CN105070922A - Preparation method of direct ethanol fuel cell catalyst with hollow structure - Google Patents
Preparation method of direct ethanol fuel cell catalyst with hollow structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN105070922A CN105070922A CN201510415652.6A CN201510415652A CN105070922A CN 105070922 A CN105070922 A CN 105070922A CN 201510415652 A CN201510415652 A CN 201510415652A CN 105070922 A CN105070922 A CN 105070922A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of a direct ethanol fuel cell catalyst with a hollow structure. The method comprises the following steps: dissolving a stabilizer into deionized water to form a stable solution; adding the prepared platinum and nickel precursor solution to the solution; magnetically stirring the obtained solution for an hour, and then adding the treated carbon slurry; dropwise adding a reducing agent solution to the solution, and magnetically stirring the solutions for two hours; carrying out suction filtration on the obtained solution, controlling the drying temperature at 80 DEG C and drying the solution in vacuum for 6-10 hours; and finally carrying out dealloying treatment to obtain a catalyst. Compared with the prior art, the problem of poor stability of a Pt-Ni/C catalyst is solved; and the preparation method is simple in process, low in cost and obvious in effect of improving the stability of the catalyst.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell anode catalyst technical field, especially relate to a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure.
Background technology
Fuel cell technology is a kind of new green power technology, and chemical energy is converted into electric energy.In solution economic development and the contradictory problems between energy shortage and environmental pollution, there is the advantage do not replaced.
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) is a kind of highly efficient fuel battery developed in recent years.Ethanol wide material sources, low toxicity, environmentally friendly and be easy to store and transport, be a kind of desirable raw material.Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of biological straw, is a kind of real green energy resource material, has immeasurable economy and social value.Although DEFC has above many incomparable advantages, but the research of DEFC is also in the starting stage, and encounter some technical barriers, as the unfavorable factor such as to poison of the infiltration in proton exchange membrane of the high carrying capacity of noble metal catalyst, catalyst low oxidation activity, ethanol and intermediate product.Therefore, the novel electro-catalytic agent of developing cheap, high catalytic activity and CO tolerance catalysts ability is the research emphasis in this field at present.
Chinese patent CN104096575A discloses the method that microwave reduction prepares platinum nickel core-shell structure fuel-cell catalyst, comprises the following steps: carbon dust, surfactant are added in organic solvent successively and mix, obtain mixture A; The compound of nickel is added in mixture A and mixes, obtain mixture B; Carry out microwave irradiation to mixture B, reaction temperature is 80 ~ 800 DEG C, and the reaction time is 0.01 ~ 120min, and rear standing cooling, obtains mixture C; The compound of platinum is added in mixture C and mixes, obtain mixture D; Microwave irradiation is carried out to mixture D, reaction temperature is 80 ~ 800 DEG C, reaction time is 0.01 ~ 120min, rear leaving standstill cools, and obtains mixture E, is catalyst after washing drying, but this patent needs the Microwave Assisted Process used, this patent is the simplest " one kettle way ", i.e. immersion reduction method just, simple to operate; Above-mentioned experiment reaction temperature is higher, just can carry out under this patent reaction normal temperature; Above-mentioned patent employs comparatively complicated surfactant, and this patent only employs prevailing stabilizer trisodium citrate etc.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to solve the bad problem of Pt-Ni/C catalyst stability, this preparation method's process is simple, with low cost, to the successful that catalyst stability promotes.
Object of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
There is a preparation method for the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure, adopt following steps:
(1) stabilizer is dissolved in deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) precursor solution of the platinum prepared and nickel is added in above-mentioned solution;
(3) add in the charcoal slurry handled well after solution magnetic agitation 1h step (2) obtained;
(4) reductant solution is added drop-wise in the solution of step (3), magnetic agitation 2h;
(5) by the solution suction filtration that step (4) obtains, controlling baking temperature is 80 DEG C, vacuumize 6-10h;
(6) removal alloying process: take dried powder and be dissolved in deionized water for ultrasonic 10-30min, add the H of 1M
2sO
4and 1MHNO
3the mixed solution of configuration, magnetic agitation 12-24h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 6-10h under 80 DEG C of conditions, namely prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell PtNi/C nanocatalyst with hollow structure.
Stabilizer described in step (1) is selected from one or more in trisodium citrate, citric acid tri potassium or softex kw.
In step (2), platinum presoma is potassium chloroplatinate or hydration chloroplatinic acid, and nickel presoma is hydrated nickel chloride or hydration nickel acetate.Stabilizer in solution and the mass ratio of metal ion are 5:1.
Charcoal slurry in step (3) adopts following methods process: carbon black XC-72R is added ultrasonic disperse 10-30min in absolute ethyl alcohol.
Reductant solution described in step (4) is sodium borohydride solution and/or solution of potassium borohydride, reductant solution is added drop-wise in the solution of step (3) through syringe pump or peristaltic pump, and the mass ratio of reducing agent and metal ion in solution is 5:1.
Because Ni is easily dissolved in acid solution, this brings certain impact with regard to giving Pt-Ni/C catalyst performance in an acidic solution, and the present invention is intended to address this problem.The Pt-Ni/C catalyst prepared is stirred 12-24h in mixed acid solution, then suction filtration, 80 DEG C of vacuumizes, can play the effect of removal alloying like this, and the layer of Ni of PtNi alloy surface can be allowed to be dissolved in acid, thus play the effect improving stability.
Electro-chemical test is carried out to the catalyst through removal alloying, finds that its active and stability comparatively all improves before removal alloying.The method has certain help for the stability and activity solving fuel cell Pt-Ni/C catalyst, and the research for other kind catalyst also has certain inspiration.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is catalyst circulation volt-ampere curve comparison diagram;
Fig. 2 is catalyst time current curve comparison figure;
Fig. 3 is the SEM photo of the Pt-Ni/C catalyst of embodiment 1 gained.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the present invention is described in detail.
Embodiment 1
A preparation method for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell anode Pt-Ni/C catalyst, specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) 0.2718g trisodium citrate stabilizer is dissolved in 20ml deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) by 2ml, 0.02MH
2ptCl
66H
2the platinum precursor solution of O and 2.65ml, 0.05MNiC
4h
6o
44H
2o nickel precursor solution adds in above-mentioned solution;
(3) will add the charcoal slurry handled well in advance after the solution magnetic agitation 1h of (2), the processing method of charcoal slurry is: the XC-72R of 0.0235g adds the ultrasonic 30min of ethanol solution of 10ml;
(4) by the NaBH of 0.1g
4joining the dropwise forming reducing agent in 10ml deionized water is added drop-wise in the solution of (3), and whole dropping process is carried out in ice bath, magnetic agitation 2h;
(5) by the solution suction filtration of (4), vacuumize 6h, baking temperature is 80 DEG C;
(6) catalyst obtained by said process carries out removal alloying process, takes the dried catalyst fines of 30mg and is dissolved in 10ml deionized water for ultrasonic 30min, adds the acid solution 40ml prepared in advance and forms 1MH
2sO
4+ 1MHNO
3mixed solution, magnetic agitation 12h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 6h under 80 DEG C of conditions, prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst with hollow structure, and its TEM photo as shown in Figure 3.
(7) carry out electro-chemical test to the catalyst that above-mentioned (6) are handled well, tester is occasion China 660C electrochemical workstation, and test environment is room temperature.The compound method of test fluid: 2.5mg catalyst, 500 μ lC
2h
5oH, 500 μ l deionized waters and the ultrasonic 30min of 120 μ lNafion solution.Be added to glass-carbon electrode that diameter is 2mm dries naturally by the above-mentioned test droplets that liquid-transfering gun gets 2.6 μ l and carry out corresponding electro-chemical test, Fig. 1 is cyclic voltammetry curve comparison diagram, and Fig. 2 is time current curve comparison figure.Wherein, the PtNi/C catalyst peak current 162.6mA/cm of the hollow structure of two step synthesis of the present invention
2(601.1mA/mg) (first oxidation peak is a peak on right side in the drawings); Current density after time current curve chart 3600s is 11.6mA/cm
2, primary data is infinitely great, does not have reference significance.One-step method (conventional immersion reduction method) catalyst peak current 63.9mA/cm
2(236.4mA/mg), JM commercial catalysts (ten thousand rich commercial catalysts are believed in the village) peak current 47.7mA/cm
2(176.5mA/mg).
Embodiment 2
A preparation method for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell anode Pt-Ni/C catalyst, specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) 0.2718g trisodium citrate stabilizer is dissolved in 20ml deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) by 2ml, 0.02MH
2ptCl
66H
2the platinum precursor solution of O and 2.65ml, 0.05MNiC
4h
6o
44H
2o nickel precursor solution adds in above-mentioned solution;
(3) will add the charcoal slurry handled well in advance after the solution magnetic agitation 1h of (2), the processing method of charcoal slurry is: the XC-72R of 0.0235g adds the ultrasonic 30min of ethanol solution of 10ml;
(4) by the NaBH of 0.1g
4joining the dropwise forming reducing agent in 10ml deionized water is added drop-wise in the solution of (3), and whole dropping process is carried out in ice bath, magnetic agitation 2h;
(5) by the solution suction filtration of (4), vacuumize 6h, baking temperature is 80 DEG C;
(6) catalyst obtained by said process carries out removal alloying process, takes the dried catalyst fines of 30mg and is dissolved in 10ml deionized water for ultrasonic 30min, adds the acid solution 40ml prepared in advance and forms 1MH
2sO
4+ 1MHNO
3mixed solution, magnetic agitation 18h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 6h under 80 DEG C of conditions, prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst with hollow structure.
(7) carry out electro-chemical test to the catalyst that above-mentioned (6) are handled well, tester is occasion China 660C electrochemical workstation, and test environment is room temperature.The compound method of test fluid: 2.5mg catalyst, 500 μ lC2H5OH, 500 μ l deionized waters and the ultrasonic 30min of 120 μ lNafion solution.Be added to glass-carbon electrode that diameter is 2mm dries naturally by the above-mentioned test droplets that liquid-transfering gun gets 2.6 μ l and carry out corresponding electro-chemical test.
Embodiment 3
A preparation method for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell anode Pt-Ni/C catalyst, specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) 0.2718g trisodium citrate stabilizer is dissolved in 20ml deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) by 2ml, 0.02MH
2ptCl
66H
2the platinum precursor solution of O and 2.65ml, 0.05MNiC
4h
6o
44H
2o nickel precursor solution adds in above-mentioned solution;
(3) will add the charcoal slurry handled well in advance after the solution magnetic agitation 1h of (2), the processing method of charcoal slurry is: the XC-72R of 0.0235g adds the ultrasonic 30min of ethanol solution of 10ml;
(4) by the NaBH of 0.1g
4joining the dropwise forming reducing agent in 10ml deionized water is added drop-wise in the solution of (3), and whole dropping process is carried out in ice bath, magnetic agitation 2h;
(5) by the solution suction filtration of (4), vacuumize 6h, baking temperature is 80 DEG C;
(6) catalyst obtained by said process carries out removal alloying process, takes the dried catalyst fines of 30mg and is dissolved in 10ml deionized water for ultrasonic 30min, adds the acid solution 40ml prepared in advance and forms 1MH
2sO
4+ 1MHNO
3mixed solution, magnetic agitation 24h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 6h under 80 DEG C of conditions, prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst with hollow structure.
(7) carry out electro-chemical test to the catalyst that above-mentioned (6) are handled well, tester is occasion China 660C electrochemical workstation, and test environment is room temperature.The compound method of test fluid: 2.5mg catalyst, 500 μ lC2H5OH, 500 μ l deionized waters and the ultrasonic 30min of 120 μ lNafion solution.Be added to glass-carbon electrode that diameter is 2mm dries naturally by the above-mentioned test droplets that liquid-transfering gun gets 2.6 μ l and carry out corresponding electro-chemical test.
Embodiment 4
A preparation method for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell anode Pt-Ni/C catalyst, specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) 0.2718g trisodium citrate stabilizer is dissolved in 20ml deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) by 2ml, 0.02MH
2ptCl
66H
2the platinum precursor solution of O and 2.65ml, 0.05MNiC
4h
6o
44H
2o nickel precursor solution adds in above-mentioned solution;
(3) will add the charcoal slurry handled well in advance after the solution magnetic agitation 1h of (2), the processing method of charcoal slurry is: the XC-72R of 0.0235g adds the ultrasonic 30min of ethanol solution of 10ml;
(4) by the NaBH of 0.1g
4joining the dropwise forming reducing agent in 10ml deionized water is added drop-wise in the solution of (3), and whole dropping process is carried out in ice bath, magnetic agitation 2h;
(5) by the solution suction filtration of (4), vacuumize 6h, baking temperature is 80 DEG C;
(6) catalyst obtained by said process carries out removal alloying process, takes the dried catalyst fines of 30mg and is dissolved in 10ml deionized water for ultrasonic 30min, adds the acid solution 40ml prepared in advance and forms 1MH
2sO
4+ 1MHNO
3mixed solution, magnetic agitation 24h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 10h under 80 DEG C of conditions, prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst with hollow structure.
(7) carry out electro-chemical test to the catalyst that above-mentioned (6) are handled well, tester is occasion China 660C electrochemical workstation, and test environment is room temperature.The compound method of test fluid: 2.5mg catalyst, 500 μ lC2H5OH, 500 μ l deionized waters and the ultrasonic 30min of 120 μ lNafion solution.Be added to glass-carbon electrode that diameter is 2mm dries naturally by the above-mentioned test droplets that liquid-transfering gun gets 2.6 μ l and carry out corresponding electro-chemical test.
Embodiment 5
There is a preparation method for the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure, adopt following steps:
(1) stabilizer trisodium citrate is dissolved in deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) add in above-mentioned solution by the precursor solution of the potassium chloroplatinate prepared and hydrated nickel chloride, the stabilizer in solution and the mass ratio of metal ion are 5:1;
(3) add after solution magnetic agitation 1h step (2) obtained in the charcoal slurry handled well, charcoal slurry adopts following methods process: carbon black XC-72R is added ultrasonic disperse 10min in absolute ethyl alcohol;
(4) be added drop-wise to through syringe pump in the solution of step (3) by sodium borohydride solution, magnetic agitation 2h, the mass ratio of sodium borohydride and metal ion in solution is 5:1;
(5) by the solution suction filtration that step (4) obtains, controlling baking temperature is 80 DEG C, vacuumize 6h;
(6) removal alloying process: take dried powder and be dissolved in deionized water for ultrasonic 10min, add the H of 1M
2sO
4and 1MHNO
3the mixed solution of configuration, magnetic agitation 12h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 6h under 80 DEG C of conditions, namely prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell PtNi/C nanocatalyst with hollow structure.
Embodiment 6
There is a preparation method for the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure, adopt following steps:
(1) stabilizer citric acid tri potassium is dissolved in deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) add in above-mentioned solution by the precursor solution of the potassium chloroplatinate prepared and hydration nickel acetate, the stabilizer in solution and the mass ratio of metal ion are 5:1;
(3) add after solution magnetic agitation 1h step (2) obtained in the charcoal slurry handled well, charcoal slurry adopts following methods process: carbon black XC-72R is added ultrasonic disperse 10min in absolute ethyl alcohol;
(4) be added drop-wise to through syringe pump in the solution of step (3) by solution of potassium borohydride, magnetic agitation 2h, the mass ratio of potassium borohydride and metal ion in solution is 5:1;
(5) by the solution suction filtration that step (4) obtains, controlling baking temperature is 80 DEG C, vacuumize 10h;
(6) removal alloying process: take dried powder and be dissolved in deionized water for ultrasonic 30min, add the H of 1M
2sO
4and 1MHNO
3the mixed solution of configuration, magnetic agitation 24h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 10h under 80 DEG C of conditions, namely prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell PtNi/C nanocatalyst with hollow structure.
In sum, the preparation method of a kind of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell anode Pt-Ni/C catalyst provided by the invention, the catalyst stability of acquisition is good, and catalytic activity is excellent, has certain reference function to the research of fuel-cell catalyst.
The above is only the citing of embodiments of the present invention; it should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite not departing from the technology of the present invention principle; can also make some improvement and modification, these improve and modification also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. have a preparation method for the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure, it is characterized in that, the method adopts following steps:
(1) stabilizer is dissolved in deionized water forms stable solution;
(2) precursor solution of the platinum prepared and nickel is added in above-mentioned solution;
(3) add in the charcoal slurry handled well after solution magnetic agitation 1h step (2) obtained;
(4) reductant solution is added drop-wise in the solution of step (3), magnetic agitation 2h;
(5) by the solution suction filtration that step (4) obtains, controlling baking temperature is 80 DEG C, vacuumize 6-10h;
(6) removal alloying process: take dried powder and be dissolved in deionized water for ultrasonic 10-30min, add the H of 1M
2sO
4and 1MHNO
3the mixed solution of configuration, magnetic agitation 12-24h, then suction filtration, vacuumize 6-10h under 80 DEG C of conditions, namely prepares the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell PtNi/C nanocatalyst with hollow structure.
2. a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the stabilizer described in step (1) is selected from one or more in trisodium citrate, citric acid tri potassium or softex kw.
3. a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in step (2), platinum presoma is potassium chloroplatinate or hydration chloroplatinic acid, and nickel presoma is hydrated nickel chloride or hydration nickel acetate.
4. a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the stabilizer in step (2) in solution and the mass ratio of metal ion are 5:1.
5. a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the charcoal slurry in step (3) adopts following methods process: carbon black XC-72R is added ultrasonic disperse 10-30min in absolute ethyl alcohol.
6. a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the reductant solution described in step (4) is sodium borohydride solution and/or solution of potassium borohydride.
7. a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the reductant solution in step (4) is added drop-wise in the solution of step (3) through syringe pump or peristaltic pump.
8. a kind of preparation method with the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell catalyst of hollow structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (4), the mass ratio of reducing agent and metal ion in solution is 5:1.
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CN105845952A (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2016-08-10 | 上海电力学院 | Preparation method for positive electrode catalyst of fuel cell |
CN107552044A (en) * | 2017-09-28 | 2018-01-09 | 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所 | A kind of effectively elementization noble metal simultaneously lifts the preparation method of its electrocatalysis characteristic |
CN108075143A (en) * | 2016-11-18 | 2018-05-25 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | A kind of preparation method and application of loaded PtCu nano hollow structures catalyst |
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CN108963284A (en) * | 2018-07-25 | 2018-12-07 | 南京大学 | A kind of preparation method of high activity platinum nickel C catalyst |
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CN105845952A (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2016-08-10 | 上海电力学院 | Preparation method for positive electrode catalyst of fuel cell |
CN105845952B (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2018-04-06 | 上海电力学院 | A kind of preparation method of fuel battery anode catalyst |
CN108075143A (en) * | 2016-11-18 | 2018-05-25 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | A kind of preparation method and application of loaded PtCu nano hollow structures catalyst |
CN107552044A (en) * | 2017-09-28 | 2018-01-09 | 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所 | A kind of effectively elementization noble metal simultaneously lifts the preparation method of its electrocatalysis characteristic |
CN107552044B (en) * | 2017-09-28 | 2020-04-28 | 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所 | Preparation method for effectively liquefying noble metal and improving electrocatalysis performance of noble metal |
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CN108963284A (en) * | 2018-07-25 | 2018-12-07 | 南京大学 | A kind of preparation method of high activity platinum nickel C catalyst |
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