CN105247316B - Orientation acoustic warning device and the sound guidance structure for acoustic apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclose acoustic equipment and operation.Portable acoustic warning device projects certain acoustic waveform towards target, creates the narrow acoustic beam of high selectivity, minimizes the exposure to user and onlooker, while the dosage applied to the sound of target can be controlled.The design of device is customized for the waveform, is achieved in the directionality of very high level.It is not intended for transmitting spoken message.The waveform realizes the maximum intensity at target, while using relatively low sound pressure level；Mean that exposure rank can be controlled for ensuring that them in existing health and safety regulation.Laser range finder does not limit to intended level the sound level at target.Integrated video camera is used for help and aims at.Sound level at video segment and target is not, the exposure duration, the time, date and gps coordinate be with using being recorded.

Description

Orientation acoustic warning device and the sound guidance structure for acoustic apparatus

Technical field

Conflict management is the Core Feature of police and law enforcement agency in worldwide.It is also increasingly becoming and is devoted to safeguarding The function of peace and the military power of nation-building.The basic concept of conflict management is so that police by carefully management conflict Situation is with as much as possible so as to finding that they itself are in the risk minimization of all individual injuries of collision scenario.For many years Come, multiple technologies have been developed to process collision scenario and provide new law enforcement instrument, to help more efficiently manage They.These technologies include such as baton, teargas, excitant sprayer, water cannon, electric shock device and antiriot bomb (rubber Bullet) etc. thing.All these technologies have been developed to make up lacking between passiveness is alerted and needs to use mortality military force Mouthful.Such technology is classified as low deadly weapon (LLW).

The presence of LLW result in the development of the framework for being referred to as military force lifting spectrum (sometimes referred to as military force level), the military force Lifting spectrum is applied to the collision scenario of the risk for being related to body-defence, violence, injury and death.The teaching that this is accepted extensively is encouraged The incremental lifting of military force, the police officer for the treatment of collision scenario any whereby minimal can be terminated using military force as far as possible The situation.By the military force for giving antagonist's chance as much as possible to be forced to be used in police officer be promoted to danger classes it Preceding stopping, this is conducive to antagonist.Practical promise is represented to use military force as few as possible by the wider public, This is also favourable to police, and it is legally pleadable in the case of follow-up lawsuit that its benefit brought therewith is.Finally, it is military Power lifting spectrum is politically favourable, because it between individual human rights the need for safeguarding law and order by reaching Into balance, promise of the government to the happiness of its citizen is shown.Fig. 1 shows the expression of military force lifting spectrum, low fatal disposing Given before Sexual behavior mode and alert (being in this case oral), disposed the low fatal Sexual behavior mode and then be using any fatal Before property military force.

Using an intrinsic problem of low mortality technology be its still to its target (and be sometimes user and Onlooker) constitute danger.The grievous injury or the risk of death that the danger may be brought than gun are much lower, but still It is significant.This is also why term " non-lethal weapon " is out of favour, and term " low deadly weapon " becomes Ubiquitous the reason for.If police is not it cannot be guaranteed that their conflict management instrument has risk, then they can not close Be described as these instruments non-lethal by reason ground.

Two kinds of the most frequently used technologies (being largely because scale, cost and practicality) are electric shock device and excitant spray Day with fog.Electric shock device is commonly referred to the trade name that Taser-main manufacturer is used.Excitant sprayer is in a variety of forms Occur, be such as broadly described as the CS (o-chlorobenzylidene of teargas Malononitrile, CS) and commonly referred to trade name Mace chloracetophenone (chloroacetophenone, CN).These All it is stimulant, but their major parts are by the capsicum oleoresin (Oleoresin of more commonly referred to as pepper spray agent Capsicum, OC) substitution.OC is obtained from the hot pepper powder in Capsicum.It is a kind of urging with inflammatory reaction Tear agent, and can cause that object sensation is uncomfortable.Because it is considered to have low toxicity and also to target (including by wine Essence or the people of drugs influence) more consistent effect is shown, so it has become the industrial standard of excitant sprayer.

Although both technologies undoubtedly selection of milder compared with gun, the security of both technologies is frequent Queried, and the two with damage and dead accident is relevant.Amnesty International was their 2008 Show in report " Less Than Lethal-The Use of Stun Weapons in US Law Enforcement " The U.S. has people more than 300 to die from Taser during taking into custody in the time of 7 years.Meanwhile, in North Carolina Medical Journal, volume 60, a paper " Health Hazards of Pepper for quoting extensively in no.5,1999 Security in Spray " to pepper spray device proposes serious query, while also having quoted from it using may facilitate Fatal accident.

Additionally, the abuse of these instruments has caused extensive public attention and condemnation：Particularly recent controversial example Son was included in blind person in 2013 and is mistakenly shocked by electricity by Britain police, and peace in University of California campus is shown in 2011 The student of prestige parade arbitrarily uses pepper spray device.

These worry and criticize a truth for indicating currently used all relatively low mortality technology, i.e., they are to mesh Mark is all constituted and uses military force, and in the case of any use military force, it is anyway controlled, all in the presence of intrinsic risk.

Know that risk has the selection for highlighting a fact, i.e. police before shortage military force in military force lifting spectrum.It is electric Hit and look like than by the more preferable selection of gunslinging, may but be electrically shocked after only verbal warning or sprayed by pepper powder Look like excessive.

Therefore, there is a capability gap, the energy between in the spectrum in warning (oral or vision) and using military force Power breach can be made up in the relatively gentle end of spectrum, the breach by a kind of technology, the technology target is sent military force warning, But with negligible risk.

Background technology

In recent years, due to the development of audio call device (Audio Hailing Device, AHD), spoken audio is sent The ability of warning has been expanded.Some companies have been developed can be very loud etc. from the generation of the car-mounted device of relative compact The AHD of level.These devices provide chance with very big distance (according to main weather condition as hundreds of meters or more) place Send verbal information.They additionally provide the facility for sending the audio-alert tone similar to siren for catching notice.So AHD can be described as solving the problems, such as capability gap by giving a warning, but actually these technologies exist one substantially Safety hazards, so being not construed as a selection without risk.

A main commercial entity in the field is the LRAD Corporation in the Santiago in California, It is formerly referred to as American Technology Corporation (ATC).They have one group of patent describe they how from Generate very high-grade sound in the compact phase matched array of transducer, the transducer be generally made up of piezoelectric membrane and Coupled by acoustic impedance match toy trumpet.Core patent in their one group of patent is Norris and Croft III US2004/0052387.By using the technology, they have been developed for the products such as LRAD 1000X, and it is defined as The maximum sound pressure level of 153dB (A) is produced at 1m, and can be heard in 1000m according to weather and environmental condition.

Can provide claim using different Technological expressions go out similar level product other companies include it is Indian The Ultra Electronics in city of Na Zhou Colombia, the AHD of the said firm's production Hyperspike series, some of which bag The technology of the US7912234 patent protections of such as Curtis E.Graber is included, that patent describes positioned at paraboloid Then the transducer array of focal point, the paraboloid reflects the output of its synthesis in a desired direction.Its HS24 is mono- Unit seems to apply the configuration, and it claims the maximum output with 153dB and the coverage with 1500m at 1m.

These technologies are effective in terms of long haul communication or signal transmission, and with traditional public's speech system Compared to be closely, it is moveable and practical, but they have some obviously shortcomings.For example, such System is generally very big, and must vehicle-mounted and power supply.

However, used in conflict management primary disadvantage is that they are not at the audio frequency for verbal message Orient very much, and their output level very high are combined so that they are in the model near target, onlooker and user It is breakneck in enclosing.

The unit sound grade produced in maximum output (153dB A- weight (A)) is than in the strong of US and European The maximum instantaneous limit (140dB C- weight (C)) of health and security legislation (Health＆Safety legislation) defined More than four times greater (on pressure).This means being possible to be subjected to instantaneous permanent listen in closely anyone for undergoing sound source interior Power is damaged.Even if outside scope, sound grade may be sufficiently high, to cause that daily critical exposure time is part second.Example Such as, according to the regulation of EU, the output of 153dB (A) will be equal to the sound grade of the 133dB at 10m (A) left and right at 1m, and it has The daily critical exposure time of 0.7 second.This causes that user is necessary to wear earflap, so as to prevent normal communication, and So that onlooker, even on those people behind device in the very short time frame in serious injury risk.

Another problem is：Not used for the means of the dosage for controlling or recording target to be undergone.This means not having For proving the mode in limitation of the sound grade in safety that target or any other people are undergone.This potentially causes this The user of device is due to target, operating personnel and onlooker etc. being faced a lawsuit exposed to dangerous sound grade.

This means AHD is despite the efficient apparatus that can pass on spoken message, but it is not only not closely interior Plus difference, and have harm, it is possible to cause permanent acoustic trauma.Thus, they are actually as other LLW It is dangerous, thus can not be said to be and one is provided to military force lifting spectrum relatively mild make up selection.

LRAD and Ultra Electronics provide smaller battery powered portable system --- be respectively LRAD100X and HS Micro.They are designed to portable, it is meant that they can be carried to another from a place Place, it is not intended that they can be worn and as mobile instrument.These units work(compared with its bigger equivalent Rate is significantly lower, and maximum output is respectively 137dB (A) and 140dB (A), and coverage is hundreds of meters.

However, compared with their bigger analog, they are still present the problem for lacking distinctiveness and exposure control, And it still is possible to be dangerous in use.For example, at the distance of 4m, target is from the HS Micro of capacity operation Undergo about 126dB (A).According to the regulation of EU laws, there was only 3.6s in the daily critical exposure time of the rank.Therefore, hold Easily imagine, how target, user and onlooker do not have rapidly exposed to the sound grade more than daily security restriction Control is monitored, it may be difficult to otherwise proved.

LRAD Corporation also have related intellectual property, and it is related to for generating high orientation amplitude ultrasound The technical scheme of ripple, due to the local nonlinearity effect in air, can be perceived as sound at target after the ultrasonic wave The sound of frequency level, one of patent example is the US2003/0215103 of Norris and Croft III.It is in numerous products In be applied, trade name is Soundsabre, and it is possible to be may be selected as height and recognizable means of communication.So And, due to the aerial high-absorbable of ultrasonic wave, distance is limited, and the criticism of outside proposes audio at target Quality reproduction is not enough to carry out clearly verbal message.When writing, these devices seem not selling also commercially.

The portable acoustic technology that being directed to will use in conflict management situation proposes other schemes；For example, Lucas A kind of sound system is described with the US3557899 of Porter, it uses hand-held paraboloid (parabolic dish) The audio of 8 to 13kHz is sent, it claims to be that can disturb the big brain stimulation of humans and animals causes the frequency of detest, but does not carry For the explanation why being had that effect on these frequencies.Alternatively, the US5973999 of Naff and Shea describes one kind Hand-held device, it utilizes the array of the explosive pressure source of phase matched, and the array is produced to be propagated coverage and can use Make the nonlinear scale spaces ripple of LLW.By the pressure rank very high claimed, the device may be caused instantaneously to any target Hearing impairment.These technologies for being proposed seem all not to be commercially used.

The content of the invention

The present invention is illustrated in the claims.

Generally, the design for portable acoustic apparatus is provided as, and certain acoustic waveform is projected towards target, produces The optional narrow acoustic beam of height, minimizes the exposure to user and onlooker, while can control that target will be applied to The dosage of sound.This narrow sound cone (cone of sound) be used as in the range of the clear warning that notes of police, and with Gtoal setting, intensity is improved, the deterrence that generation gradually rises naturally.

The acoustic waveform of uniqueness is generated using main body and empirical studies from psychologic acoustics field, to produce to mesh Auditory tone of the mark with maximum effect.By using basis to the physiology of the analysis of mankind's hearing and neural main body, Ke Yichuan Build than it in practice it appears that more loud and more ear-piercing noise.This means can be in relatively low acoustic pressure level operations dress Put and still obtain the impression of the maximum intensity at target.By in relatively low sound level operations, it can be ensured that device In existing health and safety regulation (such as Directive 2003/10/EC of the European on Noise Exposure Parliament operation in).

Device is designed near the specific acoustic wave shape.It is not designed to project verbal message.It is possible thereby to design one The system of kind, it produces very narrow acoustic beam when the specific auditory tone is projected.

This technology utilizes business transducer, and it is coupled to impedance matching loudspeaker, the novelty of the impedance matching loudspeaker Design generates the narrow acoustic beam.The loudspeaker be designed to provide high selectivity sound wave output and sufficiently small size it Between reach balance, the sufficiently small size ensures that it can carry with and can cosily be worn by user more long completely Time.This is to use acoustics with the size and profile of its central phase plug and internally with outside by accurately selecting loudspeaker Foam is absorbed to realize.

It was found that simply create narrow core beam to be not enough to realize target selectivity in practice.Being defined as elimination can perceive Secondary lobe, core beam edge realize very two-forty acoustic pressure rank reduction and ensure minimum off-axis sound level it is other For realizing expecting that selectivity is also necessary.

Which results in following voice output, wherein user and onlooker is subjected to be passed through less than the target at equivalency range The centesimal sound pressure level (SPL) received.The sound level of normal talk between user and colleague is allowed not eliminate to user The demand of hearing protection, and be used in safe everyday exposure rank it is super after an hour continue use.

The laser range finder that device is also arrived including commercially available.Before voice output is triggered, laser range finder is measured The distance of target.The information is compared with SPL relative to the look-up table of distance, and the output of device is limited to ensure SPL at target never exceeds preset value.This occurred before voice output is generated, but very fast, and thus for touching Can not be perceived for the user of transmitting apparatus.The security restriction function ensures that target is other from the sound level for being not exposed to danger, or even Closely locating, it is ensured that in accordance with health and safety law.

The orientation that takes accurate aim acoustic apparatus are difficult, because user easily can not orient from below.The device Including video camera, its center for being aligned to voice output.Video content from the video camera is sent to high brightness FPD Device, it is installed on device at the position for being easy to user to observe.Additionally, cross-hair is covered on video, it is allowed to use Device is easily and accurately directed at expectation target by person.Other information is provided on screen to help the effective land productivity of user Use device.

All record video content when device is triggered, before and after audio output is activated and video buffer Device is combined, to provide context information.Global positioning system (GPS) unit is also included within the device.With reference to from laser ranging The data of instrument, it is proper that it provides use of the very strong evidence vestige to prove device, and it is existing strong to prove that it meets Health and security legislation.When device is activated all by video segment, distance, target sound level not, open-assembly time, GPS Put, time and date is recorded in the removable memory in device；Comprehensive usage record is provided, it can be any follow-up Inquiry in be used as internal audit trail and evidence.

The device is given trade (brand) nameAcoustic–Warning Signal Projector^TMOr A-WaSP^TM.Due to it The selectivity of very high degree, and can be maintained in the safe everyday exposure limit to target, user and onlooker Simultaneously effective operation is the warning of projection, as shown in Fig. 2 in military force lifting spectrum, it is fitly matched in the position being previously mentioned Within capability gap between passive warning and more dangerous LLW.

Brief description of the drawings

May be referred to the following drawings and more fully understand above-mentioned target described herein, accompanying drawing is merely intended to for exemplary purposes 's.

Fig. 1 shows the diagram of military force lifting spectrum.

Fig. 2 shows the A-WaSP in military force lifting spectrum^TMImagination position.

Fig. 3 show at different sound pressure ratings relative to 1kHz sine wave reference tones loudness contour figure.

Fig. 4 shows the figure of the relative intensity of the frequency modulation acoustic signal of the various modulation rates of comparing.

Fig. 5 shows the figure of the relative intensity for comparing the frequency modulation acoustic signal according to modulation direction.

Fig. 6 shows the figure of the acoustic signal frequency of the overlap for changing over time.

Fig. 7 show to have two degrees of coordination of the sine waves of overlap of the frequency interval of change limited by critical bandwidth with The relative hearing impression of uncoordinated degree.

Fig. 8 is shown as two relatively uncoordinated degree of the sine wave of overlap of the function of critical bandwidth, wherein, first just String ripple is fixed on 3500Hz.

Fig. 9 shows the figure of the acoustic signal frequency of the overlap for changing over time.

Figure 10 show comparison index shaped form, parabola shaped and conical horn directionality, from 0 to -24dB 360 Degree polar coordinates distribution map.

Figure 11 shows the cross-sectional size of the conical horn of optimization.

Figure 12 shows the directionality, from 0 to -24dB 360 degree of device of the comparing without and with suitable phase plug Polar coordinates distribution map.

Figure 13 shows the cross-sectional size of the phase plug of optimization and its position relative to main loudspeaker.

Figure 14 shows carrying out self-chambering with and without comparing in the case of the different acoustic foam rings in horn outlet hole The directionality put and off-bore sight launching, 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps from 0 to -48dB.

Figure 15 shows the cross-sectional size of the foam ring of optimization and its position relative to main loudspeaker.

Figure 16 shows to protrude the presence, from 0 to -24dB of the off-axis valve of 45 degree of freestone heartfelt wishes cone under non-optimized conditions 180 degree polar coordinates distribution map.

Figure 17 shows to compare from device in the case of with and without the acoustic foam ring placed around phase plug Directionality and off-bore sight launching, 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps from 0 to -48dB.

Figure 18 shows the cross-sectional size of the phase plug foam ring of optimization and its position relative to phase plug.

Figure 19 show in the case of with and without the making-up of the optimization for the foam ring around hole relatively come From the directionality of device and off-bore sight launching, 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps from 0 to -48dB.

Figure 20 show have from -180 to 180 degree polar coordinates analyze in 0 to -25dB scale in frequency range The directional pattern of the optimization device of 500-10000Hz, its performance for highlighting frequency range 3500-4000Hz interested.

Figure 21 shows 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps from 0 to -24dB, it illustrates the core beam directionality of optimization device.

Figure 22 shows 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps from 0 to -48dB, it illustrates the optimization device including off-bore sight launching Directionality.

Figure 23 shows the schematic diagram of the cross section for optimizing device, it illustrates the relative position of key component.

Figure 24 shows the CAD drawing of true prototype plant.

Figure 25 shows display for the European legislation and the sound of mechanism of the Liang Ge U.S. for being responsible for health and safety operationally The admissible logarithmic chart per daily exposure time (in seconds) arbitrarily downgraded.

Figure 26 is shown by device in the sound pressure level produced from the range of 1 to 120m plus for controlling short distance most The effect of the safety stop of sound pressure level.

Figure 27 shows to show the figure of video content and superposition that the user of device can be on integrated flat-panel monitor See helping them effectively to aim at and use device.

Figure 28 is the diagram how device created and stored its evidence vestige for using.

Specific embodiment

Generally, there is provided a kind of design for portable acoustic apparatus, it projects specific acoustic waveform to target, The optional narrow acoustic beam of height is produced, the exposure to user and onlooker is minimized, while can be by controllable sound dosage It is applied to the target.This narrow sound bores the clear warning that the police in the range of being used as notes, and with gtoal setting, intensity is carried Height, so as to produce the deterrence for gradually rising naturally.The experienced mankind are combined using the main body in the field from psychologic acoustics Study to specify acoustic waveform.The design of device is customized for the waveform, its directionality for allowing for very high level.It is not It is intended to the instrument as the communication for spoken message.The waveform realizes the maximum effect and intensity at target, while using Relatively low sound pressure level.This means exposure level can be controlled for ensuring that them in existing health and safety regulation It is interior.Laser range finder is included, and its measurement range-to-go and the other volitional check of sound level that undergoes them are to predetermined Rank.Integrated video camera is used to be relayed to user's displaying scene via integrated flat-panel monitor, to aid in aiming at.Whenever The video segment is all recorded when device is activated；Also record the other sound level determined by laser range finder, exposed duration, the time, Date and gps coordinate.This provides the record that can show the environment for using and observe health and safety law.This is intended that wound A kind of complete instrument is built, it gives the new selection of police and law enforcement agency on military force lifting spectrum, and it compensate for passive police Accuse and the breach between low deadly weapon.

The acoustic waveform of optimization draws the analysis from psychoacoustic principle, and the analysis is combined simultaneously with volunteer's test Tested using volunteer and verified.The purpose of the acoustic signal is that influence and the intensity of maximum possible are realized at target, but with Minimum SPL needed for producing the effect.

Fig. 3 shows to be drawn first in 1933 and in the 1950's by the famous of Robinson and Dadson improvement The expression of the set of Fletcher-Munson loudness contours.It is shown relative to 1kHz sine wave references tone (with non-international system Unit " side (Phon) "), the sensitivity of mankind's hearing in frequency in wide scope.Curve shows given for one SPL, the tone of given frequency must be how loud in terms of measured sound pressure level, can just be perceived as have and 1kHz tone phases Same loudness.Different curves draws, the tone relative to 1kHz with different SPL, and these curves are from the hearing beginning of 0dB Until the increment that the very big sound of 120dB sentences 10dB rises.How non-linearly loudness contour shows average mankind's hearing As frequency and SPL change.

These curves have peak between illustrating average mankind's hearing in 3 to 5kHz and specifically in 3.5 to 4kHz Value susceptibility.This corresponds to the first subresonance of the duct when standing wave can be propagated in duct itself.Curve shows that human ear can To perceive in this region than the at most sound of 15dB more loud at 1kHz.Therefore, in order to be generated with minimum possible SPL To the maximum impression of intensity, waveform must be based on peak value auditory sensitivity in the region.

Human physiological's function changes, so that realize that the precise frequency of resonance changes with object, therefore in order to true Protect and realize resonance, acoustic signal must include the frequency modulation from 3.5 to 4kHz.It is therefore preferable that embodiment is sine wave, it has Uniform amplitude, frequency is modulated within the time cycle from 3.5 to 4kHz.Volunteer's test supports the Frequency modulation range as realization The optimum range of the maximum intensity of given SPL.

This is similar with the effect of siren, although in the frequency range of much shorter.Siren for emergency services can be from As little as the frequency modulation(PFM) of 0.5kHz to 4kHz frequency because what the sound of lower frequency can be due to longer wavelength is audible The larger diffraction of tone and compared with low absorption, and be heard in the larger context.This means can be heard from farther place Close vehicle, but intensity increases with being close to for they.This is very effective for omnirange aural alert, but is proposed Embodiment be directed to the orientation warning of opposite selectivity, thus proposed scope is most suitable.

There is significant effect to the sound intensity for being perceived from the modulation rate of 3.5 to 4kHz.Fig. 4 was shown within the several seconds With the result that constant SPL is tested for the experience of the scope of the modulation time from 0.05 to 0.5 second.It was found that the perception of loudness and strong The perception of degree is in terms of influence as modulation rate changes respectively.Dash-dotted gray line represents the relative loudness with the modulation time.Black Line represents the relative effect with the modulation time.

Loudness in this case is to judge which modulation rate is directed to exposed of sound simply by test object What ratio has maximum perception volume relative to other.By comparing, influence is that subjective judgement signal tone exposes in sound Full duration in it is how strong.

It was found that relative intensity increases to maximum with the longer modulation time.This is considered as because relatively low modulation rate Mean peak resonance in duct point continue it is longer.However, influence is smaller than with faster modulation rate.Because only The least a portion of modulation time at resonance point or near.Thus, with frequency modulation, loudness to peaking, but the peak value relative to The remainder of modulation period is of short duration.

By comparing, shorter frequency modulated time increases influence.This is considered as because for given open-assembly time, frequency More often by resonance point, for example, within the identical time cycle, the frequency modulated time (speed of 5Hz) of 0.2s is 0.4s Frequency modulated time (speed of 2.5Hz) is in the twice of resonance.Larger resonance corresponds to large effect.It is excellent in modulation rate During change, object report impression：Their head is seemingly at " hummed "；This indicates the maximum resonance of duct.

However, if the modulation time is too short, such as 0.05s (frequency of 20Hz), the influence and loudness for being perceived all subtract It is small.This be considered as due to no time enough for standing wave come propagate and by inner ear perceive.

Therefore, it is necessary to select to maximize the modulation rate of relative effect and loudness to realize corresponding maximum intensity.This Dotted circle is shown as in Fig. 4.Therefore, the preferred embodiment of waveform is sine wave, and it is with the time cycle (tune of 5Hz of 0.2s Speed processed) repeatedly modulated from frequency 3.5 to 4kHz.It was found that optimal frequency modulation is linear with the time, but other are non-linear Modulation can also be suitable.

Fig. 5 is shown with preferred embodiment above and is exchanged according to the acoustic signal intensity for human subjects at constant SPL The test that the effect in direction processed is carried out.As above, found, influence can be separated with loudness by effect.Chain-dotted line is directed to relatively Influence, grey filled lines are directed to relative loudness.Carried out three times test, in first time, frequency modulation be from low to high, i.e., 3500 to 4000Hz, is described as " increase "；In second, frequency modulation is for from high to low, i.e. 4000 to 3500Hz is described as " subtracting It is small "；And in third time, frequency modulation be from low to high after be back to low, i.e., 3500 to 4000, to 3500Hz, are described as " vibration ".In all situations, in addition to " vibration " of the modulation rate for 2.5Hz, modulation rate is the 5Hz (modulation of 0.2s Time), to ensure that using the speed of the modulation of frequency shift be constant.In testing, three tones repeat their modulation Several seconds --- while modulation direction keeps constant.

It was found that single modulation direction has the maximum impression to loudness, and independent of direction, while vibrate tone having most Small impression.It has also been found that vibration tone has the minimum impression to influenceing, and the modulation direction for increasing has than the modulation direction of reduction There is bigger influence.

It is inferred as vibrating the influence of tone less than other two, because not existing unexpected change in frequency, however, example Such as, as the frequency modulation cycle repeats, the tone of increase has the instantaneous jump from 4000Hz to 3500Hz.For ear, this is dashed forward Right frequency shift (FS) may be felt more " ear-piercing " than the gradually change of oscillating modulation.Do not know the modulation that why increases have than The bigger influence of modulation of reduction.

Even so, the modulation of increase is identified as having maximum intensity (as illustrated by arrows 5), therefore, ripple The preferred embodiment of shape is sine wave, and it is by frequency from the single direction that 3500Hz increases to 4000Hz, with 0.2s (5Hz Modulation rate) time cycle repeatedly modulated from frequency 3.5 to 4kHz.This shows that Fig. 6 shows with figure in figure 6 Frequency and the figure of time, and show interior repeatedly to frequency modulation(PFM) during the time of 1 second.Dotted line shows that this is preferable to carry out Example.

In the region of peak human's acouesthesia using the sine wave freuqency of the modulating characteristic modulation of optimization relative to any It is very ear-piercing and strong for other ambient sounds.However, it is possible to enter one by the psychologic acoustics concept of switch resonance Step increases its sharp, ear-piercing intensity.

Widely approve, human auditory system is separated on the basilar memebrane inside inner ear by by different frequency contents The vibration of diverse location perform the frequency analysis to sound.Thus, different frequencies are resolved into by by complicated sound Composition, its sound that can at once perceive complexity, this allows mankind distinguished according to tone color and pitch extremely complex repetition and Non-repetitive sound.

The key for quantifying the effect is critical bandwidth (CB), and it is defined as two sine waves at this point has foot Enough frequency separations are being perceived as two different tones rather than complicated single tone.In nineteen ninety, Glasberg and Moore proposes an equation to predict being somebody's turn to do in the interior any two tone of primary human's audibility range (100Hz to 10000Hz) Threshold value.That define the frequency point realized by basilar memebrane according to a series of bandpass filters with ideal rectangle frequency response Analysis.It is referred to as equivalent rectangular bandwidth or ERB, and equation is shown as follows.

ERB=24.7 × [(4.37 × f_c)+1]

Wherein, ERB=equivalent rectangular bandwidths (in units of Hz)；And f_c=filter centre frequency is (with kHz as single Position).

In the feelings that two sine waves are heard together in CB (or ERB, because both is in this case synonymous) Under condition, how pleasant the total sound of differentia influence between their frequency is for hearer --- and it is harmonious；Or it is many It is disagreeable --- it is discord.Fig. 7 is the expression of the result of the experiment that Plomp and Levelt are carried out in nineteen sixty-five, wherein, it is constant to shake Two pure pitch sine waves of width are played together, and their frequency separation changes according to critical bandwidth.In frequency phase In the case of, they are judged as complete harmony.In the case where frequency separation is more than or equal to a critical bandwidth, they Also it is judged as harmony.For the difference on the frequency between the 5 to 50% of critical bandwidth, interval is considered as mainly discordant. Maximum be discord be considered as occur at the difference on the frequency of a quarter of critical bandwidth.

By using this discordant main body, the ear-piercing degree of perception of acoustic waveform can be increased, so as to increase Increase its intensity in the case of big SPL.Fig. 8 shows the empirical test of the method, wherein, the sine-wave superimposed of equivalent amplitude exists On the sine wave of 3500Hz, it has the various frequencies as the function of the critical bandwidth calculated using Glasberg-Moore equatioies Rate separates.The discovery of Plomp-Levelt is exactly corresponded to for maximum discordant frequency separation --- positioned at dominant sinusoid ripple Critical bandwidth 1/4 at.

This is effectively changed when frequency modulation is increased to two sine waves, and produced acoustic signals are found than only Dominant sinusoid ripple is significantly more horrible, and therefore strong.The directionality of device increases with frequency, thus most preferred embodiment It is a quarter of critical bandwidth of the sine wave of other superposition on dominant sinusoid ripple, and separates in modulated process Keep constant.

Therefore, the preferred embodiment of waveform is sine wave, and frequency is being increased to the single side of 4000Hz from 3500Hz for it Upwards, repeatedly modulated from frequency 3500 to 4000Hz with the time cycle of 0.2s (modulation rate of 5Hz), and with amplitude Identical is superimposed sine wave accordingly, and the superposition sine wave has in addition to modulating the frequency from 3600.6Hz to 4114.1Hz Identical modulation signature.

This shows that dotted line is the core sine wave that every 0.2s is modulated from 3500 to 4000Hz with figure in figure 6, and dotted line is The corresponding superposition sine wave modulated from 3600.6Hz to 4114.1Hz.

The further final embodiment that empirical test shows to be directed to acoustic waveform is preferred.This is in the opposite direction Two sine waves of the equal amplitudes of upper modulation, i.e. the primary sinusoid is modulated in 0.2s from 3500 to 4000Hz, and second just String ripple is modulated in 0.2s from 4000 to 3500Hz, and the cycle repeats the desired duration.Think that it has larger intensity, Because the first resonance of duct is excited twice in each cycle.In addition, in the significant ratio in the cycle, crossmodulation Sine wave frequency (part of being discord of their CB) separate；Thus the waveform is still highly discordant.

This shows with the figure of time with frequency with figure in fig .9, wherein, dotted line is that every 0.2s is adjusted from 3500 to 4000Hz The primary sinusoid of system, and dash-dotted gray line is in the second sine wave modulated from 4000Hz to 3500Hz in the opposite direction.

It is invalid to be found to be with the experiment in discordant three or more waveforms of maximum, because intensity Reduce.It has also been found that following methods are invalid：Addition frequency is far above one or more modulation of critical bandwidth or constant sinusoidal Thus ripple increases the perception of loudness across the stimulation of its whole length to increase basilar memebrane.In fact, the definition of main signal Reduced by the addition of these overtones, overall strength reduction.

Alternative method is that pink noise is added into ERB on main CB, to increase the stimulation of basilar memebrane, so that Increase the impression of loudness in the case of not influenceing SPL, but the perception that result is intensity is still ambiguous.

In embodiment, the waveform of the optimization shown in Fig. 6 and 9 may be also used in beyond A-WaSP^TMUse should In.As the replaceable application for them, if traditional or existing by what is exported with low directionality or isotropic directivity Some sound produces instrument to broadcast, then will beat back the attacker from given area by the region for creating maximum sound intensity Or invader.This can be used for protection motor vehicles, steamer, building and temporary structure.

In the case where optimum waveform is set up, maximization sound wave is optimized to for the waveform after the Machine Design of device The directionality of output is so as to realize the exposure of controllable Acoustic exposure and minimum at target to onlooker and user.It is proprietary Finite element analysis software is used in combination with the experimental test in anechoic room, and experimental test is tested using CLIO acoustic softwares External member, turntable and it is calibrated to the microphone of National Physical Laboratory standard.Which results in the experience of the Machine Design of device Upper qualified optimization.

It is in this case with 1.4 using commercially available transducer " the NEO PB of Radian 745 of throat diameter Compressed drive.The unit represents the optimum balance between the quality and performance of relevant frequencies range.Transducer is attached to Diverging loudspeaker, it is the most efficient method for becoming known for the energy coupling from sound source to surrounding environment.It passes through gradual sound The mode of impedance matching works.The compressed drive for loading loudspeaker is broadly considered for converting electric energy to human auditory In the range of acoustic energy maximally effective system.Acoustical Engineering of the phenomenon in Harry F.Olsen (1957) described in academic work.Thus, can be carried with which represent establishment and battery powered, high efficiency, height are defeated The best method of the acoustic apparatus for going out.

The directionality of the structure control sound wave output of loudspeaker, therefore the performance of its device of the design for being proposed is crucial 's.Figure 10 is shown for three 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps of the output of different loudspeaker profiles, its output for being completely in 4kHz Frequency, and 0dB is standardized in the range of 0 to -24dB to allow directly to compare.Grey filled lines 1001 refer to number form loudspeaker Output, dotted line 1002 is the output of parabolic horn, and solid black lines 1003 are the output of conical horn.All All it is similar size, and is identified as the possibility candidate of the core horn shape of device.It can be seen that, index shape loudspeaker 1001 produce the asymmetric output with wide directionality, therefore are unaccommodated.Parabolic horn profile 1002 is produced to be had The symmetrical output of much narrower core beam, but be found it is still further preferred that conical horn profile 1003, it produces most narrow core Heart beam and the output for therefore most orienting.

Figure 11 shows to be found the cross-sectional profiles of the optimal conical horn of device for being proposed.It can be by Any suitable material (metal, ceramics, stone material plastics, carbon fiber or hardened foam) manufacture；However, it is preferred that embodiment is sent out It is now the injection-moulded plastic or such as polyurethane (PU) of such as acronitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) or polypropylene (PP) Reaction injection molding foam.These materials provide the optimum balance between low-density and high intensity to realize low quality but heavily fortified point Solid device.The mouth 1101 of loudspeaker have 100 to 1000mm between or more preferably 311mm effective aperture diameter.Loudspeaker Throat 1102 have 10 to 100mm between or more preferably 37mm effective aperture diameter.The length 1103 of loudspeaker is Between 200mm to 1500mm, or more preferably 676mm.

Another common additives for any compressed drive for loading loudspeaker is phase plug.It is to be located at loudspeaker certainly Component in the border of body.It is used as waveguide and is preferably controlled with when the conduct acoustic waves from transducer pass through impedance matching loudspeaker Make the sound wave.The waveguide has two major functions：First be the focal destructive near anti-locking apparatus interference, it comes from The sound wave component of the spatial deviation reconfigured in possible out-phase.Second directionality for being to better control over sound wave output.Should Technology widely becomes known for designeding to be used the audio system of the Broadband emission for reproducing music and speech, however, maximizing It is novel to launch the size of the phase plug of the directionality of the device of specialized narrowband waveform.

Figure 12 shows 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps of the output of the device of the phase plug with and without optimization, its whole Output frequency in 4kHz, and 0dB is normalized in the range of 0 to -24dB to allow directly to compare.Textured ash Colo(u)r streak 1201 is shown without the output of the loudspeaker of the optimization of phase plug.Black line 1202 shows the phase plug of the other optimization of addition In the case of output.As can be seen that coming across about -15dB in addition and substantially adding main output by actually eliminating Symmetrical " shoulder " of many degree wide, the addition of phase plug enhances the directionality of device.

Figure 13 shows that what is found is optimally used for the cross-sectional profiles of the phase plug of proposed device, and it is in context In conical horn, and its key dimension is individually shown.It can (metal, ceramics, stone material be moulded by any suitable material Material, carbon fiber or hardened foam) manufacture；However, it is preferred that embodiment is found to be such as acronitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) or polypropylene (PP) injection-moulded plastic or the such as reaction injection molding foam of polyurethane (PU).These materials are provided Optimum balance between low-density and high intensity is realizing low quality but firm device.Phase plug 1301 is shown as it most Goodly with loudspeaker coaxial placement.It has biconial profile.The throat of left-hand side arc angle 1306 and loudspeaker deviate 0-500mm, Or the more preferably distance of 4.5mm.The length 1302 of phase plug is between 100 to 1000m or more preferably 670mm.Phase plug Center of maximum diameter between 50 to 500mm or more preferably 141mm.Profile at mouth end 1304 have 1-100mm or The more preferably radius of 1.5mm.Profile at top 1305 has 1-200mm or the more preferably radius of 8.5mm.Larynx end Profile at 1306 has 1-100mm or the more preferably radius of 6mm.

The off-bore sight launching of control device and the output no less important of the constriction core beam for its function.This is for ensuring in shoulder Take wearable device user and neighbouring colleague and onlooker will undergo compared with target be for minimum sound level is other Important.This is the part for optimizing directionality as the main output bundle of constriction.

It was found that acoustic absorption froth bed is added around the hole of device can significantly decay off-bore sight launching.This can be effective Ground is using the outlet opening to any shape.In this case, loudspeaker are conical, therefore, the best approach is that have around loudspeaker Hole or the foam ring of mouth.Can be using with 5kg/m³And 500kg/m³Between density range any acoustics inhale Foam is received, but more preferably there is 11kg/m³Density Basotec UF open-cell melamine foamed plastics.

Figure 14 is shown without foam ring around hole, the output of the device of ring with the ring being not optimised and with optimization 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps, its output frequency for being completely in 4kHz, and 0dB is normalized in the range of 0 to -48dB To allow directly to compare.48dB scales show the off-bore sight launching from device, its with core beam off axis, it is vertical and behind Face.Grey lines 1401 are shown without the output of the device of foam ring.Dotted line 1402 shows the dress with not optimised foam ring The output put.Black line 1403 shows the output of the device of the foam ring with optimization.As can be seen that foam ring is to +/- 15 Positive output in the range of degree has minimum effect.However, from a bit, it can significantly reduce transmitting.It is not optimised Foam ring 1202 flushed with bellmouth orifice, while especially there is small improvement at the rear portion of device, effect is not labeled.Pass through Compare, the foam ring 1203 of optimization protrudes from bellmouth orifice, and the reduction of off-bore sight launching is obviously.Relative to without bubble Sound level in the case of foam, realizes the reduction of several dB on every side of main beam in the region of off-axis 15-60 degree；But The up to reduction of 6dB or more of sidepiece and rear portion mainly for device from 60 degree to minus 60 degree.This is for reducing in shoulder Take the user and behind or the sound level that is undergone of colleague in parallel and onlooker is not especially heavy of carrying device Want.The reduction of 6dB is other to sound level in terms of pressure halving.

Figure 15 show be arranged on context the conical horn with phase plug on, be found to be optimally used for being carried Go out the cross-sectional profiles of the foam ring of device, and its key dimension is individually shown on the right.The profile of foam ring 1501 and position Put and be illustrated around the hole of loudspeaker.The foam ring of arbitrary shape is applicable, it is found that optimal for foam ring It is the form of the frustum of the exterior contour for meeting loudspeaker.This is provided in the volume for minimizing device to allow it by user Cosily wear and the best compromise between the expectation reduction for realizing off-axis acoustic emission.Dotted line represents the relative position of bellmouth orifice Put.The thickness 1502 of foam ring is between 5 to 250mm, or more preferably 50mm.The length 1503 of foam ring is in 10 to 500mm Between, or more preferably 200mm.The part 1504 of the foam ring behind bellmouth orifice between 0mm to 500mm, or more preferably Ground 150mm.The part 1505 of the foam ring protruded from bellmouth orifice is between 0mm to 500mm, or more preferably 50mm.

In embodiment, acoustic foam ring or packing material around the hole of sound source can be used in and exceed A-WaSP^TMApplication In.For example, if applied in the element in public address (PA) system, it can reduce the off-bore sight launching to rear portion, thus drop Behind low PA systems or neighbouring sound level is other.This is beneficial when the stage of concert, rally or other parties is set, wherein Reduce stage on SPL will be helpful to cause performing artist become apparent from, reduces monitoring the need for and reduction feed back tendency.The party Method can apply to any element used in traditional PA systems, such as all loudspeakers, the compressible drive of loading loudspeaker Device and tweeter.In its audio advertisement that may be also used in orientation, wherein, expect so that audio-frequency information is local as much as possible Change.

The key issue of the directionality realized is considered as to suppress off-axis valve.Figure 16 is shown for the output being not optimised In the 180 degree polar coordinates distribution map from 0 to -24dB of 4kHz.Arrow indicates two presence of symmetrical off-axis valve, and it has distance The SPL of the about -21dB of main beam, and there is maximum at 45 degree of main beam.The reduction of -21dB means that these valves are in Pressure stage is other in main beam is less than at 10%.However, human auditory's response is nonlinear, and found in experimental test Such as these off-axis valve can be perceived, although not being normally provided as the zone of dispersion relative to background higher-strength, make It is broadening for core beam.Thus, the presence of valve can significantly decrease the impression of directionality in practice to device.Show more than In example, the impression of beam width increases by more than 45 degree.

It is about -24dB (or 6% of maximum pressure rank) that this valve becomes non threshold value.Now, test right As valve may not be perceived, and therefore will not perceive the broadening of device output.Therefore, in order to maximize directionality, with reality Existing narrow core beam is it is also important that valve is reduced to below the threshold value.

It is around phase in a kind of suppression valve for empirically finding and the very counterintuitive method for reducing off-bore sight launching Be arranged on foam ring in loudspeaker by the loudspeaker nozzle end of cone.This is not apparent from, because being placed on loudspeaker by foam ring is absorbed May reasonably be presumed to be greatly reduced in array and export and reduce directionality and non-reinforcing directionality.If however, The position of foam, its characteristics and dimensions are carefully chosen, and effect is found to be and is very useful to general direction, and exports With least disadvantage.

Figure 17 shows 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps of the output of the device with and without internal foam ring, and it is in The output frequency of 4kHz, and 0dB is normalized in the range of 0 to -48dB to allow directly to compare.Grey lines 1701 show The optimization for not having the device of internal foam ring is exported, and black line 1702 is shown with the optimization positioned at the distally of phase plug The output of the device of internal foam ring.As can be seen that the benefit of the internal foam ring is protruded very much.At about -18dB " shoulder " be eliminated, significantly reduce effective main beam width.Side lobe is reduced to several decibels below -24dB of rank, makes Obtaining them can not perceive.From 60 to 90 degree (on both sides), transmitting is reduced similar 6dB to about -40dB or following level Not other (other 1%) of pressure stage on axle.Sidepiece on device and below (+90 to -90 degree), sound level be not reduced to just - (less than other 0.8%) of pressure stage on axle under 42dB.In -6dB to the core beam at -18dB by the broadening several years, but it is only It is the skew by the elimination of shoulder, the elimination of shoulder causes that perceived wave beam is much narrower.

Think so that the mechanism of internal foam ring enhancing directionality is by absorbing by the biography of the top diffraction of phase plug Broadcast some in the part before sound wave.The wavefront of the diffraction will impinge upon the nose end of phase plug with acute angle portion, and anti- It is off-axis shoulder/valve to penetrate.Additionally, the off-bore sight launching of the reflection by the further part diffraction in the effective aperture of loudspeaker, will increase afterwards The level of the transmitting to the side and rear portion of device is added.The addition of internal foam ring impinges upon entering in phase plug by absorbing Some in before the diffracted wave penetrated significantly decrease the effect.It is critical, however, that, it is ensured that the size of internal foam ring and fixed Position is accurate.Volume is too big, and output loss becomes unacceptable.If too small, directionality enhancing can be ignored.

Figure 18 shows that being arranged on being found in phase plug is optimally used for the transversal of the internal foam ring of proposed device Facial contour, loudspeaker and outer foam ring are shown for context, and individually show the main of internal foam ring on the right Size.The profile of foam ring 1801 and position are illustrated around the mouth end of phase plug.Any contour shape can be it is related, this Depending on the structure (particularly frustum) of phase plug, but in this case, the rectangular cross section wound around phase plug Band is found work and obtains best.Distance 1802 be from the top of biconial phase plug to the optimum position of internal foam ring away from From.Distance 1802 is between 0 to 500mm, or more preferably 95mm.The length 1803 of foam ring between 10 to 500mm, or more Preferably 50mm.The thickness 1804 of internal foam ring is between 10 to 200mm, or more preferably 18mm.With 5kg/m³With 500kg/m³Between any acoustic absorption foam of density range can be application, but more preferably there is 11kg/m³ Density Basotec UF open-cell melamine foamed plastics.

In embodiment, the acoustic foam ring around phase plug positioning can be used for beyond A-WaSP^TMApplication in.Example Such as, if applied in the element in public address (PA) system, it can reduce the off-bore sight launching to rear portion, thus reduce PA systems Behind system or neighbouring sound level is other.This is beneficial when the stage of concert, rally or other parties is set, wherein reducing dance SPL on platform will be helpful to so that performing artist become apparent from, reduce monitoring the need for and reduce feedback tendency.It can also be used In the audio advertisement or information point of orientation, wherein, expect so that audio-frequency information localizes as much as possible, and side therefore high Tropism is desired.

Outer foam ring is wound by with fabric, it is possible to achieve to the further drop of the transmitting of the sidepiece and rear portion of device It is low.The fabric can be any flexible material, but more preferably wear resistant nylon.Crucially, fabric must be wide on foam Pine.If it is tight, side-emitted may increase due to the reflection from fabric face.If its is loose, Then effect is neutral or absorbefacient.In addition, the edge of fabric must not extend off the hole of loudspeaker (see the void in Figure 15 Line).If it was exceeded, secondary apertures are created, and by diffraction reduction directionality.Therefore, foam ring must exceed hole from it The point (size 1505 on Figure 15) for stretching out keeps non-packed article to be covered.

Figure 19 shows 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps of the output of the device of the packaging with and without outer foam ring, its Output frequency in 4kHz, and 0dB is normalized in the range of 0 to -48dB to allow directly to compare.Grey lines 1901 The optimization output of the device of packaging is shown without, and black line 1902 shows the dress of the packaging of the optimization with outer foam ring The output put.Effect in the preceding hemisphere of transmitting is inappreciable.Effect in rear quarter is by the transmitting in the region Reduce to the about -45dB or lower (less than 0.6% of stress level on axle) of SPL on axle.When in use, packing material has The extra benefit of physical protection is provided to outside foam ring.

Figure 20 is shown at 360 degree in (the +/- 180 degree centered on 0 degree) but in the frequency from 500 to 10000Hz The figure of the directionality of the acoustic apparatus of the optimization in wide scope.This puts in the false color from 0 to -25dB and shows.Frequency interested Rate scope 3500 is to 4000Hz by two chain-dotted lines and arrow instruction.As can be seen that in the frequency range, in the absence of can perceive Side lobe, and once off-axis mobile, then SPL rates of descent are very fast.As can be seen that with the frequency of increase, output bundle narrows. This can be attributed to the diffraction effect weakened as wavelength shortens.Figure 20 is used to show the output of device in frequency interested It is highly directional at the 4kHz not only shown in polar coordinates distribution map in scope.

It should be noted that according to the standard of any traditional PA systems, from loudspeaker, phase plug and inside and outside foam ring The output of the configuration be extremely directionality.Although not being suitable for the reproduction of music, if these signals by numeral at With the output characteristics of supplementary device, it may have the application of the projection for orientation spoken message to reason.This will be and A-WaSP^TM The entirely different purposes of standard, and can apply to audio advertisement, long-range verbal message or the information point of orientation, its In, expect so that audio-frequency information localizes as much as possible and therefore highly directive is desired.

Figure 21 shows the output of the device of whole optimizations of the output frequency in 4kHz in the range of 0 to -24dB 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps, its directionality very high for highlighting main output.As can be seen that in the absence of higher than -24dB The evidence of side lobe or shoulder.Core Shu Feichang is narrow, with only +/- 7.5 degree of the divergence to -3dB.This is substantially beneficial , because those targets not oriented directly will only undergo the fraction of the SPL undergone by target.

Another key element for the perception of directionality is found to be in SPL of the edge of Main beam in units of spending Fall off rate.Figure 21 shows that the Mean Speed for declining is every about degree -1.4dB from -3dB to -24dB；And from -6dB to - 24dB is every about degree -1.8dB, its reduction equivalent to the pressure of every degree about 23%.

This when target shifts to wave beam with very suddenly and surprising intensity of acoustic wave attack auditory effect, and work as Target when departing from it antithesis.It means that if target moves away from beam by the light of nature, target immediately appreciates that they depart from It.If some people move to wave beam, opposite mechanism will be applied, and promote them to be quickly moved rearward to break away from it.Similarly, If what user to group's scanning means, was aligned when core beam passes through by it feels to mistake.

Figure 22 shows the output of the device for optimizing completely of the output frequency in 4kHz in the range of 0 to -48dB 360 degree of polar coordinates distribution maps, its valve and side-emitted for highlighting very low level.Side lobe at +/- 45 degree has core The maximum SPL of the about -26dB of beam, or function as pressure 5% --- unconspicuous low level and the thus not side of making The perception of tropism weakens.When further off-axis mobile, do not reduced further with respect to sound level, from +/- 50 degree in below -36dB simultaneously Drop to about -40dB at off-axis 60 degree to 90 degree, or core beam pressure stage other 1%.This is shown outside core beam Any onlooker undergo the SPL more much lower than target, and the rank continues quick reduction with further off-axis movement. Side for device and below, still further reduces with respect to SPL, reaches the rank of about -44dB or the pressure of core beam The 0.6% of power rank.This is it is particularly advantageous that user will undergo to be passed through apart from place in 1m than target for the user of device The pressure rank of small 150 times of the pressure rank received.Identical low level applies to the colleague or onlooker of apparatus adjacent.It is this low SPL means that being not necessary for user and their colleague carries out hearing protection off axis, or even is used for extending, and even When device is operated with maximum output, it is also possible to normally talked.

Figure 23 shows the cross section of device using component and position.Transducer 2301, the NEO PB of model Radian 745 Compressed drive be attached to the throat of loudspeaker.The main loudspeaker of acoustic apparatus and the phase plug 2306 for being coaxial therewith installing all have There is horizontal shading.Outer foam ring 2305 and the internal foam ring 2304 around phase plug all have oblique shading.Device Main body 2302 is shown with white contours.It can be by any suitable material (metal, ceramics, stone material plastics, carbon fiber or hardening Foam) manufacture；However, it is preferred that embodiment is found to be such as acronitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) or polypropylene (PP) injection-moulded plastic or the such as reaction injection molding foam of polyurethane (PU).Show the FPD of video camera content Device is contained in 2303, and suitable unit will be 5.7 " high brightness indicator, such as from Densitron PLC's DET057VGHLNT0-1A.Battery will be at position 2309, and suitable model unit will be the L96e from PAG Ltd Lithium ion chargeable battery.The handle and trigger of control device are located at position 2308.Control electronic device is located at In the chamber in device at position 2307.It will include that audio reproduction electronic device and driving are changed including control PCB, control PCB The amplifier of energy device.Waveform is registered as wav file with 96kHz sampling rates and 16 bit resolutions.It is stored in integrated On cpu chip in flash memory.Suitable audio codec is manufactured by Wolfson Microelectronics WM8523GEDT.Suitable preamplifier is the OPA1632DG4 manufactured by Texas Instruments.Suitable power is put Big device is the TAS5630B manufactured by Texas Instruments.Video camera and laser range finder have been not shown, because they are recessed Enter in outer foam ring 2305；Suitable model will be VB21EH-W bullet shapeds video camera from RF Concepts Ltd and The rangefinders of ILM150 Class 1 from MDL Ltd.

Preferred design is multi-disc moulding part, and it is latched in together to create self-contained unit.Created in the unit logical Road links together electronic building brick for electric wire connecting junction.Figure 24 shows that the CAD of true prototype devices is rendered, and it has been tested And successfully to third party's displaying.Its chest for being worn on user, or positioned at waist height.It is maintained at shoulder belt and (does not show Go out) on, and can cosily wear more than half an hour every time.

The key feature of the device is their ability to be worked in the framework of existing health and safety regulation.Sound wave output wave Shape is designed to maximize the impression of the intensity of sound at target.This means actual SPL can be by minimum as much as possible Change, to ensure that the dosage undergone by target is fallen into legal limit；But still be perceived as penetrating the mandatory of any ambient noise Warning.Very high directionality of the device when acoustic wave form is projected means that dosage is selectively applied to target and can be with It is accurately controlled.It is equally important that onlooker and user undergo low-down sound level by contrast, thus even Lasting use does not suffer from exceeding the dosage of legal limit yet.Following existing health and safety regulation is considered as current It is unique for any technology on for the military force lifting spectrum for managing conflict.

Relevant laws and regulations are used to control noise during work.European directive in this region is on 2 6th, 2003 DIRECTIVE 2003/10/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, it is on workman The exposed minimum health and safety demand (clause 16 of decree 89/391/EEC of the risk to being produced from physical medium (noise) (1) the 17th independent decree in effect).This is instructed by iso standard；Acoustics--Determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing Impairment (acoustics --- the estimation of the hearing impairment that the exposed determination of occupational noise and noise cause), ISO 1999: 1990.Code of Federal Regulations also draws from the iso standard and there are two main bodies of the nation：Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) and National Institute and health research institute (NIOSH), they are proposed somewhat not for the occupational noise exposure in the U.S. Same standard.

Acoustic apparatus have the maximum output for being restricted to 137dB (A) at 1m, and it is specified in all above standards 140dB (C) instantaneous limitation power level half.Which ensure that even in short range with the unexpected sudden and violent of total power Dew will not also violate above standard (it is assumed that it is stopped using immediately).

Admissible Noise Exposure is based on 8 hour working time and is accumulation.Thus, it is personal under European legislation The maximum average sound level that can be exposed in 8 hours periods Wei not 87dB L_Aeq；But its be likely encountered it is other compared with high sound level compared with Short burst, as long as no more than average value.Figure 25 be shown as with dB (A) function of the SPL as unit in logarithmic scale In seconds allow daily maximum exposure limits.Dotted line shows the threshold value of European Union (Britain) regulation, and dotted line corresponds to U.S.'s (professional safety and health regulations, OSHA), and chain-dotted line correspond to the U.S. (National Institute and Institutes of Health Research, NIOSH).All in accordance with identical main body, but greatest limit is different.If target, user and onlooker are in 8 hours periods No more than related progressive dosage, then they can not be said to be in the risk for placing oneself in the midst of any injury, so that the use of device Highly can defend.

The key element for meeting health and safety regulation is the addition of laser range finder.Suitable model is from MDL The laser range finders of ILM150 Class 1 of Ltd.User aims at the device and presses trigger button, and now, built-in swashs Optar is measured to the distance of target immediately.Default maximum sound level is not programmed in the device.Start in acoustic emission Before, device output is automatically adjusted by reference to the look-up table in control software, to cause that sound level will not be in measurement model Enclose place and exceed the maximum level.This is very fast and can hardly perceive for a user.The limitation letter is shown in Figure 26 Number, it draws the SPL as unit with dB (A) in the distance range of 1 to 120m.Sent out with distance and Atmospheric Absorption in sound cone When dissipating, SPL reduces naturally.Dash-dotted gray line shows the unrestricted output of the peak value SPL with 137dB (A) at 1m.Grey filled lines It (is in this case by the 115dB L of Britain's police service defined to show that it is limited to intended level_Aeq).This corresponds to from dress Put the distance of 13m.Thus, for any target within 13m, SPL is no more than 115dB L_Aeq.The maximum level can be by Adjustment is with suitable particular user requirements.

In order to further control exposure, device is limited to be automatically cut off at it before sound wave output can be again triggered The 3s pulses of acoustic emission are exported before 1s.This forces user with pulse using device and prevents " ceaselessly impacting " mesh Mark --- the method for encouraging controlled gradual dosage.It moreover has been found that pulse is more sudden and more violent than constant when the warning that police notes is transmitted Dew is more effective；Ping is easier to catch notice.

Under EC regulations, 115dB L_AeqSound level for daily 45s be not admissible.This is equivalent to 15 3s' Pulse, it exceeds well over the quantity persuaded needed for target stops.If target is still continuing after even 5 pulses, user Upgrading military force lifting spectrum should be considered.And, in open environment, in maximum output, user and neighbouring onlooker are logical It is often subjected to 95dB L_AeqMaximum --- its daily dosage limit for being equivalent to 16 minutes 1 hour or more than 1500 3 seconds Pulse --- substantial amounts of surplus.

A use of problem of any acoustic apparatus is to take accurate aim it.Therefore, video camera is installed in a device, alignment To acoustics output.Preferred embodiment is that the video camera is operated under light and subdued light conditions well.Suitable model is to come from The VB21EH-W bullet shaped video cameras of RF Concepts Ltd.High brightness flat-panel monitor is sent to after video content, its Install in a device to cause that user is readily visible it.High brightness is desired, to cause that it even can be straight Penetrate under daylight and be seen.Suitable model is 5.7 " high brightness indicator, such as from Densitron PLC's DET057VGHLNT0-1A。

The figure of the image that Figure 27 persons of being shown with will see on flat panel display screen is represented.Cross-hair 2701 covers Cover on Real-time video content to help user's correctly and easily sighting device.Other information can be caused to cover is on screen with side Help user.The measured distance to target and the exposed maximum length of safety in corresponding acoustic pressure power level is illustrated To help user to assess and control for any to the dosage 2702 for setting the goal.Battery charge indicator 2703 and time and Date and time information 2704 is also shown as.

Tape deck is used is proving that it meets local health and safety law and it is rushed in management in proof It is crucial in proportionately use when prominent.Therefore, global positioning system (GPS) unit is included in device.Suitable model It is the W2SG0008i manufactured by Wi2Wi.The GPS unit can provide real-time location coordinates and accurate date and time.Will Video content from camera and the distance determined from laser range finder are not created and feel emerging plus corresponding sound level with dosage The information agent of interest, it is automatically recorded with pressing every time for device trigger.

Figure 28 shows the flow chart how device works.Acoustic exposure rank, open-assembly time, time, day at distance, target The gps coordinate (position) of phase and device is all recorded as each trigger is pressed.The data are stored as CSV Value file.Concurrently, video segment is recorded from interior video cameras, additionally, using video buffer function so that proper press During trigger, the preceding 20s of video camera fragment is seamlessly included in video file to provide the context for using.Once triggering Device is released, and video continues to preserve other 60s to provide other context.It is stored as single MPEG4 video files. Two files are stored in internal removable flash drives.

These files provide the composite record that uses and provide a user with very strong evidence refutes the indiscriminate of device Any charge --- prevent the legal challenge of the cost high from public.Additionally, they go back the abuse of prevention unit, Because operator knows that all use will be recorded and if it find that these record loss, it will fall under suspicion comprehensively.

It should be understood that to the various modifications of preferred embodiment as described herein and general principle and feature for this Be will be apparent for art personnel.Thus, the system is not intended to limited to shown embodiment, and such Modifications and variations are also fallen into spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims (54)

1. a kind of to orient acoustic warning device, it is suitable to the bigger sound around the target of producing ratio at selected target Pressure, wherein described device have the acoustic pressure generation source for being coupled to sound guidance structure, wherein, the acoustic pressure generation source includes quilt The electronic signal generation system of transducer is connected to, the transducer can be by the electronic signal from the signal generating system Acoustic pressure wave is converted into, and wherein,

The signal generating system is configured as producing the first signal with following waveform：The waveform has in lower and upper limit Between the frequency modulated, and wherein,

The sound guidance structure includes：

The conical horn of open end, it has narrow end and end wide, wherein, the narrow end direction of the loudspeaker The acoustic pressure generation source is placed,

The loudspeaker ring of acoustic absorbing layer, its end wide for being arranged on the loudspeaker, and

The phase plug in the loudspeaker is arranged on, and

The phase conical ring of acoustic absorbing layer, it is set around a part for the phase plug, and wherein,

The size and the positions and dimensions of the loudspeaker ring and the phase conical ring of the loudspeaker and the phase plug are selected, with The directionality and minimum that sound is maximized at the frequency modulated between the lower limit and the upper limit make to described device The sound level exposure of user and onlooker,

Wherein, the lower limit is 3kHz, and the upper limit is 5kHz.

2. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 1, wherein, the lower limit is 3.5kHz, and the upper limit It is 4.0kHz.

3. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 1, wherein, with constant modulation rate in the lower limit and institute State and repeatedly modulate the frequency between the upper limit.

4. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 3, wherein, scope of the modulation rate at 0.1 to 0.5 second It is interior.

5. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 3, wherein, model of the modulation rate at 0.15 to 0.25 second In enclosing.

6. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 1, wherein, the frequency is modulated so that it and is adjusted at each In cycle processed the upper limit is increased to from the lower limit.

7. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 1, wherein, the signal generating system be configured as with it is described First signal simultaneously produces secondary signal, and wherein, the frequency phase of the frequency of the secondary signal and first signal Close.

8. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 7, wherein, the frequency of the secondary signal is according to described The multiple of the critical bandwidth of the frequency of one signal.

9. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 8, wherein, the multiple is in the range of 0.2 to 0.3.

10. orientation acoustic warning device according to claim 7, wherein, the frequency of the secondary signal is modulated to Increase to the upper limit from the lower limit with first signal, the frequency of the secondary signal is from first signal The upper limit of frequency is decreased to the lower limit.

11. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the waveform is sinusoidal waveform.

12. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the signal generating system is configured as also producing Fecula coloured noise signal.

13. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the conical horn is straight wall hollow cone Shape, it has the throat and open mouth for being connected to the transducer.

14. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the diameter of the throat is at 1 centimetre to 10 lis In the range of rice.

15. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the diameter of the throat is at 3.5 centimetres to 4.0 In the range of centimetre.

16. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the diameter of the mouth is in 10cm to 100cm In the range of.

17. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the diameter of the mouth in 30.5cm extremely In the range of 31.5cm.

18. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the distance between the throat and the mouth In the range of 20cm to 150cm.

19. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the distance between the throat and the mouth In the range of 67.0cm to 68.0cm.

20. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the acoustic absorbing layer is acoustic absorption bubble Foam.

21. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 20, wherein, a part for the loudspeaker ring is with loose fabric Covering.

22. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the phase plug is arranged in the loudspeaker simultaneously And with the internal wall separates of the loudspeaker.

23. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the phase plug is biconial, by the first He Second upstanding wall circular cone is formed, each circular cone have tip and the base terminal wider than the tip, wherein, the circular cone they Base terminal is combined to form the diconical top, and the phase plug is installed in the loudspeaker to cause the phase First circular cone of position cone has the tip of the throat towards loudspeaker circular cone.

24. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the length of the phase plug is hollow equal to straight wall The length of circular cone.

25. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 23, wherein, the larynx of the close described loudspeaker of the phase plug The tip in portion is circular.

26. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 25, wherein, it is described tip radius of curvature in 0.1cm extremely Between 10cm.

27. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 25, wherein, it is described tip radius of curvature in 0.1cm extremely Between 1.0cm.

28. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 23, wherein, the mouth of the close described loudspeaker of the phase plug The tip in portion is circular.

29. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 28, wherein, the mouth of the close described loudspeaker of the phase plug The curvature of the sophisticated radius of curvature in portion is between 0.1cm to 10cm.

30. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 28, wherein, the mouth of the close described loudspeaker of the phase plug The curvature of the sophisticated radius of curvature in portion is between 0.1cm to 1.0cm.

The 31. orientation acoustic warning device according to any one of claim 23-30, wherein, the circular cone of the phase plug The top that is combined of base terminal be circular.

32. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 31, wherein, the radius of curvature of the top end of the phase plug Between 0.1-20cm.

33. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 31, wherein, the radius of curvature of the top end of the phase plug Between 0.5-2.0cm.

34. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the total length of the phase plug is in 10 to 100cm Between.

35. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 34, wherein, the total length of the phase plug 65.0 to Between 75.0cm.

36. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the diameter of the phase plug 5 to 50cm it Between.

37. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 36, wherein, the diameter of the phase plug 14.0 to Between 15.0cm.

38. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the loudspeaker ring is arranged on the outer of the loudspeaker In portion.

39. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the loudspeaker ring is 0.5-25cm thick, and/or The prominent 0-50cm before the mouth of the loudspeaker, and/or to extension 0-50cm behind the mouth of the loudspeaker.

40. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 13, wherein, the loudspeaker ring is 4.0-6.0cm thick, and/ Or 4.0-6.0cm is protruded before the mouth of the loudspeaker, and/or to extension 10.0- behind the mouth of the loudspeaker 20.0cm。

41. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 23, wherein, the second circular cone of the phase plug has coaxial Ground is installed by the ring of acoustic absorption foam in its surface.

42. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 23, wherein, the phase conical ring is positioned at apart from the phase At the top 0-50cm of position cone.

43. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 42, wherein, the phase conical ring is positioned at apart from the phase At the top 9.5cm of position cone.

44. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, the length of the loudspeaker ring 1cm to 50cm it Between and/or the loudspeaker ring thickness between 0.5cm to 25cm.

45. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 44, wherein, the length of the loudspeaker ring for 20cm and/or The thickness of the loudspeaker ring is 5cm.

46. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, sound limiter is provided to and the signal Generation system communicates, and it is configured as limiting the acoustic pressure rank at the target.

47. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 46, wherein, laser range finder is provided to determine the dress The distance between put with the target, and the sound limiter is configured as based on determined by the laser range finder Distance between described device and the target is other to limit sound level at the target.

48. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 46, wherein, the sound limiter be configured as limitation by Time period between the use of the duration and/or described device of the signal that the signal generator is produced.

49. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, video camera is provided for aiming at described device.

50. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 49, wherein, the output of the video camera is recorded.

51. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 49, wherein, GPS location unit is included for determining The geographical position of described device, and wherein described device can also record GPS location, the time, the date, target range and for The exposed duration of target and the video segment of the target described in the acoustic pressure produced as described device, for card Bright purpose.

52. orientation acoustic warning devices according to claim 1, wherein, described device is portable.

A kind of 53. sound guidance structures for acoustic apparatus, including straight wall conical horn, the straight wall conical horn have Throat end and open mouth end for being connected to acoustic pressure source, wherein, the throat end is narrower than the mouth end, and wherein, Phase plug be arranged on the loudspeaker in and with the internal wall separates of the loudspeaker, wherein, the phase plug is by bases knot The biconial entity that the first and second straight wall circular cones for closing are formed, and causing the phase plug in the loudspeaker First circular cone have towards loudspeaker circular cone throat tip, and wherein described phase plug the second circular cone have coaxially pacify The ring of dress acoustic absorbing layer in its surface.

A kind of 54. sound guidance structures for acoustic apparatus, including conical horn, the conical horn have for connecting To the throat end and open mouth end in acoustic pressure source, wherein, the throat end is narrower than the mouth end, and wherein, acoustic absorption The loudspeaker ring of material is arranged on the end wide of the loudspeaker, wherein, the loudspeaker ring is arranged on outside the side of the loudspeaker The mouth of the loudspeaker is gone up and extends beyond to reduce the acoustic irradiation of the central shaft away from the loudspeaker.