CN105008174A - 用于电动车辆的充电设备 - Google Patents
用于电动车辆的充电设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于电动车辆(1)的充电设备,所述电动车辆能够通过电蓄能器(2)进行驱动,其中,所述充电设备包括在电动车辆(1)外的充电接口(5),所述充电接口在输入端上能通过来自外部三相交流电网的三相交流电流进行馈电并且在输出端上提供充电电流,所述充电电流能经由充电电缆(4)供应给电动车辆(1)用于给电蓄能器(2)充电。按照本发明的充电设备具有如下特征,所述充电接口(5)具有转换装置(6),所述转换装置用于将三相交流电流转换为单相交流电流作为充电电流,所述转换装置在运行时将单相交流电流的导通相上的相负载基本上均匀地分布到三相交流电流的三个导通相上。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于电动车辆的充电设备。
背景技术
由现有技术已知,设有用于驱动电动车辆的电蓄能器通过单相交流电流充电***进行充电。在此,单相交流电流由电流接口经由充电电缆供应到相应的车辆侧的接口。所述交流电流在车辆中通过充电仪转换为直流电流,所述直流电流用于给电蓄能器进行充电。
例如在私人家用中使用的传统的电流接口虽然已经提供单相交流电流,但是这种接口的功率限制为最大3.7kW或16A。因此这种接口不适合所谓的车辆中的电蓄能器的快速充电功能,对于该快速充电功能通常需要7.4kW的功率或32A的电流。虽然可以在必要时将传统的单相电流接口设计为功率更强,但是对此通常需要改变配电安装直至电力供应商的配电网,这是与高耗费相联系的。
文献DE 10 2011 007 839 A1公开了不同的车辆充电设备,在这些车辆充电设备中通过外部交流电网接口能实现利用单相或三相交流电流对电动车辆的电蓄能器充电。此外,这些充电设备可以用于对电动车辆进行直流充电。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于,提供一种用于电动车辆的充电设备,利用所述充电设备能以简单的方式实现利用单相交流电流给电动车辆的电蓄能器高效地充电。
该任务通过按照权利要求1所述的充电设备得到解决。本发明的进一步扩展方案定义在从属权利要求中。
按照本发明的充电设备设置用于如下的电动车辆,所述电动车辆能够通过电蓄能器(例如通过蓄电池)进行驱动。在此,电动车辆的概念应宽泛地理解并且包括每种如下的机动车类型,所述机动车具有用于驱动所述机动车的电蓄能器,例如纯电动车辆或必要时混合动力车辆。按照本发明的充电设备包括在电动车辆外的充电接口,所述充电接口在输入端上能通过来自外部三相交流电网的三相交流电流进行馈电并且在输出端上提供充电电流,所述充电电流能经由充电电缆供应给电动车辆用于对电蓄能器充电。在此,优选地所述充电电缆与充电接口固定地连接,亦即,所述电缆不能通过插头***去除。在这种情况下,充电电缆可被视为该充电设备的一部分。充电接口的概念在此以及在以下应宽泛理解并且此外可以包括墙盒、充电站或EVSE(EVSE=电动车辆供应设备)。特别是,所述充电接口必要时也可以是充电电缆的组成部分。
按照本发明的充电设备具有如下特征,所述充电设备的充电接口具有转换装置,所述转换装置用于将三相交流电流转换为单相交流电流作为充电电流,其中,如此构造所述转换装置,使得单相交流电流的导通相(Leitungsphase)上的相负载或相电流基本上均匀地分布到三相交流电流的三个导通相上。在此本发明基于如下知识,利用相应的充电设备可以将交流电网的三相交流电流通过转换为单相交流电流用于给电动车辆进行充电,而在此并不是仅在交流电网的一个相上不均匀地提高相负载。由此可以给电动车辆供给更高的电流,这还将导致电蓄能器的更快速的充电。此外,相比于直接来自外部交流电网的单相充电,零线上的负载保持得低,如在详细说明中更详细描述的那样。因此按照本发明的充电设备能实现降低对外部交流电网的反作用。
在此,相应的具有以上特征的转换装置的实现处于本领域技术人员处理的范围内。虽然如此,用于给电动车辆的电蓄能器进行单相交流电流充电的这种转换装置的应用并不由现有技术所已知。在一种优选的实施形式中,所述转换装置包括AC/DC/AC转换器(也称作中间电路变流器),所述AC/DC/AC转换器将三相交流电流转化为直流电流并且将该直流电流转换为单相交流电流。
在一种特别优选的构造形式中,所述转换装置设计为用于转换(最大)16A相电流的三相交流电流,亦即,所述充电设备适合于安装在传统的配电中以及特别是在私人家用的配电中。此外,所述转换装置优选地设计为用于提供(最大)32A的相电流的单相交流电流。由此能够实现用于电动车辆的单相交流电流快速充电功能。
在另一种特别优选的实施形式中,所述充电接口包括控制单元,该控制单元能够通过在充电电缆中的通信线路与电动车辆进行通信以用于控制电蓄能器的充电过程。这种控制单元是已知的并且通常利用所谓的控制触点用于在控制单元与车辆之间通过通信线路建立连接。
在另一种优选的实施形式中,所述充电接口此外包括AC/DC转换器,该AC/DC转换器用于将三相交流电流转换为直流电流作为充电电流。由此所述充电接口还可以附加地用于给电动车辆进行直流电流充电。在此优选地,所述充电接口具有多级开关,所述多级开关具有一个第一切换级以及至少一个第二切换级,所述开关能通过控制单元进行控制,其中,在第一切换级中,AC/DC转换器与外部的三相交流电网电连接并且在第二切换级中按照本发明的转换装置与外部的三相交流电网电连接。此外,必要时可以设置另外的第二切换级,在所述另外的第二切换级中,外部的三相交流电网在绕过转换装置的情况下直接与充电接口的三相交流电流接口相连接用于提供三相交流电流作为充电电流。
在另一种优选的实施形式中,所述充电接口包括多个电连接端子,所述电连接端子与充电电缆的电导线占线相同地能连接或相连接,其中,通过多个电连接端子至少提供单相交流电流的导通相和中性相以及接地线。
在所述充电设备也能实现直流电流充电的功能的情况下,所述多个电连接端子此外还包括用于提供来自AC/DC转换器的直流电流的两个连接端子。在一种特别优选的实施形式中,所述充电设备在此类似于上面所述的文献DE 10 2011 007 839 A1的如下充电设备进行构造,所述充电设备设置用于通过单相交流电网进行单相交流电流充电。但是所述转换装置附加地设置用于将三相交流电流转换为单相交流电流。优选地,所述多个电连接端子此外还包括一个用于连接上面所描述的在充电电缆中的通信线路的连接端子。文献DE 10 2011 007 839A1的全部公开通过参考作为本申请的内容。
在本发明的另一种构造形式中,所述充电接口的三相交流电流接口在绕过转换装置的情况下能直接与外部三相交流电网相连接。这可以通过相应的切换装置得到实现,所述切换装置优选地通过上面所描述的控制单元进行操控。
在本发明另一种变型中,其中设置有AC/DC转换器用于直流电流充电以及将转换装置构造为AC/DC/AC转换器,在提供单相交流电流作为充电电流时,所述AC/DC转换器为AC/DC/AC转换器的一个转换级。这可以通过在AC/DC转换器的输出侧上的切换装置得到实现,所述切换装置优选通过上面所描述的控制单元进行操控。
在一种特别优选的实施形式中,所述充电接口设置为基于标准IEC 62196给电动车辆的电蓄能器进行充电。亦即,所有的用于将充电电缆连接到车辆上的插头插口连接以及该标准的所有充电模式也可以在本发明的充电设备中实现,只要相应的连接或相应的充电模式能够实现单相的交流电流充电。
附图说明
以下将根据附图详细描述本发明的实施例。
图中:
图1示出在家用中传统的配电的例子,在所述配电中可以安装按照本发明的充电设备;
图2示出借助于图1中的家用配电对车辆进行传统的单相交流电流充电的示意图;
图3示出借助于按照本发明的充电站的一个实施形式进行单相交流电流充电的示意图,所述充电站安装在图1的家用配电中。
图4示出在图3的充电站中构建的转换装置的一个变型的示意图;以及
图5示出如下图表,所述图表示例性地将在应用按照本发明的充电站的情况下所出现的相负载与在没有应用该充电站的情况下的相负载进行对比;以及
图6至图8示出按照本发明的充电站的不同变型的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1以示意图示出在私人家用中传统的配电的例子。所示出的配电以已知的方式包括用户引入线HA,通过所述用户引入线提供来自能量供应商的外部三相交流电网的三个导通相L1、L2和L3以及中性相N的交流电流。在此所描述的实施形式中,交流电网为230V电网。然而,本发明也可以用于其它的电压范围中的交流电网。所述用户引入线借助于三个保险装置F防止过载电流。在此所描述的实施形式涉及50A的保险装置。
实际的家用配电***HV连接到所述用户引入线HA上,在家用配电***中设置有三个用于所述三相L1至L3的35A的保险装置F'以及故障电流保护装置RCD和接地线PE。在房屋中相应的电流接口或插座上提供交流电流的各个相,所述电流接口或插座在图1中标记为A1至A11。接口A1和A2涉及三相接口,以及接口A3至A11涉及单相接口。连接到所述接口的相应相线又利用16A保险装置F"进行保护,为清楚起见,所述保险装置仅部分地以该附图标记进行标记。通常,所述三相交流电流接口A1和A2设置用于家用的电炉或者为所谓的CEE插座或特定于各国家的其他三相电网接口,三相消耗器可以连接到所述接口上。其它接口A3至A11用于在家用空间中的各个消耗器的传统插座。在此所描述的实施形式中基于端口A2为CEE插座,该CEE插座设置在家用车库中并且其在此所描述的本发明的实施形式范围内使用于给车辆的电蓄能器进行充电。
图2示出具有单相交流电流充电***的电动车辆,利用该充电***能实现对车辆的电蓄能器进行快速充电。
在此,所述车辆以附图标记1以及所述车辆的电蓄能器以标记2进行标记。为了进行交流电流充电设置有以AC/DC转换器为形式的内部充电仪3,所述AC/DC转换器将所提供的单相交流电流转换为相应的直流电流用于给电蓄能器充电。在快速充电的范围内可以给电蓄能器2供应电流为32A直至7.4kW的功率。
为了在按照图1的传统的家用配电中给车辆进行充电,所述车辆必须连接到家用配电的单相接口上。在图2的情况下这通过接口A3实现。在此,充电电缆4在用户引入线侧通过相应的接口IF1以及在车辆侧通过接口IF2在车辆1和单相交流电流接口A3之间建立电连接。然而在此存在如下问题,单相接口A3的导通相仅针对16A的相电流设计。因此所述快速充电功能则不能在车辆1中使用,而是所述车辆以较低的功率进行充电。
虽然具有如下可能性,在家用配电中构建具有32A的相电流的单相交流电流接口。但是在此要在能量供应商处申请用户引入线的超载负载。在此在家用配电中并且在极端情况下由能量供应商的转送站直至家庭必须铺设分开的导线。此外必须部分地构建另外的保险装置或另外的故障电流保护装置,所述保险装置和故障电流保护装置针对较高电流设计。这与非常高的耗费相联系。此外,这种单相的32A接口具有如下缺点,由于在对车辆快速充电时高的单相负载导致在家用配电或相连接的配电网中的非对称的相负载,这可能导致各个保险装置以及类似物的故障、过载。
为了绕过上面所述的问题,按照本发明使用以在车辆外的外部充电站为形式的充电设备,该充电设备在图3中以标记5给出。充电站的概念应宽泛地理解并且可以包括车辆外每种类型的外部充电接口。所述充电站耦合在三相交流电流接口A2上并且将三相交流电流转换成单相交流电流,所述单相交流电流通过相应的接口IF1和IF2以及充电电缆4供应给车辆中的充电仪3并且由那里供应给电蓄能器2。在此,所述充电站5包括相应的转换装置6,所述转换装置在此所描述的实施形式中实施为AC/DC/AC转换器(见图4)。此外,所述充电站以本身已知的方式包括控制单元7,所述控制单元可以通过在充电电缆中的通信线路与车辆1的相应的控制仪(未示出)进行通信。
在此所描述的实施形式中,所述充电过程以本身已知的方式基于标准IEC 62196运行,其中使用所述标准的合适的插头插口***用于将充电电缆连接到车辆上。充电站的控制单元与车辆之间的通信通过本身已知的充电电缆中的控制线路运行。此外在插头和插口之间设置有邻近触点,通过所述邻近触点借助于电阻编码确定充电电缆的最大载流能力。在交流电流充电的范围内,标准IEC 62196的所有插头***或充电模式都可以被使用,只要它们能实现单相交流电流充电。必要时,所述插头***也可以为组合插头,所述组合插头附加地能实现电蓄能器2的直流电流充电。在这种情况下,在充电站5中集成其他的AC/DC转换器。
图4再次以示意图示出图3中的转换装置6的构造形式。如前所述,所述转换装置为AC/DC/AC转换器,其结构本身由现有技术已知。所述转换器具有AC/DC转换器601,所述转换器具有以相应的线路L1、L2、L3和N为形式的三相交流电流的输入端。所述转换器601在输出侧产生直流电流,所述直流电流紧接着通过DC/AC转换器602转换为具有相L1和N的单相交流电流。此外接地线PE在转换器之间延伸,所述接地线未在图4中给出。
利用图3中的充电站能在充电站5的输入端处的相线上以对称的相负载实现车辆侧的32A充电电流的快速充电。这将再次在图5的图表中进行阐明。在该图表中示例性地对在图1的家用配电中以在各个相L1、L2、L3和N上(亦即在故障保护装置RCD后的线路上)的相应电流的基本负载通过白色条形B进行表示,所述白色条形出于清楚起见仅部分地配设有该标记。
在此,图5中示出不同的方案,所述不同的方案通过D1、D2和D3进行表示。所述方案D1在此示出单纯的基本负载而没有通过充电站5对车辆的充电过程。按照D2的方案涉及利用家用配电的单相交流电流接口进行单相交流电流快速充电,所述单相交流电流接口如前所述通过改变用户安装而针对32A进行设计。如通过阴影条形B'所表示的那样,线路L1上的单相充电电流导致不对称的相负载并且因此导致零线N的强负荷。按照D3所述的方案示出借助于按照本发明的充电站对车辆进行单相快速充电。如已经知道的那样,在充电站的输出端上的不对称的相负载由于充电站中的转换导致附加的对称的相负载,其中在每个导通相上出现约为充电站的输出电流的三分之一的附加电流,如通过加点条形B"进行表示。因此车辆的单相快速充电对负载分布不具有负面影响并且不产生附加的零线负载。
图6示出按照本发明的充电站的一种优选的实施形式。所述充电站以本身已知的方式包括用于连接控制信号接口PI的控制单元7并且包括接地线PE。此外,所述充电站如前所述地包括以AC/DC/AC转换器为形式的转换装置6,所述AC/DC/AC转换器具有AC/DC转换器601作为第一转换级以及DC/AC转换器602作为第二转换级。所述转换器引导至交流电流接口AC,在所述交流电流接口上提供32A的单相交流电流。此外,设置另一个交流电流接口AC',在所述交流电流接口上提供16A的三相交流电流。所述充电站利用来自外部交流电网的三相交流电流通过电网接口8馈电。除了所述两个交流电流接口AC和AC'此外还可以设置其他的接口,如通过线L示意性表示的那样。其他的接口例如可以是用于直流充电的接口。必要时所述接口AC和AC'可以综合成一个接口。
按照图6的实施形式设有如下开关9,利用所述开关根据需要利用单相交流电流通过接口AC'或利用三相交流电流通过接口AC或者必要时以另外的方式通过其他接口实现充电。通过对开关9的相应位置的选择可以选择相应的充电类型。在此,在最上面的开关位置中确保具有对称相负载的单相交流电流充电。在中间的开关位置中,其中电网接口8直接与接口AC'相连接,能实现三相交流电流充电。下面的开关位置能够通过其他的接口实现充电,例如直流电流接口。在图6中所示的充电站中可以涉及按照标准IEC 62196的充电站。
图7和图8涉及按照本发明的充电站的其他改型,其中,使用在图6中相同的标记表示相同的元件。所述相应的元件不再详细地描述。在图7的实施形式中不再存在开关9以及接口AC'。对此设置接口DC用于直流电流充电以及切换装置10,所述切换装置可以断开或者闭合AC/DC转换器601与接口DC之间的连接并且所述切换装置可以断开或者闭合AC/DC转换器601和DC/AC转换器602之间的连接。图7的变型具有如下特征,所述AC/DC转换器不仅用作转换装置6的一部分也用作AC/DC转换器用于直流电流充电。这通过切换装置10相应的开关位置实现。在图7中所示的开关位置中利用单相交流电流通过接口AC进行充电。在切换到如下开关位置后,在所述位置处建立至接口DC的连接并且断开转换器601与转换器602之间的连接,在应用AC/DC转换器601的情况下通过接口DC实现直流电流充电。
图8示出图7的充电站的一个改型。区别于图7,所述充电站附加地包括三相交流电流接口AC',借助于开关9可以给所述三相交流电流接口直接供应来自电网接口8的三相交流电流。此外,所述充电站类似于图7的实施形式利用单相交流电流通过接口AC或利用直流电流通过接口DC实现充电。图8的充电站在此为在文件DE 10 2011007 839 A1中所描述的充电站扩展了用于进行单相交流电流充电的接口。
在上文中所描述的本发明的实施形式具有一系列优点。特别是通过在车辆外的充电设备或充电站实现车辆的单相快速充电,而不必进行对配电的改变,车辆通过所述充电设备或充电站吸收充电电流。特别是,充电设备的输入端上的电缆仅针对对称的相负载的电流进行设计并且不针对电动车辆所需的最大电流进行设计。同时能够防止,高的单个相负载导致在配电中零线的过载,这又可能引起配电或配电网中的故障。
附图标记列表
L1、L2、L3 导通相
N 中性相
HA 用户引入线
HV 家用配电
F、F'、F" 保险装置
PE 接地线
RCD 故障电流保护装置
A1、A2、...、A11 电流接口
IF1、IF2 接口
1 电动车辆
2 电蓄能器
3 充电仪
4 充电电缆
5 充电站
6 转换装置
601 AC/DC转换器
602 DC/AC转换器
7 控制单元
8 电网接口
9 开关
10 切换装置
PI 控制信号接口
AC、AC' 交流电流接口
DC 直流电流接口
L 线
D1、D2、D3 图表
I 电流
B、B'、B" 条形
Claims (13)
1.用于电动车辆(1)的充电设备,所述电动车辆能够通过电蓄能器(2)进行驱动,其中,所述充电设备包括在电动车辆(1)外的充电接口(5),所述充电接口在输入端上能通过来自外部三相交流电网的三相交流电流进行馈电并且在输出端上提供充电电流,所述充电电流能经由充电电缆(4)供应给电动车辆(1)用于给电蓄能器(2)充电,其特征在于,所述充电接口(5)具有转换装置(6),所述转换装置用于将三相交流电流转换为单相交流电流作为充电电流,所述转换装置在运行时将单相交流电流的导通相上的相负载基本上均匀地分布到三相交流电流的三个导通相上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述转换装置(6)包括AC/DC/AC转换器,所述AC/DC/AC转换器将三相交流电流转换为直流电流并且将该直流电流转换为单相交流电流。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述转换装置(6)设计用于对直至16A的相电流的三相交流电流进行转换。
4.根据以上权利要求之一所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述转换装置(6)设计用于提供直至32A的相电流的单相交流电流。
5.根据以上权利要求之一所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述充电接口(5)包括如下控制单元(7),所述控制单元能够通过在充电电缆(4)中的通信线路与电动车辆(1)进行通信以用于控制电蓄能器(2)的充电过程。
6.根据以上权利要求之一所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述充电接口(5)此外包括AC/DC转换器用于将三相交流电流转换为直流电流作为充电电流。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述充电接口(5)包括多级开关,所述多级开关包括一个第一切换级以及至少一个第二切换级,所述多级开关能通过控制单元(7)进行控制,其中,在第一切换级中,AC/DC转换器与外部的三相交流电网电连接,并且在第二切换级中,转换装置(6)与外部的三相交流电网电连接,其中,优选地设有另外的第二切换级,在所述另外的第二切换级中,外部的三相交流电网在绕过转换装置(6)的情况下直接与充电接口(5)的三相交流电流接口(AC')相连接用于提供三相交流电流作为充电电流。
8.根据以上权利要求之一所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述充电接口(5)包括多个电连接端子,所述电连接端子与充电电缆(4)的电导线占线相同地能连接或相连接,其中,通过多个电连接端子至少提供单相交流电流的导通相和中性相以及接地线。
9.根据权利要求8结合权利要求6或7所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述多个电连接端子此外包括两个连接端子用于提供来自AC/DC转换器的直流电流。
10.根据权利要求8或9结合权利要求5所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述多个电连接端子此外包括连接端子用于与充电电缆(4)中的通信线路进行连接。
11.根据以上权利要求之一的充电设备,其特征在于,所述充电接口(5)的三相交流电流接口(AC')在绕过转换装置(6)的情况下能直接与外部三相交流电网进行连接。
12.根据以上权利要求之一结合权利要求2和6所述的充电设备,其特征在于,在提供单相交流电流作为充电电流的情况下,所述AC/DC转换器(601)为AC/DC/AC转换器(6)的一个转换级。
13.根据以上权利要求之一所述的充电设备,其特征在于,所述充电接口(5)设计用于基于标准IEC 62196给电动车辆(1)的电蓄能器(2)进行充电。
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