CN1049550A - 控制流化床反应器再循环速率的方法和*** - Google Patents

控制流化床反应器再循环速率的方法和*** Download PDF

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CN1049550A
CN1049550A CN90107036.XA CN90107036A CN1049550A CN 1049550 A CN1049550 A CN 1049550A CN 90107036 A CN90107036 A CN 90107036A CN 1049550 A CN1049550 A CN 1049550A
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伊格包尔·法茨奥巴斯·阿布杜劳
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/18Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
    • B01J8/1845Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with particles moving upwards while fluidised
    • B01J8/1863Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with particles moving upwards while fluidised followed by a downward movement outside the reactor and subsequently re-entering it
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
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    • B01J8/24Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
    • B01J8/26Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with two or more fluidised beds, e.g. reactor and regeneration installations
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/005Fluidised bed combustion apparatus comprising two or more beds
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/02Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed
    • F23C10/04Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
    • F23C10/08Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases
    • F23C10/10Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23CMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2206/00Fluidised bed combustion
    • F23C2206/10Circulating fluidised bed
    • F23C2206/101Entrained or fast fluidised bed

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Abstract

一种控制流化床反应器中密封效率和再循环速 率的***和方法,其中,空气被引入密封容器中形成 的接受从分离器来的分离后固体的两个室内。空气 沿与分离后固体通过容器的流向相反的方向引入密 封容器的两个室内。一个室位于分离器浸入管下方 并与其对准,另一个室围绕第一个室。通过每个路径 的空气流可以按需要分别调整。

Description

本发明涉及流化床反应器,更具体地说,涉及消除流化床反应器的固体再循环***中的气体回流的方法和***。
流化床反应器如气化器、蒸汽发生器、燃烧器等,是众所周知的的。在这些装置中,空气通过一个粉料床(粉料包括化石燃料如煤和煤燃烧产物硫的吸附剂),以使粉料床流态化,并促进燃料在较低温度下的燃烧。夹带的粉状固体被分离到床外并再循环流回床中。流化床产生的热有各种不同的用途,流化床具有吸引人的综合优点,如释放的热量高,吸附的硫高,产生的氧化氮低,使用的燃料灵活性大。
最典型的流化床反应器是通常被称为“发泡的”流化床,其中粉料床具有相当高的密度和轮廓分明的或离散的上表面。
在努力改进发泡床的燃烧效率、污染物发生的控制和运行调节的过程中,发展了一种利用“循环”流化床工艺的流化床反应器。依照这一工艺,流化床密度明显低于典型的发泡流化床,空气速度大于发泡床的速度,通过床的烟气夹带大量的粉状固体,显著地得到饱和。
同时,循环的流化床的特征是相当高的固体再循环量,这使得它对燃料热量的释放模式不敏感,从而尽可能减小温度的变化;因此,降低了氧化氮的生成。同时,高的固体再循环量改善了用于分离气体和固体以保证高的固体再循环的机械装置的效率。由此产生的硫吸附剂的增多和燃料停留时间的延长降低了吸附剂和燃料的消耗量。为了达到这一点,需要有一个不会限制固体流量或降低收集效率的环路密封装置。在其他场所或其他设计中(例如对于高灰燃料),可能由于将空气/气体流向上通到从分离装置延伸的浸入管而不得不影响收集效率。
当前使用的大多数循环床设计是通过调节固体再循环速率来控制负载的,有一些是通过减少环路密封***来的固体量来达到这一点的环路密封***也就是安置在外部分离装置出口和流化床再循环入口之间的密封***。但是,这通常必须用计量冷却器如螺旋水冷却器从再循环***除去固体来完成,这除了需要下游的控制设备外,还增加了机械复杂性和费用负担。
在1988年11月1日公布的转让给本发明受让人的美国专利№.4,781,574中,上述问题是这样处理的,就是在旋风分离器的分离后固体的出口处设置一个空气源,并沿与分离后固体的流动方向相反的方向将空气排入分离器。空气夹带一部分固体通过分离器流回并流到热回收区。虽然此技术使固体量能够受到控制而并不显著增加费用,但它干扰分离器的运行。
因此本发明的一个目的是提供一种方法和***,用于在流化床***中控制收集效率和再循环速率。
本发明的第二个目的是提供一种上述类型的***和方法,其中再循环速率可以按照需要提高到相当高的值和降低到相当低的值。
本发明的第三个目的是提供一种上述类型的方法和***,其中免去了计量装置和下游控制设备。
本发明的第四个目的是提供一种上述类型的***和方法,其中固体量控制是在流化床***内部完成的。
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种上述类型的***和方法,其中旋风分离器在某些选定运行参数下的运行是不受显著影响的。
为了完成上述和其它目的,空气被引入到一个密封容器中形成的用来接受从分离器来的分离后固体的两个室中。空气沿与通过容器的分离后固体流向相反的方向引入室中。一个室位于分离器浸入管下方,与分离器对准,而另一个室围绕第一个室。通过每个路径的空气流可以按需要分别调节。
结合附图参考本发明当前的最佳实施例(但只作为举例)的下述详细说明,将会更充分地理解上述简短说明以及本发明方法的其他目的、特点和优点,附图中:
图1是本发明***的示意图;
图2是沿图1中2-2线截取的放大截面图。
现在具体地参考附图,编号10总的表示流化床反应器,其底部设置一个压力通风空间12,用于从例如安置在反应器外部的气源(未图示)接受空气或气体。在反应器10的下端和压力通风空间12之间的界面上设置了一个穿孔板或格删14,用于使压力空气或气体能够从通风空间12向上通过反应器10。穿过反应器10的一个侧壁设置一个入口或送料口16,用于将粉料引入流化床中,粉料可以包括相当细的粉状燃料如煤和吸附剂如石灰石,后者用以吸附以已知方式燃烧燃料期间产生的硫。从通风空间12来的空气或气体使反应器10中的粉料流态化,并与燃烧的气态产物化合,生成烟气,后者将在以后详细说明。
旋风分离器18设置在反应器10的附近,由气体通道20连接到反应器上,通道20从反应器后壁上部中形成的开口延伸到分离器18上部中形成的入口上。分离器18接收从容器10的流化床来的烟气和夹带的粉料,并以常规方式运行,由于分离器中产生的力而使粉料脱离烟气。
在抽风机26的作用下,被分离的烟气通过管道22进入通常用编号24表示的热回收区,抽风机26连接在热回收区的下游端部。从分离器18分离出来的固体通入连接到分离器出口上的浸入管28中。
密封容器30设置在分离器18的下部靠近反应器10处,它承受浸入管28。格栅34设置在容器30的下部中,它将容器30分割为上室36和下室38,上室36用于承受从浸入管来的分离后的固体。如图1和图2所示,筒形隔板40设置在室38中,将室38分割成中央空间38a和周围空间38b,前者刚巧位于浸入管28的下方,后者围绕在中央空间的周围。管道42和44分别连接在空间38a和38b上,用于从例如安置在反应器外部的气源(未图示)引入空气或气体。空气或气体向上通过格栅36,使上室中的分离后粉料流态化,这将在下面说明。
阀门46和48分别设置在管道42和44中,用于控制通过的空气或气体的流速。管道50将容器30连接到反应器10上。使从容器30来的粉料通入反应器10内部并进入在该处形成的流化床。
在运行中,粉状燃料从入口16引入容器10中,在必要时吸附物料也可以以相同方式引入。压力空气或气体通入并穿过空间12,穿过格栅14,并进入反应器10的粉料中,使物料流态化。
在反应器10内设置一个点火喷灯(未图示)或类似物,并点火以点燃粉状燃料。当物料的温度达到相当高的程度时,补充燃料从入口16排入反应器10中。
反应器10中的物料依靠反应器中的热量自持燃烧,空气和燃烧气态产物(此后称为“烟气)向上穿过反应器10,并夹带或洗提反应器中相当细的粉料。通过空气空间12、穿过格栅14而引入反应器10内部的空气或气体的速度是根据反应器中粉料的粒度来确定的,使得每个室中形成循环的流化床,也就是,将粉料流态化到一定程度,使之能达到流化床中粉料的夹带或洗提。因此,通入炉子上部的烟气大体上由粉料饱和。饱和的烟气通入反应器的上部并流出管道20,而后通入旋风分离器18中。在分离器18中,固体粉料从烟气中分离出来,通过浸入管28排入密封容器30中。净化的烟气从分离器18流出,通过管道22进入热回收区24,用于进一步处理。
空气或气体通过管道42和44排入室38a和38b,并通过格栅34,使容器30中的分离后固体稍许流态化。流态化的分离后固体通常从容器30通过管道50穿过反应器10的后壁进入反应器中的另一流化床,在那里它们与反应器中的其它固体相混合。
进入室38a和38b的空气或气体流可以分别受阀门46和448的调节,以便调节从旋风分离器18出来,通过容器30并进入反应器10的分离后固体的流量,同时封闭住沿与上述正常***气流相反方向的从反应器10出来通过管道进入分离器18的烟气回流。进入空间38a的空气或气体流可以通过阀门42调节,与进入空间38b的气流无关,因此,进入空间38a的空气或气体流相对于进入空间38b的气流的增大,将减小再循环速率,同样,进入空间38a的空气或气体流相对于进入38b的气流的减小,将增大再循环速率。而且,进入室38a的空气或气体流可以小心地控制,以便不干扰或不影响分离器18的运行。因此,通过改变阀门46和48的开通程度,在必要时可以间接地控制从分离器18进入反应器10的固体量,以便按照所需的特定负载量调节再循环速率。这使得可以变化反应器的负载而不需要使用昂贵的复杂计量装置和下游的控制设备,从而大大地节省了***的费用。
可以理解,上述说明与平衡的抽风***有关,但是,通过对进入管道42和44的空气或气体的加压,可以利用强制抽风操作。
在上述公开中可以引入其它改型、变化和替换,同时,在某些情况下,可以利用本发明的某些特点而不需要相应地利用其它特点。因而,对附录的权利要求以符合本发明范围的方式作广泛的解释是合适的。

Claims (6)

1、一种流化床燃烧***,其特征是它包括:用于从流化床接受烟气和夹带粉料的混合物并从上述烟气中分离上述夹带粉料的分离机构,用于使上述分离后烟气从上述分离机构通向热回收装置的机构,一个密封容器,一个用于使上述分离后物料从上述分离机构通向上述密封容器的浸入管,用于使上述分离后物料从上述密封容器流回上述流化床的机构,以及用于将空气或气体引入上述密封容器以使上述密封容器中的分离后物料流态化从而密封住从上述流化床出来通过上述浸入管流回上述分离机构的机构,上述空气引入机构包括第一管道和第二管道,第一管道用于沿与上述分离后物料从上述浸入管流出的路径相对准的路径将空气或气体引入上述密封容器,第二管道用于将空气或气体引入上述密封容器内围绕从上述第一管道内出来的空气或气体的流路的区域。
2、如权利要求1所述的***,它还包括用于以足以形成循环床的速度将起流态化作用的空气或气体引入上述床中的机构。
3、如权利要求1所述的***,其特征是它还包括:用于独立地调节空气或气体流入上述第一和第二管道以控制分离后物料流回上述流化床的速率的机构。
4、一种控制流化床燃烧***的方法,其特征是它包括下列步骤:接受从流化床来的烟气和夹带粉料的混合物,从上述烟气中分离上述夹带粉料,将从上述分离机构来的上述分离后烟气通入热回收装置,将从上述分离机构来的上述分离后物料通入密封容器,使上述分离后物料从上述密封容器流回上述流化床,将空气或气体引入上述密封容器以使上述密封容器中的分离后物料流态化从而密封住上述分离后物料从上述流化床向上述分离机构的回流,上述引入步骤包括沿与上述分离后物料从上述密封容器流出的路径相对准的路径将空气或气体引入上述密封容器,以及将空气或气体引入上述密封容器内围绕上述路径的区域。
5、如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征是它还包括以足以形成循环床的速度将起流态化的空气或气体引入上述床中的步骤。
6、如权利要求4所述的***,其特征是它还包括独立地调节空气或气流流入上述路径和上述区域以控制分离后物料流回上述流化床的速率的步骤。
CN90107036.XA 1989-08-18 1990-08-18 流化床燃烧***及控制该***的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1023150C (zh)

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US07/395,864 US4955295A (en) 1989-08-18 1989-08-18 Method and system for controlling the backflow sealing efficiency and recycle rate in fluidized bed reactors
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CA1292148C (en) 1991-11-19
PT95032B (pt) 1998-06-30
EP0413611A1 (en) 1991-02-20
CN1023150C (zh) 1993-12-15
EP0413611B1 (en) 1994-01-19
JPH0391603A (ja) 1991-04-17
PT95032A (pt) 1992-05-29
JPH0610526B2 (ja) 1994-02-09
US4955295A (en) 1990-09-11

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