CN105376292A - 基于名称的转发中的显式策略反馈 - Google Patents

基于名称的转发中的显式策略反馈 Download PDF

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CN105376292A
CN105376292A CN201510428921.2A CN201510428921A CN105376292A CN 105376292 A CN105376292 A CN 105376292A CN 201510428921 A CN201510428921 A CN 201510428921A CN 105376292 A CN105376292 A CN 105376292A
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CN105376292B (zh
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I·索利斯
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Cisco Technology Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/302—Route determination based on requested QoS
    • H04L45/306—Route determination based on the nature of the carried application
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
    • H04L41/0893—Assignment of logical groups to network elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
  • Computer And Data Communications (AREA)

Abstract

一个实施例提供促进内容中心网络CCN中的显式策略反馈的***。操作中，所述***通过出接口发送与显式策略反馈请求关联的第一兴趣。此出接口在与转发表中的相同名称关联的多个出接口中。兴趣是与位置无关的，唯一地标识CCN中的内容对象，并且是基于CCN中的名称路由的。所述***存储响应于所述转发表的表项中的显式策略反馈请求接收的一个或多个参数，所述表项包括所述名称和所述出接口。所述一个或多个参数与第一装置关联。所述***对于与所述名称关联的内容对象的第二兴趣，基于所存储的参数从所述多个出接口中确定出接口。

Description

基于名称的转发中的显式策略反馈
技术领域
本申请一般涉及在网络中转发。更具体地，本申请涉及基于网络名称转发的策略反馈。
背景技术
在许多计算应用中，网络中的装置表达对其各自的数据集的兴趣通常是重要的。数字内容的激增创建了大量的需要一致性(reconciliation)的集合。内容中心网络(CCN)架构被设计成促进访问这种数字内容。这些网络包括实体或节点，诸如网络客户端、转发器(例如路由器和交换机)和内容生产者，他们通过发送各个内容项目的“兴趣”包并接收返回的包括内容项目的“响应”包来彼此通信。与对象绑定到其位置和其IP地址的传统的互联网协议(IP)网络不同，CCN中的内容对象是基于与位置无关的特定的名称标识的。
例如，连接到计算机网络的多个区域的边界路由器可能订阅这些区域(例如“区域1”和“区域2”)的名称空间。不是边界路由器的其它路由器只可能订阅单个区域。这样，订阅名称空间“区域1”的路由器只获得区域1的网络配置项目，订阅名称空间“区域2”的路由器只获得区域2的网络配置项目。订阅两个名称空间的边界路由器可以获得区域1和区域2的网络配置项目。
因为网络配置项目的结构化名称是唯一的和永久性的，CCN中的节点可以不必处理每个内容项目的数据，基于结构化名称生成每个网络配置项目的散列值。节点还可以基于路由数据集合的各个网络配置项目的散列生成每个路由数据集合的相加散列，使得相加散列代表路由数据集合的内容。例如，节点可以通过使用加法运算(或一些其它数学函数)来处理路由数据集合的各个网络配置项目，生成相加散列。
在CCN中，节点基于对象的永久性名称使用兴趣来请求对象。请求对象的节点可以被称作消费者。此兴趣可以转发到对象的任何生产者节点。结果，CCN中的节点可以有包括相同内容名称的多个生产才节点的转发数据库。为了高效转发，节点依赖转发策略选择应当将兴趣转发到的生产者节点。因此，节点可以使用转发策略来执行此选择。尽管CCN给网络带来许多期望特征，但对于高效转发策略，一些问题仍未得到解决。
发明内容
一个实施例提供促进内容中心网络(CCN)中的显式策略反馈的***。操作中，所述***通过出接口发送与显式策略反馈请求关联的第一兴趣。此出接口在与转发表中的相同名称关联的多个出接口中。兴趣是与位置无关的，唯一地标识CCN中的内容对象，并且是基于CCN中的名称路由的。所述***存储响应于所述转发表的表项中的显式策略反馈请求接收的一个或多个参数，所述表项包括名称和出接口。所述一个或多个参数与第一装置关联。所述***对于与所述名称关联的内容对象的第二兴趣，基于所存储的参数从所述多个出接口中确定出接口。
在此实施例的变形中，所述第一兴趣是对所述显式策略反馈请求的单独的兴趣。
在此实施例的变形中，所述第一兴趣针对与所述名称关联的内容对象，并且所述显式策略反馈请求附带在所述第一兴趣中。
在此实施例的变形中，所述一个或多个参数是从存储与所述名称关联的路由的底层路由信息库(RIB)接收的。
在此实施例的变形中，响应于所述显式策略反馈请求接收的参数是以下当中的一个或多个：服务器负载、服务器硬盘空间、服务器成本、存储成本、服务器处理能力、网络成本、预期服务时间、网络拥挤、网络可靠性、服务器能量负载、服务器能量消耗、网络能量负载和网络能量消耗。
在此实施例的变形中，所述***响应于到达管理域的边界的响应消息从与所述第一兴趣关联的响应消息中去掉一个或多个参数。
在此实施例的变形中，所述一个或多个参数还与第二装置关联，并基于聚合政策对第一和第二装置进行聚合。
在又一变形中，所述聚合政策包括以下当中的一个或多个：平均、中值、最小、最大和包括性列表。
附图说明
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例具有显式策略反馈支持的示例性内容中心网络(CCN)。
图2A图解说明根据本发明的实施例具有显式策略反馈支持的CCN中的示例性转发策略。
图2B图解说明根据本发明的实施例在CCN中的附带的显式策略反馈的示例性通信。
图2C图解说明根据本发明的实施例在CCN中的单独的显式策略反馈的示例性通信。
图3A呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成附带的显式策略反馈请求的节点的过程。
图3B呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成单独的显式策略反馈请求的节点的过程。
图3C呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成附带的显式策略反馈的节点的过程。
图3D呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成单独的显式策略反馈的节点的过程。
图4A呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例转发具有显式策略反馈请求的兴趣的中间节点的过程。
图4B呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例转发具有显式策略反馈的响应的中间节点的过程。
图5图解说明根据本发明的实施例在具有显式策略反馈支持的CCN中的示例***集群。
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例促进在CCN中的显式策略反馈的示例性计算机和通信***。
在图中，相同的附图标记指相同的附图元件。
具体实施方式
给出以下描述使得本领域技术人员能够制造和使用本发明，以下描述是在特定应用和其需求的背景下提供的。对所公开实施例的各种改进对本领域技术人员是非常显然的，在不偏离本发明的精神和范围下，本文中定义的通用原理可以应用于其它实施例和应用。因此，本发明不局限于所显示的实施例，而是给予与本文中公开的原理和特征一致的最宽范围。
在本发明的实施例中，通过向转发节点提供显式策略反馈解决了促进有效转发策略的问题。在内容中心网络(CCN)中，消费者节点可以在任何时候通过广播包括对象的永久名称的兴趣包来获得内容对象(CO)(即新内容项目)或者对象。此兴趣包可以称作兴趣。在此申请中，词语“内容对象”和“对象”是可互换使用的。托管内容对象的任何生产者节点(例如服务器)可以对该兴趣作出反应，向消费者节点发送包括内容对象的响应包。此响应包可以被称作响应。
转发节点(例如消费者节点或中间节点)可以向任何生产者节点转发兴趣。因此，转发节点中的转发表可以包括与多个生产者节点对应的相同内容对象(即相同名称)的多个表项。结果，转发节点基于转发策略决定应当将兴趣转发到哪个生产者节点。如果没有有效的转发策略，则转发节点不可能能够选择转发表中最适合CCN(例如具有较低延迟时间或拥挤)的表项。
为了解决此问题，本发明的实施例促进转发节点的显式策略反馈。转发节点将兴趣中的显式反馈请求发送到内容对象的相应生产者节点(即对于内容对象名称的相应表项)。此反馈请求可以针对一个或多个参数(例如服务器资源或网络条件)。一旦接收反馈请求，对应的生产者节点可以发送包括被请求反馈的响应。反馈请求和/或反馈可以在单独的或附带的消息中。转发节点可以在对应的转发表表项中存储反馈，使用反馈来确定应当将兴趣转发到哪个生产者节点。以此方式，转发节点知晓确定有效转发的参数，可以使用这些参数来有效地在CCN中转发兴趣。
在一些实施例中，网络客户端、网络节点(例如诸如路由器的转发器)和发布者通过信息中心网络(ICN)通信。在ICN中，每一项内容是分别命名的，每项数据绑定到将该数据与任何其它项数据相区分的唯一名称，诸如同一数据的其它形式或来自其它源的数据。此唯一名称允许网络装置通过传播指示唯一名称的请求或兴趣来请求数据，并且可以获得与数据的存储位置、网络位置、应用和传输手段无关的数据。换言之，名称可以用来路由ICN中的兴趣和数据。命名数据网络(NDN)或CCN是ICN架构的示例；以下词语描述NDN或CCN架构的元件：
内容对象(ContentObject)：单一一项命名数据，其绑定到唯一名称。内容对象是“永久的”，这意味着内容对象可以在计算装置内或者在不同的计算装置中移动，但不会改变。如果内容对象的任何组成变化，则出现变化的实体创建包括更新内容的新内容对象，并且将新内容对象绑定到新唯一名称。
唯一名称(UniqueName)：ICN中的名称通常是与位置无关的，唯一地标识内容对象。数据转发装置不管内容对象的网络地址或物理位置如何，可以使用名称或名称前缀将包向生成或存储内容对象的网络节点转发。在一些实施例中，名称可以是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)。HSVLI可以分成几个分层组成，这些组成可以以各种方式构造。例如，个别的名称组成parc,home,ndn和test.txt可以以左对齐的前缀为主的方式构造，形成名称“/parc/home/ndn/test.txt”。因此，名称“/parc/home/ndn”可以是“/parc/home/ndn/test.txt”的“父”或“前缀”。附加组成可以用来区分内容项目的不同形式，诸如合作文档。
在一些实施例中，名称可以包括无层次标识符，诸如由内容对象的数据(例如检验和值)和/或从内容对象的名称的组成部分导出的散列值。基于散列的名称在发明人IgnacioSolis于2013年3月20日提交的名称为“Ordered-ElementNamingforName-BasedPacketForwarding”的美国专利申请号13/847,814中描述。名称还可以是扁平标签(flatlabel)。后面，“名称”用来指在NDN中一条数据的任何名称，诸如层次名称或名称前缀，扁平名称(flatname)，固定长度的名称，任意长度的名称，或者标签(例如多协议标签交换(MPLS)标签)。
兴趣(Interest)：指示对一条数据的请求的包，包括该条数据的名称(或名称前缀)。数据消费者可以在信息中心网络中传播请求或兴趣，CCN/NDN路由器可以向可以提供请求数据的存储装置(例如缓存服务器)或数据生产者播送，以满足请求或兴趣。
在一些实施例中，ICN***可以包括CCN架构。然而，本文中公开的方法还可以应用于其它ICN架构。CCN架构在发明人VanL.Jacobson和DianaK.Smetters于2008年12月18日提交的名称为“ControllingtheSpreadofInterestsandContentinaContentCentricNetwork”的美国专利申请号12/338,175中描述。
在此申请中，词语“反馈”是在通常意义上使用的。与能够基于网络名称接收和/或发送的装置关联的任何信息都可以被称作“反馈”。反馈的示例包括但不限于服务器负载、服务器硬盘空间、服务器成本、存储成本(例如根据监视值)、服务器处理器/处理能力、网络成本(例如根据监视值)、预期服务时间、网络拥挤、网络可靠性、服务器能量负载、服务器能量消耗、网络能量负载和网络能量消耗。
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例具有显式策略反馈支持的示例性内容中心网络(CCN)。网络100包括节点102、104、106、108、110、112和114。这些节点可以是CCN路由器或其它转发器，以及消费者和/或生产者节点。例如，内容生产装置122、124、126和128可以作为生产者节点工作。另一方面，节点102和104耦连到外部网络130(例如互联网协议(IP)网络)，用作从装置132请求内容对象的入节点。
操作中，装置132请求内容对象，对于此内容对象装置122和124作为生产者节点。如果装置132是支持基于网络名称(例如CCN节点)的转发和/或路由的节点，则此请求可能是在与内容对象关联的路由名称中表示的内容对象的兴趣。在一些实施例中，此名称是HSVLI。如果网络130不支持基于网络名称(例如支持基于IP地址路由的IP网络)转发和/或路由，则兴趣可以通过网络130直通到节点102或104。另一方面，如果装置132不支持基于网络名称的转发和/或路由，则请求可以是IP包(可以在以太网帧中)。在一些实施例中，一旦接收此IP包，节点102或104生成对网络100中的内容对象的相应兴趣。
在网络100中，节点通过前缀名称匹配将兴趣转发到目的地。假设节点104接收对内容对象的兴趣，该内容对象与网络名称“/movies/blockbuster/mp4/”关联。节点104可以将此兴趣转发到广告前缀“movies”的任何生产者节点。换言之，节点104可以通过广告前缀“movies”的任何路由转发此兴趣。假设装置122和124广告前缀“movies”。一旦接收广告，节点104为装置122和124创建对应的转发表项。
对于接收的兴趣，节点104基于转发策略确定是将兴趣转发到装置122还是装置124。此确定是基于策略层采取的转发策略。策略层基于一个或多个转发策略进行决策。由于装置122和124都广告前缀“/movies”，节点104在其转发表中有多个转发兴趣的选择。策略层确定应当使用转发表中与前缀“/movies”关联的哪个表项来转发兴趣。
例如，转发策略可以是基于循环模型(roundrobinmodel)选择装置122和124的转发表中的替代表项。另一种转发策略可以是选择添加(或发现)到转发表的第一转发表项，如果第一转发表项的出链路变成不可用，则选择第二转发表项。更复杂的转发策略可以保持使用相应的转发表项转发的流量的统计数据，并使用这些统计数据来选择转发表项。例如，如果保持的统计数据记录与装置122和124的相应转发表项关联的平均延迟时间，则策略层可以使用具有最低延迟时间的转发表项进行转发。以此方式，节点104的策略层可以基于到达节点104的流量从网络隐式地获得反馈。获得策略反馈的这种方式可以被称作隐式策略反馈。
获得这些统计数据的另一种方式涉及显式请求和接收策略反馈，这可被称作显式策略反馈。例如，节点104可以从装置122和124请求一个或多个参数(例如可用资源和网络条件)的显式策略反馈。假设策略反馈针对装置122和124的服务器负载。操作中，节点104可以向装置122发送包括策略反馈请求的兴趣。节点104可以在转发给装置122的兴趣中生成包括显式策略反馈请求或附带(例如附加或预先计划的)显式策略反馈请求。例如，如果节点104从装置132接收对内容对象的兴趣，则节点104可以在兴趣中包括显式策略反馈请求，并将兴趣转发到装置122。
一旦接收请求，装置122可以生成包括装置122的服务器负载的响应。装置122可以生成包括服务器负载的单独的响应作为内容对象(例如CCN的签名内容对象)，或者在转发到节点104的响应中附带(例如附加或预先计划)服务器负载。例如，此响应可以携带通过兴趣中的名称引用的内容对象，服务器负载可以被附带在响应中。在一些实施例中，节点104可以从底层路由信息库(RIB)获得显式策略反馈，底层路由信息库存储不同名称前缀的本地计算出的路由。应当注意，RIB还可以包括不同IP前缀的路由。
一旦接收装置122的服务器负载，在一些实施例中，节点104可以在用于与前缀“\movies”关联的装置122的转发表表项中存储服务器负载。类似地，节点104可以从装置124接收服务器负载，在用于与前缀“\movies”关联的装置124的转发表表项中存储服务器负载。一旦接收另一兴趣，策略层比较装置122和124的服务器负载，确定包括较低服务器负载的转发表项。节点104然后识别与确定的转发表项关联的出接口，通过识别的出接口转发兴趣。在此申请中，词语“接口”和“端口”是可互换使用的。在一些实施例中，转发表项包括前缀(例如“\movies”)、出接口(例如接收对于前缀的广告所通过的接口)和显式策略反馈(例如服务器负载)。在此示例中，节点104通过与装置122和124关联的相应接口从装置122和124接收显式策略反馈，在其转发表的相应表项中存储所接收的显式策略反馈。
假设节点102接收对另一内容对象的兴趣，该兴趣与网络名称“/music/topchart/mp3/”关联。节点102可以将此兴趣转发到广告前缀“/music”的任何生产者节点。换言之，节点102可以通过广告前缀“/movies”的任何路由转发此兴趣。假设装置126和128广告前缀“/music”。一旦接收广告，节点102为装置126和128创建相应的转发表项。对于接收的兴趣，节点102的策略层基于转发策略确定是将兴趣转发到装置126还是转发到装置128。由于装置126和128都广告前缀“/music”，节点102在其转发表中有转发兴趣的多个选择。策略层确定应当使用转发表中与前缀“/music”关联的哪个表项来转发兴趣。
类似地，中间节点106还从装置126和128接收对前缀“/music”的广告。一旦接收广告，节点106为装置126和128创建相应的转发表项。对于接收的兴趣，节点106的策略层基于转发策略确定是将兴趣转发到装置126还是转发到装置128。如果节点102向装置126和128发送单独的或附带的策略反馈请求，则节点106接收这些策略反馈请求。在一些实施例中，节点102通过节点102接收对前缀“/music”的广告所通过的接口发送显式策略反馈请求，无论哪个节点或装置已经发送对前缀“/music”的广告，其都可以发送显式策略反馈。
一旦接收显式策略反馈请求，节点106通过其接收对前缀“/music”的广告所通过的相应接口转发策略反馈请求。例如，对于来自装置126的广告，节点106通过耦连装置126的接口转发显式策略反馈请求，对于来自装置128的广告，节点106通过耦连节点112的接口转发显式策略反馈请求。装置126接收策略反馈请求，向节点106发送单独的或附带的策略反馈。
当节点112从节点106接收策略反馈请求时，节点112通过其接收对前缀“/music”的广告所通过的相应接口转发策略反馈请求。例如，对来自装置128的广告，节点112通过耦连装置128的接口转发策略反馈请求。装置128接收策略反馈请求，向节点112发送单独的或附带的策略反馈，节点112又向节点106发送策略反馈。在一些实施例中，节点106可以将相应的策略反馈从装置126和128发送到节点102。在又一些实施例中，节点106基于聚合政策聚合来自装置126和128的策略反馈。聚合政策的示例包括但不限于平均、中值、最小、最大和来自装置126和128的策略反馈的列表(或向量)。节点106然后在单独的或附带的响应中向节点102发送聚合的策略反馈。这允许节点106发送较少的消息，提供更快的汇聚。
在一些实施例中，策略反馈特别针对节点，中间节点可能不能辨认策略反馈。此中间节点简单地通过其接收策略反馈请求所通过的接口转发策略反馈。例如，来自装置128的策略反馈可以特别针对节点106。中间节点112可能不能辨识策略反馈，通过节点112从节点106接收显式策略反馈请求所通过的接口发送策略反馈。
在一些实施例中，显式策略反馈保持在管理域内。例如，如果网络100是管理域，则来自装置122或126的显式策略反馈到达节点102或104，并不离开网络100。当装置132向节点104发送兴趣时，节点104在该兴趣中附带显式策略反馈请求，装置122或124还可以发送对装置132的兴趣响应中附带的显式策略反馈，显式策略反馈可以包括内容对象。然而，当响应到达节点104时，节点104从响应中提取显式策略反馈，将包括内容对象的响应发送到装置132。这使得与显式策略反馈关联的参数保持在网络100内。以此方式，这些参数不离开管理域，对外部装置(例如装置132)保持隐藏。
图2A图解说明根据本发明的实施例具有显式策略反馈支持的CCN中的示例性转发策略。节点104包括转发信息库(FIB)202。FIB202是转发表，包括一个或多个表项，其中各个表项包括前缀和该前缀的出接口。在一些实施例中，表项还包括与前缀和出接口关联的一个或多个参数。操作中，节点104分别通过接口212和214从装置122和124接收对网络名称222的广告(例如“/movies/abc”)。交换机104在FIB202中为从不同的接口接收的名称222创建相应的广告。例如，FIB202包括与装置122和124和他们相应的接口212和214对应的名称222的两个表项。这允许交换机104通过接口212和214之一转发名称222的兴趣。
交换机104的策略层确定交换机104应当将名称222的兴趣转发到哪个接口。针对一个或多个参数，交换机104可以将单独的或附带的显式策略反馈请求发送到装置122和124。装置122和124又向交换机104发送单独的或附带的显式策略反馈。在一些实施例中，交换机104在FIB202的相应的表项中存储所接收的参数。例如，交换机104可以分别从装置122和124获得参数226和228，在FIB202中分别与装置122和124关联的表项中存储参数226和228。假设参数226和228分别代表装置122和124的服务器负载。在FIB202中与装置122和124关联的相应表项则包括装置122和124的相应服务器负载。
在一些实施例中，节点104可以从底层路由信息库(RIB)204中获得显式策略反馈，显式策略反馈存储本地计算出的不同名称前缀的路由。在对于RIB204的此路由计算中，交换机104可以发出与路由关联的“路径成本”，此成本可以包括于RIB204中。交换机104可以从RIB204获得此成本，在FIB202中的相应表项中存储此成本。例如，当交换机104计算到装置122的路由时，交换机104计算到装置122的路径成本，此成本可以是FIB202中与装置122关联的参数226。应当注意，RIB204还可以包括不同IP前缀的路由。
如果节点104通过接口216从网络130(例如从装置132)接收对名称222(例如，“/movies/abc”)的兴趣230，则交换机104在兴趣230的未决兴趣表(PIT)206中创建表项。在一些实施例中，所述表项包括兴趣230(例如名称222)和兴趣230的入接口216。基于参数226和228，交换机104的策略层从接口212和214中选择兴趣230的出接口。假设策略层选择与装置122对应的接口212。交换机104通过接口212转发兴趣230。交换机104可以在装置122的兴趣230中包括(即附带)显式策略反馈请求。此显式策略反馈请求可以被交换机104签名，并且可以是兴趣230中名称的一部分。此显式策略反馈还可以是未签名的，可以被附加或预先计划到兴趣230中的名称。
装置122接收兴趣，识别与名称222关联的内容对象。装置122生成包括名称222和相应的内容对象的响应240。装置122向交换机104发送响应240。如果兴趣230包括显式策略反馈请求，则装置122可以在响应240中包括(即附带)相应的显式策略反馈。此显式策略反馈请求可以被装置122签名，并且可以是响应240中内容对象的一部分。此显式策略反馈请求还可以是未签名的，可以被附加或预先计划到响应240中签名的内容对象。一旦接收响应240，交换机104识别PIT206中包括名称222的表项，基于该表项识别接口216，通过接口216转发响应240。
图2B图解说明根据本发明的实施例在CCN中的附带的显式策略反馈的示例性通信。操作中，CCN100中的节点104接收包括内容对象名称的兴趣250。节点104执行过程include_feedback_req252，以在请求250中包括附带的显式策略反馈请求。以此方式，节点104生成包括内容对象名称和附带的显式策略反馈请求的兴趣254。在一些实施例中，显式策略反馈请求可以是网络名称，其可以用来在CCN100中路由。节点104然后传送兴趣254。当兴趣254从节点104通过CCN100移动时，装置122或124接收兴趣254，并基于兴趣254中的内容对象名称，确定本地装置(即装置122或124)托管此内容对象。
装置122或124执行过程generate_response256，生成包括内容对象的响应消息260。在一些实施例中，此内容对象由装置122签名。装置122或124然后执行include_feedback258，以在响应260中包括相应的显式策略反馈。一旦包括了显式策略反馈，装置122或124发送包括签名的内容对象和未签名的显式策略反馈的响应260。一旦接收响应260，节点104执行过程update_FIB262，以基于响应260中的显式策略反馈更新本地FIB。例如，如果显式策略反馈是服务器负载，则节点104在与接收显式策略反馈的装置对应的FIB表项中包括所接收的服务器负载。
图2C图解说明根据本发明的实施例在CCN中的单独的显式策略反馈的示例性通信。操作中，CCN100中的节点104执行过程generate_feedback_req272，通过生成包括显式策略反馈请求的兴趣274生成单独的显式策略反馈请求。在一些实施例中，显式策略反馈请求可以是网络名称，其可以用来在CCN100中路由。节点104然后传送兴趣274。当兴趣274从节点104通过CCN100移动时，装置122或124接收兴趣274，并基于显式策略反馈请求，确定本地装置(即装置122或124)应当发送包括显式策略反馈的响应。
装置122或124执行过程generate_feedback276，生成包括显式策略反馈的响应消息278。在一些实施例中，此显式策略反馈被装置122签名。换言之，此显式策略反馈可以是内容对象。此内容对象可以对应于来自节点104的显式策略反馈请求中的网络名称。一旦生成响应278，装置122或124发送包括显式策略反馈的响应278。一旦接收响应278，节点104执行过程update_FIB280，基于响应278中的显式策略反馈更新本地FIB。例如，如果显式策略反馈是服务器负载，则节点104在与接收显式策略反馈的装置对应的FIB表项中包括所接收的服务器负载。
图3A呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成附带的显式策略反馈请求的节点的过程。操作中，节点接收对内容对象的兴趣(操作302)。节点生成显式策略反馈请求(操作304)，并在兴趣中包括显式策略反馈请求(操作306)，如结合图2B描述的。节点基于本地FIB中的前缀匹配识别兴趣的出接口(操作308)。例如，节点将兴趣中的名称与其FIB中的前缀匹配，并基于前缀匹配(例如最长前缀匹配)识别出接口。
节点然后通过识别的出接口传送兴趣(操作310)。节点接收包括内容对象和显式策略反馈的响应(操作312)。节点从响应中获得显式策略反馈，其可以是未被签名的(操作314)，并基于显式策略反馈更新本地FIB(操作316)，正如结合图2B描述的。
图3B呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成单独的显式策略反馈请求的节点的过程。操作中，节点生成显式策略反馈请求(操作332)，并生成包括显式策略反馈请求的兴趣(操作334)，正如结合图2B描述的。节点接收包括显式策略反馈的响应(操作336)，从响应消息中获得显式策略反馈(操作338)，并基于所接收的显式策略反馈更新FIB(操作340)。
图3C呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成附带的显式策略反馈的节点的过程。操作中，节点通过本地接口接收对内容对象的兴趣(操作352)。节点生成包括内容对象的响应(操作354)。在一些实施例中，此内容对象可以被签名(例如使用公钥)。节点然后检查兴趣是否包括显式策略反馈请求(操作356)。如果包括，则节点生成未签名的显式策略反馈(操作358)，并在响应中包括显式策略反馈(操作360)。如果兴趣不包括显式策略反馈请求(操作356)或显式策略反馈已经包括于响应中(操作360)，则节点通过本地接口发送响应(操作362)。此本地接口可以是与节点接收兴趣所通过的接口相同的接口。
图3D呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例生成单独的显式策略反馈的节点的过程。操作中，节点通过本地接口接收对显式策略反馈(例如网络名称中表示的显式策略反馈请求)的兴趣(操作372)。节点生成包括显式策略反馈的响应(操作374)。节点然后通过本地接口发送包括显式策略反馈的响应(操作376)。此本地接口可以是与节点接收兴趣所通过的接口相同的接口。在一些实施例中，显式策略反馈可以被节点签名(例如使用节点的公钥)，并表示为内容对象。
图4A呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例转发具有显式策略反馈请求的兴趣的中间节点的过程。操作中，节点接收单独的或附带的显式策略反馈请求(操作402)。节点然后检查节点的FIB是否包括与显式策略反馈请求关联的下游装置(例如正在广告生成显式策略反馈请求的前缀)(操作404)。如果包括，节点识别与相应关联的下游装置关联的相应出接口(操作406)，并通过相应的识别出接口发送包括显式策略反馈请求的单独的或附带的兴趣(操作408)。
图4B呈现一个流程图，该流程图图解说明根据本发明的实施例转发具有显式策略反馈的响应的中间节点的过程。操作中，节点接收单独的或附带的显式策略反馈(操作452)，并检查节点是否已经从相应的下游装置接收显式策略反馈(操作454)。如果没有，则节点继续接收单独的或附带的显式策略反馈(操作452)。在一些实施例中，来自不同的下游装置的显式策略反馈可以是不同的(例如单独的或附带的)。如果节点已经从相应的下游装置接收显式策略反馈，则节点基于聚合政策聚合所接收的显式策略反馈(操作456)。聚合政策的示例包括但不限于平均、中值、最小、最大和来自装置的策略反馈的列表(或向量)。节点通过单独的或附带的响应向上游节点发送聚合的显式策略反馈(操作458)，如结合图1描述的。
在一些实施例中，CCN中的节点可以向耦连装置提供云服务。然而，此云服务可以从多个服务集群获得。节点可以使用显式策略反馈选择云服务的服务集群。服务集群可以包括提供一个或多个服务(例如内容存储、安全等)的一个或多个装置。图5图解说明根据本发明的实施例在具有显式策略反馈支持的CCN中的示例***集群。网络500可以是CCN，其耦连到节点502、504和506。节点502可以通过网络500与节点504和506通信。节点502向耦连到节点502的装置512提供云服务。节点504和506可以分别作为服务集群522和524的网关节点操作。
操作中，服务集群522和524分别耦连到节点504和506，广告服务集群522和524提供云服务(例如使用包括与服务关联的网络名称的兴趣)。节点502接收广告，创建相应的FIB表项。节点502然后可以将对云服务的兴趣转发到服务集群522或524。一旦从装置512接收对云服务的兴趣，节点502选择用于转发该服务请求的服务集群522或524。换言之，节点502确定是否通过与节点504和506关联的出接口发送服务请求。
这种确定过程是基于由节点502的策略层采用的转发策略。策略层基于一个或多个转发策略做出决定。由于服务集群522和524广告服务，节点502在其FIB中具有转发兴趣的多个选择。策略层确定FIB中与服务关联的哪个表项应当用来转发兴趣。节点502可以请求并接收显式策略反馈，以确定节点502应当将兴趣发送到的服务集群。节点502将包括显式策略反馈请求的单独的或附带的兴趣发送到节点504和506。
一旦接收显式策略反馈请求，节点504和506还可以分别在服务集群522和524中传播显式策略反馈请求。节点504和506分别从服务集群522和524接收显式策略反馈。来自服务集群的显式策略反馈可以包括来自多个服务器的显式策略反馈。在一些实施例中，节点504和506基于聚合政策聚合所接收的显式策略反馈，并将聚合的显式策略反馈发送到节点502。
一旦从节点504和506接收聚合显式策略反馈，在一些实施例中，节点502可以在其本地FIB的相应转发表项中存储聚合的显式策略反馈。如果节点502从装置512接收对服务的兴趣，则节点502的策略层将服务集群522和524的聚合显式策略反馈进行比较，确定包括更好聚合显式策略反馈的转发表项。节点502然后识别与确定的转发表项关联的出接口，并通过标识的出接口转发兴趣。
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例促进在CCN中的显式策略反馈的示例性计算机和通信***。计算机和通信***602包括处理器604、存储器606和存储装置608。存储器606可以包括用作管理存储器的易失性存储器(例如RAM)，并且可以用来存储一个或多个内存池。而且，计算机***602可以耦连到显示装置610、键盘612和定位装置614。存储装置608可以存储操作***616、显式策略反馈***618和数据632。
显式策略反馈***618可以包括指令，这些指令由计算机和通信***602执行时，可以引起计算机和通信***602执行本申请中描述的方法和/或过程。具体地，显式策略反馈***618可以促进CCN中节点的策略层的显式策略反馈。在一些实施例中，显式策略反馈***618可以在多个计算机和通信***上执行，所述多个计算机和通信***能够交换描述与显式策略反馈***618关联的操作状态的数据。
总的来说，本发明的实施例提供了促进CCN中的显式策略反馈的计算机***和方法。操作中，所述***通过出接口发送与显式策略反馈请求关联的第一兴趣。此出接口在与转发表中相同名称关联的多个出接口中。兴趣是与位置无关的，唯一地标识CCN中的内容对象，是基于CCN中的名称路由的。所述***存储响应于转发表的表项中的显式策略反馈请求接收的一个或多个参数，所述显式策略反馈请求包括名称和出接口。一个或多个参数与第一装置关联。所述***对于与名称关联的内容对象的第二兴趣，基于存储的参数从多个出接口中确定出接口。
在此详细描述中描述的数据结构和代码通常存储于计算机可读存储介质上，计算机可读存储介质可以是可以存储代码和/或数据以由计算机***使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置(诸如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用盘或数字视频盘))或能够存储现在已知或以后开发的计算机可读介质的其它介质。
在详细描述部分描述的方法和过程可以体现为代码和/或数据，这些代码和/或数据可以存储在如上文描述的计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机***读、执行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时，计算机***执行体现为数据结构和代码并存储于计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
而且，上面描述的方法和过程可以包括于硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可以包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或一段代码的专用或共用处理器和现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑器件。当硬件模块或设备被激活时，他们执行其中包括的方法和过程。

Claims (10)

1.一种计算机实现的方法，包括：
由计算装置通过出接口发送与显式策略反馈请求关联的第一兴趣，其中，所述出接口在与转发表中的相同名称关联的多个出接口中，其中，兴趣指示内容中心网络CCN中的内容对象，并且其中，所述兴趣是基于CCN中的名称路由的；
存储响应于所述转发表中的表项中的显式策略反馈请求接收的一个或多个参数，其中，所述一个或多个参数与第一装置关联，并且其中，所述表项包括所述名称和所述出接口；以及
对于与所述名称关联的内容对象的第二兴趣，基于所存储的参数从所述多个出接口中确定出接口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述第一兴趣是对所述显式策略反馈请求的单独的兴趣。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述第一兴趣针对与所述名称关联的内容对象，并且所述显式策略反馈请求附带在所述第一兴趣中。
4.一种存储指令的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，所述指令在由计算机执行时引起所述计算机执行一种方法，所述方法包括：
通过出接口发送与显式策略反馈请求关联的第一兴趣，其中，所述出接口在与转发表中的相同名称关联的多个出接口中，其中，兴趣指示内容中心网络CCN中的内容对象，并且其中，所述兴趣是基于CCN中的名称路由的；
存储响应于所述转发表中的表项中的显式策略反馈请求接收的一个或多个参数，其中，所述一个或多个参数与第一装置关联，并且其中，所述表项包括所述名称和所述出接口；以及
对于与所述名称关联的内容对象的第二兴趣，基于所存储的参数从所述多个出接口中确定出接口。
5.根据权利要求4所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中，所述第一兴趣是对所述显式策略反馈请求的单独的兴趣。
6.根据权利要求4所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中，所述第一兴趣针对与所述名称关联的内容对象，并且所述显式策略反馈请求附带在所述第一兴趣中。
7.一种计算机***，包括：
处理器；以及
存储装置，所述存储装置耦连到所述处理器，并存储指令，所述指令由计算机执行时引起所述计算机执行一种方法，所述方法包括：
由计算装置通过出接口发送与显式策略反馈请求关联的第一兴趣，其中，所述出接口在与转发表中的相同名称关联的多个出接口中，其中，兴趣指示内容中心网络CCN中的内容对象，并且其中，所述兴趣是基于CCN中的名称路由的；
存储响应于所述转发表的表项中的显式策略反馈请求接收的一个或多个参数，其中，所述一个或多个参数与第一装置关联，并且其中，所述表项包括所述名称和所述出接口；以及
对于与所述名称关联的内容对象的第二兴趣，基于所存储的参数从所述多个出接口中确定出接口。
8.根据权利要求7所述的计算机***，其中，所述第一兴趣是对所述显式策略反馈请求的单独的兴趣。
9.根据权利要求7所述的计算机***，其中，所述第一兴趣针对与所述名称关联的内容对象，并且所述显式策略反馈请求附带在所述第一兴趣中。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述一个或多个参数是从存储与所述名称关联的路由的底层路由信息库RIB中接收的。
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