CN105191748A - Irrigation method for promoting assimilation substance transfer in stems after paddy flowering and grain filling - Google Patents
Irrigation method for promoting assimilation substance transfer in stems after paddy flowering and grain filling Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultures, is applied to irrigation of paddy from flowering to maturity, and particularly relates to an irrigation method for promoting assimilation substance transfer towards grains in the stems after paddy flowering and grain filling. The method comprises the step of determining a water potential index of leaves needing irrigation or a soil water content index at three stages that the day from the flowering to fifteen days after the flowering, from sixteen days after the flowering to thirty days, from thirty one days after the flowering to the maturity according to irrigation time and a soil type, so as to realize precise water management. By adopting the irrigation method, the problems of small transfer quantity of photosynthetic assimilation substances to the grains, slow grain filling and low maturing rate in stems of the paddy at high nitrogen level, modern high-yielding rice varieties, especially large-panicle type super hybrid rice varieties are solved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural technology field, for Rice Flowering to ripe irrigation, be specifically related to a kind ofly promote that assimilation substance in the rear stem of paddy rice is to the irrigation method of seed transhipment and kernel grouting.
Background technology
Grain Filling of Rice is the final stage of yield composition, and the quality of Grain Filling directly determines the height of grain weight and output.Photosynthesis assimilation product needed for cereal kernel grouting is from two aspects: be stored in the assimilation substance (being mainly starch and soluble sugar) in stem (cane+leaf sheath) before spending rear photosynthesis and blooming.The assimilation substance be stored in before spending in stem is not only a part of kernel grouting material, and be the important substance basis starting grouting, kernel grouting speed about its transport velocity and transhipment amount, and then affect grain weight and ultimate output (Yang Jianchang, China Agricultural University's thesis for the doctorate, 1996).The modern high yielding variety of part, particularly large spike Super Hybrid rice varieties, or under high nitrogen level, in rice stem, assimilation substance is little to seed volume of traffic, kernel grouting is slow, ripening rate is low is outstanding problem (YangandZhang in Rice Production, NewPhytologist, 2006,169:223-236; JournalofExperimentalBotany, 2010,61:1-5).Though report (Austinetal.AnnalsofBotany, 1980,45:309-319 that the assimilation substance having paddy rice and Wheat in Grain Filling Stage to suffer soil drought can promote to store in stem operates to seed in the past; Kobataetal.CropScience, 1992,32:1238-1242; Gebbingetal.PlantPhysiology, 1999,121:871-878), but under normal conditions, soil drought can reduce photosynthesis, suppress kernel grouting, in the stem caused by soil drought, substance transportation increase obtains the mistake that can not compensate photosynthesis minimizing, grain is caused to weigh and output reduction (Bidingeretal.Nature, 1977,270:421-433; ChavesandOliveita, JournalofExperimentalBotany, 2004,55:2365-2384; Barnabasetal.PlantCell & Environment, 2008,31:11-38).Current shortage can promote that in rice stem, assimilation substance is transported to seed, can promote again the technology of kernel grouting and raising ripening rate.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the invention provides a kind of irrigation method promoting assimilation substance transhipment and kernel grouting in the rear stem of paddy rice.
The present invention mainly solves that photoassimilates in the rear stem of paddy rice is few to seed volume of traffic, ripening rate and the heavily low problem of grain.Its principle is subject to the regulation and control of soil moisture according to assimilation substance transhipment and kernel grouting in the rear stem of paddy rice, according to rice milking stage time and soil types, determine the leaf water potential index or the soil water-containing figureofmerit that need irrigation, carry out accurate water management, fall dry spell at soil, not obvious inhibited photosynthesis, photosynthesis can be promoted in the rehydration phase, make water management can promote to spend assimilation substance in rear stem to transport to seed, kernel grouting speed can be increased again, improve ripening rate and grain weight, and then improve output and water use efficiency.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
Promote the irrigation method of assimilation substance transhipment and kernel grouting in the rear stem of paddy rice, as Fig. 1, comprise the following steps:
1. from blooming to spending latter 15 days:
(1) use leaf water potential as irrigation index: all types soil, when field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to paddy rice top during 12:00 at noon the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.10MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, naturally fall to doing again to paddy rice top the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.10MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate.
(2) use soil moisture content as irrigation index:
<1> clay: when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 48% by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 48%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate.
<2> loam: when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 37% by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 37%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate.
<3> sand: when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 15% by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 15%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate.
2. from spending latter 16 days to 30 days:
(1) use leaf water potential as irrigation index: all types soil, when field naturally fall to doing to paddy rice top during 12:00 at noon the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.25MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, naturally fall to doing again to paddy rice top the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.25MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate.
(2) use soil moisture content as irrigation index:
<1> clay: field falls to doing to soil moisture content naturally when being 46%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 46%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
<2> loam: field falls to doing to soil moisture content naturally when being 34%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 34%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
<3> sand: field falls to doing to soil moisture content naturally when being 8.5%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 8.5%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
3. from spending latter 31 days to ripe:
(1) use leaf water potential as irrigation index: all types soil, when field naturally fall to doing to paddy rice top during 12:00 at noon the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.45MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, naturally fall to doing again to paddy rice top the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.45MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate.
(2) use soil moisture content as irrigation index:
<1> clay: field falls to doing to soil moisture content naturally when being 44%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 44%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
<2> loam: field falls to doing to soil moisture content naturally when being 31%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 31%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
<3> sand: field falls to doing to soil moisture content naturally when being 4.5%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 4.5%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
In the present invention, said leaf water potential can adopt plant water potential instrument to measure, plant water potential instrument has Multiple Type, as plant water potential instrument-3000 (Hangzhou remittance that instrument company), HR-33T dew point water potential meter (the accurate Beijing Co., Ltd of Australia's moral), plant water potential-Wi89513 (thing instrument Beijing Science and Technology Ltd.), selects a kind of.In the present invention, said soil moisture content refers to the water content of soil 0 ~ 20cm soil layer, measures at noon during 11:00 ~ 12:00; Soil nmoisture content analyser can be adopted to measure, soil nmoisture content analyser has Multiple Type, as soil moisture content quick analyser SU-LA, SU-LB, SU-LG (production of Beijing Meng Chuan great achievement Science and Technology Ltd.), soil moisture content quick analyser TRS-I, TRS-II etc. (production of Zhejiang instrument company of Top), select a kind of.Plant water potential instrument measures leaf water potential and soil nmoisture content analyser measures soil water-containing metering method simply, accurately reliably.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is a kind of irrigation method promoting assimilation substance transhipment and kernel grouting in the rear stem of paddy rice of the present invention.Illustrate: the blade paddy rice top the 1st leaf (sword-like leave) that leaf water potential measures, during minute 12:00 at noon; Soil moisture content is the water content of soil 0 ~ 20cm soil layer, measures at noon during 11:00 ~ 12:00.
Embodiment
Before Rice Heading is bloomed, adopt the high yield irrigation method produced at present, that is: transplant to turning green, field keeps 2 ~ 3cm water layer; To turn green to jointing 1 week, carry out gap moistening irrigation; Before jointing, 1 thoughtful Spike development begins the phase, carries out putting field, and Spike development begins the phase to starting to bloom, and field keeps 1 ~ 2cm water layer.From beginning of blooming, adopt following irrigation method:
1. from blooming to spending latter 15 days: all types soil, when field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to paddy rice top during 12:00 at noon the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.10MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, naturally fall to doing again to paddy rice top the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.10MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate; Or:
(1) clay: when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 48% by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 48%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates;
(2) loam: when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 37% by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 37%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates;
(3) sand: when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 15% by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 15%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
2. from spending latter 16 days to 30 days: all types soil, as 12:00 at noon, the leaf water potential of paddy rice top the 1st leaf does not reach-1.25MPa, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when as 12:00 at noon, the leaf water potential of paddy rice top the 1st leaf is-1.25MPa, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when leaf water potential naturally falling to doing to paddy rice top the 1st leaf is-1.25MPa, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate; Or:
(1) clay: when field moisture does not reach 46%, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 46%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 46%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
(2) loam: when field moisture does not reach 34%, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 34% in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 34%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
(3) sand: when field moisture does not reach 8.5%, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 8.5% in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, naturally when to fall to doing to soil moisture content be again 8.5%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
3. from spending latter 31 days to ripe: all types soil, as 12:00 at noon, the leaf water potential of paddy rice top the 1st leaf does not reach-1.45MPa, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when as 12:00 at noon, the leaf water potential of paddy rice top the 1st leaf is-1.45MPa, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when leaf water potential naturally falling to doing to paddy rice top the 1st leaf is-1.45MPa, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate; Or:
(1) clay: when field moisture does not reach 44%, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 44%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 44%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
(2) loam: when field moisture does not reach 31%, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 31% in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, then when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 31%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
(3) sand: when field moisture does not reach 4.5%, field is continued nature and is fallen dry, when naturally to fall to doing to soil moisture content be 4.5% in field, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, naturally when to fall to doing to soil moisture content be again 4.5%, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, then it is dry naturally to fall, and so circulates.
Other culture technique
1, mechanic rice transplanting
Technical essential: (1) Precision Seeding is even to be broadcast, floppy disk dry rice seedling.Often dish broadcasts gulch 110 grams, seedling land for growing field crops than 1: 80; (2) length of time rice seedlings grow controls in 20 days, to plant sufficient Basic Seedling, seeding row spacing 30cm × 11.7cm, every m
227 ~ 28 caves, about the 3-4 seedling of every cave, every m
2basic Seedling 95 ~ 100 seedling.
2, fertilizer practice
Technical essential: the time of infertility applied nitrogen (purity nitrogen) 255kgha
-1, by base manure (transplanting first 1 day): tillering fertilizer (planting latter 7 days): short fertilizers for potted flowers (Spike development begins the phase): protect fertilizers for potted flowers (Pistil And Stamen idiophase)=4: 2: 2: 2 and use; Before transplanting, (base manure) executes phosphate fertilizer (P
2o
5) 75kgha
-1, at transplanting previous crops base manure applied once; Application of potash fertilizer (K
2o) 105kgha
-1, point base manure (75kgha
-1) and ear manuer (30kgha
-1) administered twice.
3, the extermination of disease and insect pest
According to the forecast of rice pest regional prediction, use low toxicity, low-residual, efficient, safety, environmental protection type agricultural chemical.
Embodiment
Local high yield japonica rice kind force fortune round-grained rice 24 and Super Hybrid rice variety is selected to raise two excellent No. 6 (two kinds are sold by Yangzhou gold soil Zhong Ye Co., Ltd) respectively at 2013-2014 in Yangzhou, connect No. 7, round-grained rice (sale of Jiangsu Wo Fengzhong industry Science and Technology Ltd.) in Lianyun Harbour high yield japonica rice kind and carry out the field trial that the present invention promotes the irrigation method (being called for short new irrigation method) of assimilation substance transhipment and kernel grouting in the rear stem of paddy rice, with local normal irrigation, (grouting keeps water layer early stage, grouting middle and later periods gap moistening irrigation, gather in the crops and cut off the water supply for first 1 week) be contrast.New irrigation method and contrast are except the water management method of blooming to maturation is different, and all the other cultivation steps, as seedling, Planting Densities, fertilizing time and fertilizing amount, spend front irrigation method, the extermination of disease and insect pest etc. completely the same.Result shows, falls dry spell at soil, Photosynthetic Rate new irrigation method with contrast between without significant difference, in the rehydration phase, the Photosynthetic Rate of new irrigation method is significantly higher than contrast (table 1).New irrigation method comparatively contrasts and significantly increases kernel grouting speed, ripening rate, thousand kernel weight, substance operation amount and output, significantly reduces duty (table 2 and table 3).Compared with the control, the average filling rate of new irrigation method improves 6.4-9.1%, assimilation substance in rear stem is spent to add 94.5-138% to the transhipment amount of seed, ripening rate improves 4.5-9.2 percentage point, output adds 7.9-13.5%, duty decreases 13.3-19.1%, and water using efficiency improves 23.9-38.0%.(table 2 and table 3).
Table 1 is bloomed to ripe Different Irrigation method on the impact of Flag Leaves in Rice photosynthetic rate
soil dry spell that falls is the mean value that after spending, 6 ~ 7 days, 18 ~ 19 days and 34 ~ 35 days 3 times measure; The rehydration phase is the mean value that after spending, 9 ~ 10 days, 22 ~ 23 days and 37 ~ 38 days 3 times measure; Between contrast and new both irrigation methods, except blooming to except ripe irrigation method difference, all the other cultivation steps are identical.
contrast: grouting keeps water layer early stage, grouting middle and later periods gap moistening irrigation, gathers in the crops and cuts off the water supply for first 1 week.
§new irrigation method, according to grouting time and leaf water potential, or irrigates according to grouting time, soil types and soil moisture content.
*, * * represents compared with the control, respectively significant difference in P=0.05 and P=0.01 level; Tong Lan, to compare with in kind.
Table 2 is bloomed impact that is heavy on rice milking stage speed, ripening rate, grain to ripe Different Irrigation method and output
between contrast and new both irrigation methods, except blooming to except ripe irrigation method difference, all the other cultivation steps are identical.
contrast: grouting keeps water layer early stage, grouting middle and later periods gap moistening irrigation, gathers in the crops and cuts off the water supply for first 1 week.
§new irrigation method, according to grouting time and leaf water potential, or irrigates according to grouting time, soil types and soil moisture content.
*, * * represents compared with the control, respectively significant difference in P=0.05 and P=0.01 level; Tong Lan, same to kind, to compare with in soil types.
Table 3 bloom to ripe Different Irrigation method on substance transportation, duty and efficiency of water application in the rear stem of paddy rice impact
between contrast and new both irrigation methods, except blooming to except ripe irrigation method difference, all the other cultivation steps are identical.
contrast: grouting keeps water layer early stage, grouting middle and later periods gap moistening irrigation, gathers in the crops and cuts off the water supply for first 1 week.
§new irrigation method, according to grouting time and leaf water potential, or irrigates according to grouting time, soil types and soil moisture content.
non-institutional carbohydrate amount in non-institutional carbohydrate Liang – maturing stage stem in substance operation amount=phase beginning stem of blooming.
#substance operation is to contribution to yield=substance operation amount/output × 100
water using efficiency=output/time of infertility duty.
* represents compared with the control, significant difference in P=0.01 level; Tong Lan, same to kind, to compare with in soil types.
Claims (1)
1. promote an irrigation method for assimilation substance transhipment and kernel grouting in the rear stem of paddy rice, it is characterized in that according to grouting time and soil types, determine the leaf water potential index or the soil water-containing figureofmerit that need irrigation, carry out accurate water management, specifically:
(1) certainly bloom to spending latter 15 days:
A. use leaf water potential as irrigation index: all types soil, when field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to paddy rice top during 12:00 at noon the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.10MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, when naturally falling to doing to above-mentioned desired value again, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
Or B. soil moisture content is as irrigation index: field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to clay soil water content be 48%, loam soil moisture content is 37%, and sand soil moisture content is 15%, and 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, naturally falling to doing to naturally falling again dry again, so circulating;
(2) latter 16 days to 30 days are spent:
A. use leaf water potential as irrigation index: all types soil, when field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to paddy rice top during 12:00 at noon the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.25MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, when naturally falling to doing to above-mentioned desired value again, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
Or B. soil moisture content is as irrigation index: field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to clay soil water content be 46%, loam soil moisture content is 34%, sand soil moisture content is 8.5% time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, when naturally falling to doing to above-mentioned desired value again, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
(3) latter 31 days are certainly spent to ripe:
A. use leaf water potential as irrigation index: all types soil, when field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to paddy rice top during 12:00 at noon the 1st leaf leaf water potential for-1.45MPa time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, when naturally falling to doing to above-mentioned desired value again, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate;
Or B. soil moisture content is as irrigation index: field by 1 ~ 2cm shoaling layer naturally fall to doing to clay soil water content be 44%, loam soil moisture content is 31%, sand soil moisture content is 4.5% time, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field, when naturally falling to doing to above-mentioned desired value again, 1 ~ 2cm water layer is filled with in field again, naturally fall again dry, so circulate.
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