CN105234552B - 一种铝/镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊方法 - Google Patents

一种铝/镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊方法 Download PDF

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CN105234552B
CN105234552B CN201510651661.5A CN201510651661A CN105234552B CN 105234552 B CN105234552 B CN 105234552B CN 201510651661 A CN201510651661 A CN 201510651661A CN 105234552 B CN105234552 B CN 105234552B
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magnesium
aluminium
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CN105234552A (zh
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戚文军
宋东福
罗畅
周楠
黎小辉
王海艳
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
    • B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
    • B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
    • B23K20/233—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer
    • B23K20/2333—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer one layer being aluminium, magnesium or beryllium

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Abstract

一种铝/镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊方法，其特征是在≥6mm的中厚铝板和镁板中间加入厚度为焊接厚度的0.5~5%的锌片，用涂镀有氮化钛薄膜的搅拌头，在搅拌头转速600~1200rpm，焊接速度10~100mm/min，搅拌头向铝板侧偏移量为焊缝厚度2~15%，下压量0.05mm，搅拌焊接。本发明的方法可以使铝/镁异质金属的搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形美观，组织成分得到控制，性能更加优异。使铝/镁异质金属搅拌摩擦焊接头能够达到工程应用要求。

Description

一种铝/镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊方法
技术领域
本发明属于搅拌摩擦焊技术领域，是一种改善铝/镁合金异质接头组织性能的搅拌摩擦焊方法。
背景技术
铝/镁合金异质接头焊接是一大难点与热点，目前国内外学者在这方面做的研究工作主要集中于传统熔焊与搅拌摩擦焊两个方面。由于铝、镁合金特殊的物化性能，采用熔焊方法进行焊接得到的接头成型与性能差，通常接头强度只能达到母材强度的30%左右，几乎没有工程应用价值。而搅拌摩擦焊过程中母材不熔化，形成塑化连接，因此应用于铝、镁等轻金属的焊接。然而，铝/镁合金异质接头焊接时在437℃产生二元共晶反应，形成硬脆的第二相Mg17Al12，此产物不仅对于焊缝质量有影响，更主要的是对搅拌头有粘附作用，使得焊接过程难以进行。
为了改善铝/镁合金异质接头搅拌摩擦焊过程与接头质量，研究人员在几个方面做了研究：①铝、镁合金的热塑化温度不同，而搅拌摩擦焊被焊母材有前进侧与后退侧的区分，因此，铝、镁合金是位于前进侧还是位于后退侧会对焊接结果有影响；②考虑到金属间化合物的产生，研究人员在搅拌头偏移的问题上也进行了研究。偏移的主要目的是控制金属搅入量，以期减少金属间化合物的形成数量。但是，上述研究都无法从根本上解决铝/镁合金异质接头搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝成形差，搅拌头粘着以及接头强度低的共性问题。
CN101722358A公开了一种以铝/镁的异种金属的搅拌摩擦焊方法。该法主要通过在焊接界面处或与搅拌工具最为接近的工件表面上涂覆一层合适的中间层材料（铜、锡、锌等中的一种或几种），在搅拌摩擦焊时与搅拌区相邻铝、镁发生反应，得到更为复杂的混合物并形成较强的焊接结合，但该方法并没有提供加入中间层材料的数量，接头组织发生的变化和铝/镁异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能结果。
CN103934584A公布了一种通过在钢板和铝板的搭接部位加入纯锌或者铝锌薄片，在搅拌摩擦过程中形成铝/钢接头的中间过渡层，抑制铝钢之间形成脆性金属间化合物，获得焊缝成形美观、力学性能良好的铝/钢异种材料搭接接头。该方法仅针对铝/钢异种金属的搭接。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对上述存在问题和不足，提出一种改善铝/镁异质接头组织性能的搅拌摩擦焊方法，该方法可以使铝/镁异质金属的搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形美观，组织成分得到控制，性能更加优异，使铝/镁异质金属搅拌摩擦焊接头能够达到工程应用要求。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：在≥6mm的中厚铝板和镁板中间加入厚度为焊接厚度的0.5~5%的锌片，用涂镀有氮化钛薄膜的搅拌头，在搅拌头转速600~1200rpm，焊接速度10~100mm/min，搅拌头向铝板侧偏移量为焊接厚度2~15%，下压量0.05mm，搅拌焊接。
本发明所述的涂镀有氮化钛薄膜的搅拌头的制备方法为：使用磁控溅射设备，镀膜温度400~500℃，N2气压力0.3~0.6Pa，镀膜时间120~180min，搅拌头表面生成氮化钛薄膜，膜层厚度为2~3μm。
本发明所述的铝/镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊方法的其特点是：①在两种异质合金待焊面***锌片，其厚度由焊缝厚度确定，为焊缝厚度的0.5~5%，通常在1mm以下。按照Al-Mg合金二元相图可知，铝/镁合金异质材料焊接时，在437℃产生二元共晶反应，生成硬脆的第二相Mg17Al12，铝在镁中的溶解度为12.6%，超过此溶解度将会直接形成共晶组织，对搅拌头产生粘着。锌加入Mg/Al合金中。可以使共晶变成分离型，同时，调整搅拌区镁的浓度，减少低熔点共晶的数量，改善搅拌头的粘着状态，有助于搅拌头的正常工作。②搅拌头表面镀有一层氮化物薄
膜，该膜层硬度高而且摩擦系数小，可以减少熔融的共晶体粘着搅拌头。同时，由于摩擦系数减小，造成单位时间输入焊缝的能量降低，在适当的温度条件下就有可能控制二元共晶组织形成的数量。铝合金塑性变形能力较镁合金强，搅拌头向 铝板侧偏移，可增加焊缝区铝合金的含量，提高焊缝的流动性。由此获得成形美观的焊缝。
本发明相比现有的搅拌摩擦焊方法具有的优点是：异质金属焊接时热输入量易于控制，焊接过程搅拌头不会粘着，接头焊缝组织得到控制，焊缝表面成型良好，该方法适合于铝/镁异质接头的工程化应用。
附图说明
图1是实施例1焊接的焊缝金相图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
镁板与铝板加工成150mm×75mm，厚为6mm；锌片加工成150mm×6mm，厚度0.1mm。焊接接头采用对接方式，铝板位于前进侧，镁板位于后退侧，将锌片置于对接板中心，使用搅拌摩擦焊夹具将待焊板装夹。采用搅拌头转速为900rpm，焊接速度为30mm/min，下压量为0.05mm，将搅拌头向铝板侧偏移0.5mm，焊接。
实施例2
同实施例1。搅拌头转速为1200rpm，焊接速度为50mm/min，下压量为0.05mm，将搅拌头向铝板侧偏移0.8mm，焊接。
实施例3
同实施例1。搅拌头转速为600rpm，焊接速度为10mm/min，下压量为0.05mm，将搅拌头向铝板侧偏移0.1mm，焊接。
实施例4
同实施例1。搅拌头转速为1000rpm，焊接速度为100mm/min，下压量为0.05mm，将搅拌头向铝板侧偏移0.3mm，焊接。
对比例
不使用锌片，不使用涂镀有氮化钛薄膜的搅拌头，其它同实施例1。
实施例1-4焊接的焊缝表面成型良好，连续焊接时焊缝无明显缺陷，从获得的焊缝金相组织观察，生成的β相（Mg17Al12）得到控制，组织致密且晶粒细化，镁/铝熔合部位过渡均匀；对比例的焊缝表面成型较差，很难形成连续的鱼鳞状焊缝，焊缝内部存在严重的缺陷。实施例1-4和对比例的接头抗拉强度及对比见表1。
表1
本发明是通过实施例来描述的，但并不对本发明构成限制，参照本发明的描述所公开的实施例的其他变化，对于本领域的专业人士是容易想到的，这样的变化应该属于本发明权利要求限定的范围之内。

Claims (1)

1.一种铝/镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊方法，其特征是在≥6mm的中厚铝板和镁板中间加入厚度为焊接厚度的0.5~5%的锌片，用涂镀有氮化钛薄膜的搅拌头，在搅拌头转速600~1200rpm，焊接速度10~100mm/min，搅拌头向铝板侧偏移量为焊接厚度2~15%，下压量0.05mm，搅拌焊接。
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CN106312295B (zh) * 2016-10-14 2018-12-25 重庆大学 一种添加中间焊接材料提高铝锂合金焊接接头强度的方法
CN106735860B (zh) * 2017-03-06 2021-07-20 太原科技大学 一种镁铝合金/铝镁合金复合板搅拌摩擦焊方法
CN109986231A (zh) * 2019-05-16 2019-07-09 河北工业大学 一种含中间层的高强度铝/镁异种合金接头及其制备方法
CN111927910B (zh) * 2020-06-18 2022-09-30 北京遥感设备研究所 一种铝镁合金一体化多功能集成结构
CN114029608B (zh) * 2021-12-09 2023-01-03 南昌航空大学 一种铝与异种金属的厚板搅拌摩擦焊方法
CN115007995B (zh) * 2022-05-26 2023-04-21 南京航空航天大学 一种降低超长薄板搅拌摩擦焊接变形的方法

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