CN104931852B - The direct current grounding pole line flashover failure analysis methods of arc are built based on arcing horn - Google Patents
The direct current grounding pole line flashover failure analysis methods of arc are built based on arcing horn Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a kind of direct current grounding pole line flashover faulty circuit model that arc is built based on arcing horn, analysis method and system, the condition of arc is built using ground electrode circuit during arcing fault and failure shaft tower arcing horn, build electric arc external circuit volt-ampere curve and static volt-ampere curve, arc stability burning point is determined according to cusp, calculate each electric parameter of direct current grounding pole line flashover malfunction, for the research of direct current grounding pole line fault, the calculating process of its accident analysis is simple, carry out line fault analysis work suitable for circuit operation maintenance personnel, the accuracy of accident analysis can be improved, ensure the stabilization of DC transmission system, reliability service, and reduce working strength.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of direct current power transmission, more particularly to a kind of DC earthing polar curve that arc is built based on arcing horn
Road arcing fault circuit model, and a kind of the direct current grounding pole line flashover failure analysis methods of arc are built based on arcing horn and are
System.
Background technology
Ground electrode circuit is to connect DC converter station neutral bus and the water conservancy diversion circuit of earthing pole location, is to draw DC current
Enter the circuit of the earth.For bipolar direct current transmission system, when a polar conductor or a pole transverter are stopped, still using another
One pole transverter, ground electrode circuit, the earth form loop, convey the electric energy of half capacity, therefore ground electrode circuit is defeated to direct current
The flexible operation of electric system plays an important roll.But because ground electrode circuit working voltage is very low, typically less than 10kV, and press again
Designed according to 35kV or 110kV grades line requirements so that circuit dielectric level itself is relatively low, causes ground electrode circuit that flashover occurs
Probability of malfunction is higher.
At present, the research on ground electrode circuit failure, based on fault distance-finding method, first, optimization circuit model, bag
Include and utilize Bei Jielong models, R-L models, π/T-shaped equivalent circuit etc.；Second, computational methods are improved, using DC component, frequency
Domain, direct current/harmonic component etc..The studies above preferably resolves direct current grounding pole line fault ranging problem, but combined circuit
Operation maintenance present situation, existing line failure analysis methods are still left to be desired, and are mainly reflected in following two aspects：
(1) do not take into full account that line flashover builds arc process, transition resistance based on system operating analysis, in computation modeling
And it is indefinite, the simulation of earthing position electrical characteristic has much room for improvement.
(2) mainly accident analysis is carried out from relay protection angle, calculating process is more complicated, lacks ease-to-operate, inconvenience
Used when Maintenance of Electric Transmission Line personnel carry out line fault analysis.
In view of ground electrode circuit based on arcing fault, and this kind of arcing fault is often using insulator parallel connection gaps to put
Electric channel, it is related to arcing horn and stably builds arc process.And for DC line, under the conditions of having direct current afterflow, between arcing horn air
After impulse flashover, form C-V characteristic and loop resistance of stable DC electric arc and the air gap formation direct-current arc etc. has gap
Close.
Thus, it is necessary to considering that arcing horn stably builds ground electrode circuit arcing fault circuit model and its analysis side of arc
Method is studied, and as theoretical foundation, a set of direct current grounding pole line flashover event suitable for circuit operation maintenance personnel of exploitation
Hinder analysis system.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to consider that arcing horn stably builds ground electrode circuit arcing fault circuit model and its analysis of arc
Method and system, for the research of direct current grounding pole line fault, simplify the calculating process in arcing fault analysis.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, technical scheme is as follows：
The direct current grounding pole line flashover faulty circuit model of arc, including running current I are built based on arcing horneEquivalent electric
Stream source, the equivalent resistance R of earthing pole locatione, the running current IeTwo isometric parallel branches are branched to, two parallel branches are again
The earthing pole location is converged into, wherein tie point is one group of wire of ground electrode circuit normal operation, and it is complete to be equivalent to intraphase conductor
Resistance R1, the second branch road is another group of wire that arcing fault occurs for ground electrode circuit, is equivalent to current conversion station side intraphase conductor resistance R2
With earthing pole side intraphase conductor resistance R3, in current conversion station side intraphase conductor resistance R2With earthing pole side intraphase conductor resistance R3Between be connected with
Failure shaft tower equivalent shunt, the failure shaft tower equivalent shunt is including being sequentially connected in series by electric arc of line fault wire to shaft tower etc.
Imitate resistance Rarc, failure pole tower ground resistance Rt, and with grounding resistance RtThe shunt effect equivalent resistance R being connected in parallelp。
For foregoing circuit model, the invention also provides a kind of direct current grounding pole line flashover that arc is built based on arcing horn
Failure analysis methods, comprise the following steps：
Step A, by the electric arc equivalent resistance R in the direct current grounding pole line flashover faulty circuit modelarcWith external circuit
Part is equivalent to linear one-port network containing source, and solves the load line of the one-port network；
Step B, the electric arc equivalent resistance R is establishedarcElectric arc static state volt-ampere curve；
Step C, by the load line of the one-port network and the intersection point of electric arc static state volt-ampere curve, determine that arc stability fires
Burn point；
If arc stability burning point step D, be present, voltage, the current value of the point that burnt according to the arc stability, calculate
Each electric parameter of direct current grounding pole line flashover malfunction；If in the absence of arc stability burning point, the event is disconnected
Hinder shaft tower equivalent shunt, calculate each electric parameter of direct current grounding pole circuit normal operating condition.
The step A includes：
Solve the open-circuit voltage U of the one-port networko, its calculating formula is：
The short circuit current Is of the one-port network is solved, its calculating formula is：
Using voltage as axis of ordinates, using electric current in the coordinate system of axis of abscissas, to draw point (Is, 0) and point (0, Uo)
Line segment, obtain the load line of one-port network.
The expression formula of the electric arc static state volt-ampere curve is：
Wherein, UhFor direct-current arc terminal voltage, U ' is electric arc proximal pole pressure drop, and l is arc length, IhFor arc current, U ',
C, n is constant.
The arcing fault state electric parameter includes：
Failure shaft tower voltage
Earthing pole location voltage URe=(Ie-Iarc)Re
Flashover line total current
Non- flashover line current, Inor=Ie-If
Neutral bus voltage Un=URe+InorR1
Out-of-balance current Δ I=| If-Inor|。
Correspondingly, to enable the above method to apply, the invention also provides a kind of direct current that arc is built based on arcing horn is connect
Earth polar line flashover trouble analysis system, including：
The equivalent one-port network load line of electric arc external circuit establishes module, for according to the direct current grounding pole line flashover
Faulty circuit model, by electric arc equivalent resistance RarcCircuit part is equivalent to linear one-port network containing source in addition, and it is negative to solve it
Carry line；
Electric arc volt-ampere curve establishes module, for establishing the electric arc equivalent resistance RarcElectric arc static state volt-ampere curve；
Stable burning point establishes module, for the friendship by the one-port network load line and electric arc static state volt-ampere curve
Point, determine arc stability burning point；
Electric parameter computing module, for calculating a direct current grounding pole line flashover failure according to arc stability burning point
Each electric parameter of state.
It is an advantage of the invention that：
1st, the angle of arc is stably built from arcing horn, it is proposed that one is reasonably used for ground electrode circuit arcing fault point
The circuit model of analysis, on the basis of, each electric parameter during shaft tower arcing horn arcing fault is calculated, realizes specific failure cause
Analysis, it is the offer supports such as trouble-saving and exclusion；
2nd, calculating electric parameter only needs to utilize simple circuit operational factor, and its calculation error is small, and process is easy, easily programmable
Realize the automation of calculating process；
3rd, Computing Principle is more suitable for the development line fault analysis work of circuit operation maintenance personnel compared with traditional analysis, can drop
Low accident analysis difficulty improves the accuracy of accident analysis simultaneously, ensures stabilization, the reliability service of DC transmission system, and reduce
Working strength；
4th, according to circuit model, circuit can be calculated arcing fault occurs and the critical operation electricity of system reboot may be caused
Flow valuve, ground electrode circuit arcing fault risk under different running situations is assessed, be system coordinator, power transformation transmission operation personnel
Technological guidance is provided.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 (a) is the circuit model schematic of the present invention；
Fig. 1 (b) is the equivalent analysis figure of circuit model of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is external circuit volt-ampere curve reference axis intersection value counting circuit illustraton of model；
Fig. 3 is arc stability burning point diagram analysis chart；
Fig. 4 is electric parameter counting circuit illustraton of model under line flashover malfunction；
Ground electrode circuit recorder data figure when Fig. 5 is shaft tower C arcing faults in present example.
Embodiment
In order to facilitate the understanding of the purposes, features and advantages of the present invention, it is below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific real
Applying mode, the present invention is further detailed explanation.
Embodiment
Arcing horn can establish stable DC electric arc depend primarily between arcing horn the static volt-ampere curve of stable electric arc with
The mutual cooperation of the load line for the linear one-port network containing source that circuit equivalent forms beyond electric arc, i.e. arcing horn build the premise of arc
It is that electric arc volt-ampere curve has intersection point with one-port network load line.Therefore, basic thought of the invention is around electric arc and outer
Circuit loop establishes model, and determining arcing horn arc current by the intersection point of two parts circuit volt-ampere curve, load line, (direct current continues
Stream) and voltage, then based on this, calculate each electric parameter in the case of ground electrode circuit arcing fault.
First, the direct current grounding pole line flashover faulty circuit model proposed by the present invention based on arcing horn is said
It is bright.
Ground electrode circuit is typically made up of two groups of wire branch circuit parallel connections, and running current is by two branch paths from current conversion station stream
Enter earthing pole location.During normal operation, intraphase conductor electric current is equal, is 50% running current.Arcing horn arcing fault initial stage, circuit
Protect it is not operating, ground electrode circuit operation total current size it is constant；The intraphase conductor electric current for flashover occur passes through clearance flow between arcing horn
Enter failure shaft tower, intraphase conductor electric current increase can be made；Another intraphase conductor current reduction of flashover does not occur；Thus two intraphase conductors
There is obvious difference in electric current.
Fig. 1 (a) is the circuit model of ground electrode circuit under generation arcing fault state proposed by the present invention, including runs electricity
Flow IeEquivalent current source, the equivalent resistance R of earthing pole locatione, equivalent two parallel branches of the component wire of ground electrode circuit two,
And the failure shaft tower equivalent shunt (R of equivalent resistance containing electric arcarc, shaft tower grounding resistance Rt, shunt effect equivalent resistance Rp)。
Circuit model based on Fig. 1 (a), below to the direct current grounding pole circuit proposed by the present invention that arc is built based on arcing horn
Arcing fault analysis method is described in detail.
(1) electric arc external circuit models
Electric arc external circuit refers in addition to electric arc comprising all electrical equipments including ground electrode circuit and failure shaft tower, electrically
The equivalent circuit of parameter, mainly including ground electrode circuit, failure shaft tower two parts.
1. ground electrode circuit part
Running current IeTotal current, intraphase conductor impedance R are run for earthing pole1For current conversion station to intraphase conductor between earthing pole location
All-in resistance (i.e. non-flashover line all-in resistance), current conversion station side intraphase conductor resistance R2For current conversion station to flashover line resistance between failure shaft tower,
Earthing pole side intraphase conductor resistance R3For failure shaft tower to flashover line resistance between earthing pole location, the equivalent resistance R of earthing pole locationeFor pole
Survey resistance in location.
Remember ground electrode circuit total length l1, failure shaft tower to current conversion station distance l2, solid conductor unit length D.C. resistance r, point
Branch line conductor division number N, can try to achieve the R in Fig. 1 circuit models1、R2、R3：
R1=rl1/N (1)
R2=rl2/N (2)
R3=r (l1-l2)/N=R1-R2 (3)
2. breakdown stick tower section
Arc current (direct current afterflow) part passes through failure pole tower ground resistance RtEnter ground；Another part passes through breakdown stick
Tower ground wire branches to adjacent shaft tower, and shunt effect is equivalent to parallel resistance Rp。RtAnd RpIt can survey to obtain, in known RtBar
It is general desirable in terms of shaft tower shunting 60% under part：
Rp=1.5Rt (4)
3. establish the equivalent one-port network load line of electric arc external circuit
The equivalent one-port network load line of electric arc external circuit is determined by electric arc with the loop equation of external circuit, is one and electricity
The transverse axis of stream intersects at (Is, 0), with the longitudinal axis of voltage intersect at (0, Uo) straight line, its slope is -1/Roeq(Roeq=U0/IsFor
One-port network equivalent internal resistance).
Wherein open-circuit voltage Uo, short circuit current IsEquivalent circuit diagram calculating it can try to achieve as shown in Figure 2：
Uo=Ie(Re+0.5R3) (5)
Specific solution procedure is as follows：
Such as Fig. 2 (a), the open-circuit voltage U of the one-port network is solved0, its calculating formula is：
That is Uo=Ie(Re+0.5R3)；
Such as Fig. 2 (b), the short circuit current Is of the one-port network is solved.Using earth point as reference, and provide node 1.,
2., node voltage 3. be U1、U2、U3, according to KCL, obtain following node voltage equation group：
Above-mentioned equation group is solved, the calculating formula for obtaining Is is：
(2) arc circuit models
Electric arc is equivalent to nonlinear resistance Rarc, its static volt-ampere curve can obtain by empirical equation：
Wherein, UhFor direct-current arc terminal voltage, i.e. electric arc both end voltage, Uh, U ' units be V；IhIt is single for arc current
Position is A；L is arc length, i.e. arcing horn gap length, and actual measurement obtains, unit cm；C and n is constant.U0, c, n can be by
Experiment accurately measures, and their typical value scope is U0=20~40V, c=60~100, n=0.2~0.4, it can also learn from else's experience
Test value U0=40V, c=100, n=0.25.
(3) determination of arc stability burning point
Arc stability burning point both should be on the static volt-ampere curve of electric arc, again should be in the equivalent Single port net of electric arc external circuit
On the load line of network.Therefore, the intersection point of equivalent one-port network load line and electric arc static state volt-ampere curve is exactly arc stability combustion
Burn point.
As shown in figure 3, solid line is electric arc static state volt-ampere curve, dotted line is one-port network load line.When two curves are without friendship
During point, arc extinction.If there are following two situations at 2 points in A, B in two curve intersections：According to arc burning feature, work as electricity
Arc loop works are in A points, if arc current somewhat reduces, electric current will continue to reduce until extinguishing, if arc current is somewhat
Increase, then electric current will be gradually increased until B point current values；When electric arc loop works are in B points, no matter electric current increase or subtract
Small, current value can return to B point values.Therefore, only B points are arc stability burning point, and it is I to make arc currentarc, arc voltage
For Uarc。
(4) calculating of line flashover malfunction electric parameter
Obtaining electric arc volt-ampere curve, one-port network load line intersection point (Iarc, Uarc) on the basis of, progressively calculate other
Electric parameter, it is shown according to Fig. 4, calculation procedure such as formula (8)~(13).
A. according to arc voltage Uarc, arc current IarcFailure shaft tower voltage is calculated：
B. failure shaft tower earth current (i.e. arc current I is removedarc) outside, other electric currents flow to earthing pole location,
Earthing pole location voltage is calculated accordingly：
URe=(Ie-Iarc)Re (9)
C. according to arc current Iarc, flashover line flow to earthing pole location electric current, flashover line total current is calculated：
D. according to operation total current Ie, flashover line total current If, non-flashover line current is calculated：
Inor=Ie-If (11)
E. according to earthing pole location voltage URe, non-flashover line voltage, neutral bus voltage is calculated：
Un=URe+InorR1 (12)
F. according to flashover line total current If, non-flashover line current Inor, out-of-balance current is calculated：
Δ I=| If-Inor| (13)
Finally try to achieve current conversion station neutral bus voltage Un, electric current I on ground electrode circuit intraphase conductorf、InorDeng numerical value, it is easy to
The comparative analysis with fault recorder data is carried out, is easy to circuit operation maintenance personnel to carry out line fault analysis work.Its computational methods
Using essential parameter of circuit, principle is simple, and easy programming is realized, convenient to use at the scene.
Based on above-mentioned ground electrode circuit arcing fault circuit model and its analysis method, and as theoretical foundation, can open
Send out a set of be applied to circuit operation maintenance personnel direct current grounding pole line flashover trouble analysis system, including：
The equivalent one-port network load line of electric arc external circuit establishes module, for the direct current grounding pole line flashover is former
Circuit part is equivalent to linear (referred to as " the Single port net of one-port network containing source beyond barrier circuit model electric arc equivalent resistance Rarc
Network "), and solve its load line；
Electric arc volt-ampere curve establishes module, for establishing the static volt-ampere curve of the electric arc equivalent resistance Rarc；It is stable
Burning point establishes module, for the intersection point by the one-port network load line and electric arc static state volt-ampere curve, determines that electric arc is steady
Surely burn a little；
Electric parameter computing module, for calculating a direct current grounding pole line flashover failure according to arc stability burning point
Each electric parameter of state.
Calculated examples
To enable those skilled in the art more intuitively to understand technical scheme, entered below with a specific example
Row explanation.
By taking certain DC transmission system ground electrode circuit as an example, in the case where grounding electrode electric current is 1200A operating condition, once occurred
3 lightning stroke flashovers cause the event of system reboot.The line parameter circuit value and failure situation are as follows：
Ground electrode circuit total length l1=143.836, failure shaft tower A, failure shaft tower B, failure shaft tower C are away from current conversion station distance point
Wei not l2A=12.984km, l2B=22.12km, l2C=30.627km, earthing pole location equivalent resistance Re=0.25 Ω, breakdown stick
Tower A, failure shaft tower B, failure shaft tower C grounding resistances are respectively RtA=4.2 Ω, RtB=4.7 Ω, RtC=4.5 Ω, shaft tower recruit arc
Angle gap length l=38.5cm.
According to above-mentioned parameter, it is respectively R to make failure shaft tower A, failure shaft tower B, failure shaft tower C parallel equivalent resistancepA=
6.5Ω、RpB=7 Ω, RpC=7 Ω, arc parameters U0=40V, c=100, n=0.25, establish counting circuit model.
In addition, electric parameter recording value can be obtained by recorder data.By taking failure shaft tower C as an example, as shown in figure 5,0.23s
Before, circuit is in malfunction, is judged by size of current, and IDEE2 is flashover line current, and IDEE1 is non-flashover line current.Cause
This, is from Fig. 5 (a) earthing pole wire current recording figure, during arcing fault, flashover line total current If≈ 780A, non-flashover
Line current If≈320A；From Fig. 5 (b) current conversion station neutral bus voltage pattern, during arcing fault, current conversion station neutral bus electricity
Press Un≈3kV。
Using above-mentioned formula, by program calculation, obtaining different shaft towers, ground electrode circuit during arcing fault occur each electrically
Parameters Calculation value, and calculated value and recording value contrast situation, it is as shown in table 1 below：
From the data in table 1, it can be seen that the calculation error of technical scheme is smaller, calculated value is basic with practical operation situation
Unanimously.
In summary, this method can utilize simple circuit operational factor, effectively realize and drawn by shaft tower arcing horn flashover
The ground electrode circuit accident analysis risen.
In addition, the calculating parameter in above-mentioned specific example, arcing fault occurs and can to calculating ground electrode circuit
The critical operation current value of system reboot can be caused to illustrate.
Ground electrode circuit arcing fault occur the shaft tower nearer apart from current conversion station probability it is higher, with apart from current conversion station compared with
Closely and compared with nearly station side lever tower sub-pieces number, less shaft tower A is arcing fault shaft tower.Ensureing the constant situation of other specification
Under, progressively reduce earthing pole running current value and calculate line flashover and build arc situation.According to result of calculation, only when earthing pole is run
When electric current is more than 517A, circuit flashover could occurs and build arc, i.e. flashover critical current is 517A, and when grounding electrode electric current is less than
During 517A, blow-out after shaft tower flashover.
According to the flashover critical current being calculated, combined circuit actual motion electric current, arcing fault can occur to circuit
Risk carry out total evaluation.
Above-listed detailed description is illustrating for possible embodiments of the present invention, and the embodiment simultaneously is not used to limit this hair
Bright the scope of the claims, all equivalence enforcements or change without departing from carried out by the present invention, it is intended to be limited solely by the scope of the claims of this case.
Claims (5)
1. building the direct current grounding pole line flashover failure analysis methods of arc based on arcing horn, it based on arcing horn by building the straight of arc
Ground electrode circuit arcing fault circuit model is flowed to realize, it is characterised in that：
The direct current grounding pole line flashover faulty circuit model that arc is built based on arcing horn includes running current IeEquivalent current
Source, the equivalent resistance R of earthing pole locatione, the running current IeTwo isometric parallel branches are branched to, two parallel branches are converged again
The earthing pole location is flow to, wherein tie point is one group of wire of ground electrode circuit normal operation, and it is entirely electric to be equivalent to intraphase conductor
Hinder R1, the second branch road is another group of wire that arcing fault occurs for ground electrode circuit, is equivalent to current conversion station side intraphase conductor resistance R2With
Earthing pole side intraphase conductor resistance R3, in current conversion station side intraphase conductor resistance R2With earthing pole side intraphase conductor resistance R3Between be connected with therefore
Hinder shaft tower equivalent shunt, the electric arc by line fault wire to shaft tower that the failure shaft tower equivalent shunt includes being sequentially connected in series is equivalent
Resistance Rarc, failure pole tower ground resistance Rt, and with grounding resistance RtThe shunt effect equivalent resistance R being connected in parallelp；
The direct current grounding pole line flashover faulty circuit model of arc is built based on arcing horn, is comprised the following steps：
Step A, by the electric arc equivalent resistance R in the direct current grounding pole line flashover faulty circuit modelarcCircuit part in addition
Linear one-port network containing source is equivalent to, and solves the load line of the one-port network；
Step B, the electric arc equivalent resistance R is establishedarcElectric arc static state volt-ampere curve；
Step C, by the load line of the one-port network and the intersection point of electric arc static state volt-ampere curve, determine that arc stability burns
Point；
If arc stability burning point step D, be present, voltage, the current value of the point that burnt according to the arc stability, direct current is calculated
Each electric parameter of ground electrode circuit arcing fault state；If in the absence of arc stability burning point, the breakdown stick is disconnected
Tower equivalent shunt, calculate each electric parameter of direct current grounding pole circuit normal operating condition.
2. the direct current grounding pole line flashover failure analysis methods according to claim 1 that arc is built based on arcing horn, it is special
Sign is that the step A includes：
Solve the open-circuit voltage U of the one-port networko, its calculating formula is：
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Solve the short circuit current I of the one-port networks, its calculating formula is：
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In formula, IeFor running current, ReFor the equivalent resistance of earthing pole location, R1For equivalent intraphase conductor impedance, R2For the equivalent change of current
Stand side intraphase conductor resistance, R3For earthing pole side intraphase conductor resistance, RtFor failure pole tower ground resistance, RpFor shunt effect equivalent electric
Resistance；
Using voltage as axis of ordinates, using electric current in the coordinate system of axis of abscissas, to draw point (Is, 0) and point (0, Uo) line
Section, obtain the load line of one-port network.
3. the direct current grounding pole line flashover failure analysis methods according to claim 1 or 2 that arc is built based on arcing horn, its
It is characterised by, the expression formula of the electric arc static state volt-ampere curve is：
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Wherein, UhFor direct-current arc terminal voltage, U ' is electric arc proximal pole pressure drop, and l is arc length, IhFor arc current, U ', c, n are
Constant.
4. the direct current grounding pole line flashover failure analysis methods according to claim 3 that arc is built based on arcing horn, it is special
Sign is that the arcing fault state electric parameter includes：
Failure shaft tower voltage
Earthing pole location voltage URe=(Ie-Iarc)Re
Flashover line total current
Non- flashover line current, Inor=Ie-If
Neutral bus voltage Un=URe+InorR1
Out-of-balance current Δ I=| If-Inor|
In formula, UarcFor arc voltage, IarcFor arc current.
A kind of 5. direct current grounding pole line flashover trouble analysis system that arc is built based on arcing horn, it is characterised in that including：
The equivalent one-port network load line of electric arc external circuit establishes module, for building the direct current grounding pole circuit of arc based on arcing horn
Arcing fault circuit model is by electric arc equivalent resistance RarcCircuit part is equivalent to linear one-port network containing source in addition, and solves
The load line of the one-port network；
Electric arc volt-ampere curve establishes module, for establishing the electric arc equivalent resistance RarcElectric arc static state volt-ampere curve；
Stable burning point establishes a module, for the intersection point by the one-port network load line and electric arc static state volt-ampere curve, really
Determine arc stability burning point；
Electric parameter computing module, for calculating a direct current grounding pole line flashover malfunction according to arc stability burning point
Each electric parameter.
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