发送对编码组块的兴趣时，消费者可见的分组中的组块的信息被附加到名称。在特定分组G中消费者可见的组块的信息被称作G的“可见信息”，并由n-维二进制向量vseen，G∈F2 n表示。在表1中，可见信息由标记符％A2指示。标记符之后的值是代表vseen，G的十六进制值。例如，当n＝4并且vseen，G＝[1，1，0，0]时，可见信息值是(0011)2＝0x03。
这些新的命名组成用来控制中间NCCN节点的行为，并保持与CCN或NDN节点的兼容性。尽管NCCN增加了三个新的名称组成，但它并不改变CCN或NDN兴趣包格式的剩余部分。执行网络编码操作所需的编码组块和信息包括于CCN或NDN数据包格式的有效载荷字段中。假设NCCN中引入的名称组成被认为只是CCN和NDN中名称的一部分，则NCCN节点的接口保持CCN或NDN节点的接口不变，并且常规的CCN或NDN节点可以提供象常规的CCN或NDN包一样的NCCN包的兴趣和数据包。
NCCN中兴趣包的处理类似于常规CCN或NDN中兴趣包的处理。当节点接收对编码组块的兴趣时，节点生成包括来自缓存数据包(如果可用)的新的编码组块的数据包，并且如果满足一些条件，则作为响应将其发送到兴趣。否则，象常规CCN或NDN一样，节点将兴趣增加到未决兴趣表(PIT)，并且如果在固定的时段内兴趣没有被转发，则节点还通过引用PIT和转发信息库(FIB)根据基本转发策略通过一些接口转发兴趣。
在NCCN中，每个数据包包括在CCN或NDN的数据包格式的有效载荷字段中的编码组块和其系数向量。
下面的算法1描述了NCCN的缓存算法，其基本上对常规CCN或NDN的基本缓存策略起作用。如算法1中所示，相对于CCN和NDN的附加步骤是当接收的数据Y在分组G中的编码组块不提高自由度(即它不扩展由缓存的编码组块G的系数向量跨越的子空间)时，节点不缓存数据包并丢弃数据包。
算法1：在节点的缓存中缓存到来的数据Y，包括分组G中的编码组块y，系数向量为v，对于G，其具有t个编码组块v1，...，vt∈Fq m，系数向量为v1，...，vt∈Fq nY，
由v1，...，vt跨越的子空间
ifv∈vthen
丢弃(Discard)Y
return
endif
根据基本策略缓存Y
每个NCCN节点具有由n维二进制向量vsent，G∈F2 n表示的每个分组G的发送标志表，其中，向量的初始值是0。发送标志的目的是管理哪些组块对下游节点可见或不可见，并决定节点是否应当通过使用在其缓存中的编码组块对兴趣做出响应。如果对应于G(vsent，G的元素)中的组块k的发送标志是1，则它指示节点已经生成编码组块，并已经发送具有名称k的数据。然后，我们假设k是由下游节点可见的节点。同样，如果在分组G中缓存的编码组块的数目小于汉明权重vsent，G，通过生成并从节点发送编码组块，我们假设在G中存在一些可能刚变成下游节点可见的组块。
算法2描述用来对由NCCN节点接收的兴趣或在其PIT中未决的兴趣做出响应的过程。当分组G中的数据包到达，并且可以由算法1缓存时，节点通过算法2检查存储在其PIT中的G中的编码组块的所有兴趣，并试图对其中的一个做出响应。
算法2：在节点上对分组G中组块k的兴趣做出响应，节点的缓存中有G中的t个编码组块，发送标志vsent，G∈F2 n：
标志←对应于k的vsent，G的组成
wt(vsent，G)←vsent，G的汉明权重
if标志≠1then
ifwt(vsent，G)＜t，k在缓存中不可见，then
return
endif
1→对应于k的vsent，G的组成
endif
由算法3生成数据包Y
对兴趣做出响应
算法3：在节点上生成数据包Y，作为对分组G中的(未决)兴趣X的响应，对于G，节点具有t个编码组块y1，...，yt∈Fq m)：
repeat
随机选择a1，...，at∈Fq
until(a1，...，at)≠0
v ← Σ i = 1 t a i v i
y ← Σ i = 1 t a i y i
生成包括y和v的Y，名称为X
如算法2中所示，每个NCCN节点只有在组块被下游节点“已经可见”或“可能可见”时对组块的兴趣做出响应。这避免了不必要的编码组块传输，其不扩展由每个下游节点中缓存的编码组块的系数向量跨越的子空间。
当节点决定对兴趣做出响应，并生成数据包时，节点采用遵循算法3中描述的过程的随机网络编码。
根据算法3，对于G，节点生成缓存的编码组块的随机线性组合，并作为对(未决)兴趣的响应发送该组合。然后，如果PIT表项有多个出接口，则通过每个出接口发送的编码组块应当是不同的，因此需要对每个接口执行算法3。
当NCCN节点接收对分组G中的编码组块的兴趣时，节点首先更新vsent，G，之后执行算法2。假设dimG表示对于G缓存的编码组块的数目，则dimG等于由缓存的编码组块的系数向量跨越的子空间的尺寸，在构造中wt(vsent，G)≤dimG总是成立，其中，wt是汉明杈重。通过从到来的兴趣的名称获得的vseen，G，假设uG为：
其中，和“&”分别是组成的异或运算和“与”运算。然后，vsent，G中为零的uG元素变成1。例如，如果dimG＝3，vsent，G＝[1，1，0，0]，vseen，G＝[1，0，1，0]，vsent，G更新为[1，1，1，0]。通过更新发送标志，NCCN节点可以管理由消费者接收的数据包的状态。解码内容组块的能力是通过在算法2之前执行此更新算法来保证的。
使用NCCN中的随机网络编码，只要传送足够多的编码组块来重构每个分组，内容的消费者就能够重构内容，即，如果Fq的尺寸大，则有很大概率，对于每个分组有n个线性无关的编码组块。
基于发送标志的传播技术支持通过网络传播线性无关的编码组块。然而，消费者可能获得比解码一项内容所需的n个线性无关的编码组块更少的组块，在除生产者之外的所有节点中缓存的所有编码组块的系数向量可能不会跨越维度n的空间。然后，分组中的一些组块可能在固定的时段中是不可见的，对这些组块的请求超时。为了应对这种情况，允许解码内容组块，NCCN使用特殊的兴趣，该兴趣被称作重试兴趣。如之前解释的，重试兴趣由名称中的标记符指示。允许消费者在组块不可见并且之前的未决兴趣超时时，发送对该组块的重试兴趣。
当NCCN节点接收对分组G中的组块的重试兴趣时，如果节点在其缓存中有G的n个编码组块，则它按常规兴趣处理重试消息。在节点有比n个编码组块少的组块的情况下，节点将该组块的发送标志改成0，并根据基本CCN或NDN转发策略向上游节点转发重试兴趣。组块的重试兴趣的作用是重新开始编码和通过网络传输组块。
如前面解释的，NCCN假设使用本地CCN或NDN架构中支持的多接口转发策略。考虑多接口转发策略，我们可以在向节点的PIT增加接收的兴趣之前的过程，引入附加步骤。当网络中的NCCN或常规CCN或NDN节点使用多接口的转发策略时，可能存在到节点的“绕行”兴趣，如图4图示的。为了受益于网络编码，尽管应当提供从消费者到生产者的不同的多个路径，但图4中图示的兴趣的绕行是不必要的。在此示例中，从节点2到节点3的兴趣被认为是绕行兴趣。实际上，对这些绕行兴趣做出响应会消耗不必要的网络带宽和NCCN中的计算资源。因此，这些不必要的绕行兴趣不应当增加到PIT。
算法4呈现用来丢弃绕行兴趣的附加步骤。中间节点基于接收的兴趣的到来时间或跳数(hopcount)，忽略并丢弃绕行兴趣。具体地，如果来自(唯一的)消费者节点的跳数或绕行兴趣的到达时间和PIT中存储的相同兴趣的到达时间之间的差大于阈值tdetour，则丢弃绕行兴趣。跳数通常包括于兴趣包中，到达时间从PIT表项的寿命时间可见。
算法4：在具有多接口转发的节点上丢弃具有随机数(nonce)的绕行兴趣Xd：
hd←Xd的跳数(到达时间)
检查if在PIT中具有随机数的兴趣Xp
ifXp≠NULLthen
hp←Xp的跳数(到达时间)
ifhd-hp＞tdetourthen
丢弃Xd
return
endif
endif
根据基本策略处理Xd
图5图解说明根据实施例的促进网络编码的示例性内容消费者***。具有网络编码能力的内容消费者***500包括处理器510、存储器520和存储装置530。存储装置530通常存储可以加载到存储器520中并由处理器510执行以实现上面描述的方法的指令。在一个实施例中，存储装置530中的指令可以实现兴趣生成模块532和内容重构模块534，这两个模块可以通过各种手段彼此通信。在一个实施例中，内容消费者***500耦连到显示器580、键盘560和定位装置570。
操作中，兴趣生成模块532生成与内容对象的组块对应的兴趣。如上文描述，内容重构模块534使用接收的组块的线性组合重构内容对象。
图6图解说明根据本发明的一个实施例的促进网络编码的示例***换***。在此示例中，具有网络编码能力的信息中心交换***600包括处理器610、存储器620和存储装置630。存储装置630通常存储可以加载到存储器620中并由处理器610执行以实现上面描述的方法的指令。在一个实施例中，存储装置630中的指令可以实现兴趣接收模块632、网络编码内容转发模块634、组块管理模块635和内容缓存636。
操作中，兴趣接收模块632接收与内容对象的组块对应的兴趣。内容转发模块634然后响应于接收的兴趣构造内容缓存536中存储的组块的线性无关组合。组块管理模块635保存线性组合在之前已经被发送到请求节点的记录，还管理哪些线性组合是本地缓存的。
在此详细描述中描述的数据结构和代码通常存储于计算机可读存储介质上，计算机可读存储介质可以是可以存储代码和/或数据以由计算机***使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置(诸如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用盘或数字视频盘))或能够存储现在已知或以后开发的计算机可读介质的其它介质。
在详细描述部分描述的方法和过程可以体现为代码和/或数据，这些代码和/或数据可以存储在如上文描述的计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机***读、执行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时，计算机***执行体现为数据结构和代码并存储于计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
而且，上面描述的方法和过程可以包括于硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可以包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或一条代码的专用或共用处理器、和/或现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑器件。当硬件模块或设备被激活时，他们执行其中包括的方法和过程。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于促进在信息中心网络中的网络编码的计算机可执行的方法，所述方法包括：
从内容消费者节点发送对与内容对象关联的多个组块的一个或多个兴趣，其中，相应的兴趣使用分层结构可变长度标识符指示相应组块，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续名称组成；
作为响应，接收许多个网络编码数据包，其中，相应的数据包对应于所述内容对象的所有组块的线性无关组合；以及
基于接收的数据包重构所述内容对象。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，基于接收的数据包重构所述内容对象包括：
确定重构丢失组块需要至少一个数据包；以及
发送指示所述丢失组块的重试兴趣。
3.一种用于促进在信息中心网络中的网络编码的计算机***，所述计算机***包括：
兴趣生成模块，所述兴趣生成模块适于从内容消费者节点发送对与内容对象关联的多个组块的一个或多个兴趣，其中，相应的兴趣使用分层结构可变长度标识符指示相应组块，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续名称组成；以及
内容重构模块，所述内容重构模块适于：
接收许多个网络编码数据包，其中，相应的数据包对应于所述内容对象的所有组块的线性无关组合；以及
基于接收的数据包重构所述内容对象。
4.根据权利要求3所述的计算机***，其中，在基于接收的数据包重构所述内容对象时，所述内容重构模块还适于：
确定重构丢失块需要至少一个数据包；以及
发送指示所述丢失块的重试兴趣。
5.根据权利要求3所述的计算机***，其中，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括指示使用网络编码和所述内容对象的许多个组块的组成。
6.根据权利要求3所述的计算机***，其中，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括指示相应兴趣是否是重试兴趣的组成。
7.根据权利要求3所述的计算机***，其中，所述分层结构可变长度标识符包括指示已经被重构的一个或多个组块的组成。
8.一种用于促进在信息中心网络中的交换节点上的网络编码的计算机***，所述计算机***包括：
兴趣接收模块，所述兴趣接收模块适于接收内容消费者节点生成的与内容对象关联的组块的兴趣；以及
转发模块，所述转发模块适于：
响应于所述组块是本地可用的并且以前还没有发送到接收兴趣的节点，向接收兴趣的节点发送所述组块和与所述内容对象关联的一个或多个其它组块的线性无关组合；以及
响应于所述组块本地不可用，转发所述兴趣，并且随后在响应于转发的兴趣接收所述组块和所述内容对象的其它组块的线性无关组合时缓存这种组合。
9.根据权利要求8所述的计算机***，还包括：
组块管理模块，所述组块管理模块适于：
从另一节点接收所述内容对象的多个组块的线性组合；
确定接收的组块的线性组合并非独立于本地缓存的组块的线性组合；以及
丢弃所接收的组块的线性组合。
10.根据权利要求8所述的计算机***，还包括：
组块发送指示模块，所述组块发送指示模块适于在发送组块的线性无关组合之后，指示所述组块已经发送到从其接收兴趣的节点。
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