CN104718933B - The Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of a kind of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow and the evaluation methodology of quality of pouring water - Google Patents

Abstract

The Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of a kind of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow that the present invention provides and the evaluation methodology of quality of pouring water are that area is 3600m by the experimental field block length of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow is set as 90m²；And plant two row Semen Maydiss, it is silt loam for the examination soil texture, simultaneously by the physical and chemical effect to soil, the described average dry density for examination soil is set in 1.35g/cm³～1.45g/cm³Between, field capacity is between 24%～34%, and soil organism average content is 0.87%～0.97%, full nitrogen average content 0.0539%～0.0619%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen average content 45 60ppm, rapid available phosphorus average content 11.8ppm～12.8ppm, available potassium 104.4ppm～105.4ppm；Semen Maydis forecast production S (unit jin) and the quality evaluation Index (unit %) that pours water is carried out according to factor of influence.The present invention is achieved by experiment and carries out corn yield prediction and the quality evaluation that carries out pouring water at anniversary continuous cropping width furrow, thus improves agricultural water benefit, it is achieved that growth of agricultural efficiency, the target of increasing peasant income.

Description

The Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of a kind of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow and the evaluation methodology of quality of pouring water

Technical field:

The present invention relates to agricultural planting, field irrigation, be a kind of novel plantation and irrigation evaluation methodology, belong to In agricultural engineering field.

Background technology:

For alleviating drought in North China semiarid zone hydropenia situation, accelerate farmland water-saving paces, promote irrigated area efficient Agricultural and modern agricultural development, push forward water-saving society establishment comprehensively.It is accomplished by actively changing cropping system, Searching for effective Water Saving Irrigation Mode, spread resisting drought saving water technology is to be effectively improved agricultural irrigation to use Water use efficiency, it is achieved the reality need of agricultural water conservation, is also to guide peasant to change irrigation idea, reduces water money Source is wasted, it is achieved the inevitable choice of agricultural sustainable development.At present, the northern area of China be presently mainly with Tradition furrow furrow irrigation is main, tradition furrow furrow irrigation, and being that Semen Tritici aestivi implementation is flat makees border irrigation, after harvesting wheat, and whole ground stubble-cleaning And ridging is ditch, row spacing 20cm, furrow width 40cm, ridge is planted a line Semen Maydis.But how to connect in the anniversary Make wide furrow Semen Maydis and carry out production forecast and the quality evaluation that carries out pouring water, thus improve agricultural water benefit, real Showed growth of agricultural efficiency, the target of increasing peasant income does not the most carry out practical operation.

Summary of the invention:

For the problems referred to above, it is desirable to provide a kind of plantation is simple, irrigate simplicity, moisture can be improved Utilization ratio and the production forecast of water production efficiency and the method for Controlled irrigation, which is particularly suited for north The area of side's arid and semi-arid hydropenia.

Technical solution of the present invention is as follows: the Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of a kind of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow and pouring water The evaluation methodology of quality, step 1: first the experimental field block length of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow is set as 90m, Area is 3600m^2,；Plant two row Semen Maydiss, be silt loam for the examination soil texture, simultaneously by soil Physical and chemical effect, is set in 1.35g/cm the average dry density for examination soil³～1.45g/cm³Between, field Water-holding capacity is between 24%～34%, and soil organism average content is 0.87%～0.97%, and full nitrogen averagely contains Amount 0.0539%～0.0619%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen average content 45-60ppm, rapid available phosphorus average content 11.8ppm～ 12.8ppm, available potassium 104.4ppm～105.4ppm；

Step 2: according to measurement, obtains average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (single Position mm), average sunshine time H (unit h), frost-free period T₀(unit sky)；

The predictive value of the corn yield S (unit jin) of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow is carried out according to above-mentioned influence factor With the quality evaluation Index (unit %) that pours water, the predictive value of the corn yield S of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow is by making Thing water consumption in the time of infertility and natural environment two parts factor are affected；

Step 3: at present, use quadratic function relation i.e. formula one represent crop water consumption in the time of infertility with The relation of the corn yield S of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow:

Formula one S=aET²+bET+c

Wherein the ET of formula one is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (mm), and a, b, c are different integers, As the design factor for prediction；

Corn yield S occurs at dS/dET=0, and the water consumption value at definition dS/dET=0 is ETmax, Substitute into formula one, then ETmax=-b/2a；

Step 4: at present, many employing linear function relation i.e. formula two describe geographical environment (in anniversary continuous cropping The area in the test plot of wide furrow) with the relation of the corn yield S of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow:

Formula two S=xyET

Wherein the x in formula two is line-spacing (unit cm), i.e. plants the spacing of two row Semen Maydiss, y is spacing in the rows, I.e. spacing (unit cm) between individual plant；

At present, the relations using linear function relation i.e. formula three to describe natural environment and corn yield S more:

Formula three S=T₀×H(ET×T-R)

Step 5: obtain total yield effect coefficient according to formula one, formula two, formula three λ=aET²+bET+c+xyET+T₀× H (ET × T-R), and in an anniversary, S and ET is the time Change, an anniversary in agricultural production, the i.e. least unit with the time as agricultural production, it is believed that Its time is upper for the differential property led, according to formula one, obtain the coefficient of corn yield mainly time scale in ET square coefficient be changed, and obtain the formula four of time yield differential:

Formula four: $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{dS}}{\mathrm{dET}}\mathrm{dET}$

Formula five is obtained according to formula one, formula two, formula three, formula four:

Formula five $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{{\mathrm{aET}}^2+\mathrm{bET}+c+\mathrm{xyET}+T_0\×H(\mathrm{ET}\×T-R)}\mathrm{dET}$

Step 6: set the first factor of influence P=(b+xy+T₀×H×T)/a；Second factor of influence Q=(c-T₀×H×R)/a；3rd factor of influence4th factor of influence

According to the first factor of influence, the second factor of influence, the 3rd factor of influence, the 4th factor of influence is final must The yield of corn yield S to anniversary continuous cropping width furrow is

$\frac{1}{a}\×\left(\frac{1}{2}\ln \right|m^2+n^2|-\frac{P}{2n}\mathrm{arctg}\frac{m}{n})$

Step 7: three evaluation indexes of the evaluation methodology of the quality of pouring water of the wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping are effective for irrigating water Utilization ratio A (unit %), water storage efficiency B (unit %) and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation C (unit %)；Week The cumulative sum of three evaluation indexes of the evaluation methodology of the quality of pouring water of year wide furrow of continuous cropping is removed with described S-phase Obtaining Index is yardstick, and the value maximum of Index is the evaluation of the quality of pouring water of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow The optimal value of method.

Specific embodiment:

In order to make the technical problem to be solved, technical scheme and beneficial effect clearer, The present invention will be described in detail below.It should be noted that, specific embodiment described herein is only used To explain the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention, can realize the product of said function belong to equivalent and Improve, within being all contained in protection scope of the present invention.Concrete grammar is as follows:

Embodiment 1:

Highly preferred embodiment of the present invention uses at land for growing field crops ditching ridging, and ridge is trapezoidal ridge.To corn yield S Forecasting Methodology (unit jin) and the quality evaluating method Index (unit %) that pours water are in October, 2010～2014 Year JIUYUE, is carried out in water-saving agriculture multi-center trial field, Henan Province, and geographical position, trial zone is north latitude 33 ° 35 ', East longitude 111 ° 25 ', height above sea level 110.4m, belong to the continental monsoon climate in north temperate zone, make a clear distinction between the four seasons.Annual Temperature 14.5 DEG C, mean annual precipitation 637.1mm, average sunshine time 5.6h, frost-free period 220d.So After under such weather conditions experimental field block length at anniversary continuous cropping width furrow be set as 90m, area 3600m²；It is silt loam for the examination soil texture, simultaneously by the physical and chemical effect to soil, putting down soil All dry densitys are set in 1.35g/cm³～1.45g/cm³Between, field capacity is between 24%～34%, Soil organism average content is 0.87%～0.97%, full nitrogen average content 0.0539%～0.0619%, alkaline hydrolysis Nitrogen average content 45-60ppm, rapid available phosphorus average content 11.8ppm～12.8ppm, available potassium 104.4ppm～ 105.4ppm；

Wherein field physical features is smooth, and the row of filling is convenient.It is provided with automatic weather station in test site, automatically detects air The relevant weather data such as temperature and humidity, intensity of solar radiation, wind speed.

Except according to pouring water, including effective utilization ratio, water storage efficiency and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation etc., evaluation index is same Time use could more comprehensively evaluate field corn yield.These technology essential factors of row spacing, furrow width, ditch depth are also The blocking factor of prediction corn yield, additionally, average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (unit mm), average sunshine time H (unit h), frost-free period T₀(unit sky) is all indispensable Principle, and when determining the optimum organization of Different irrigation technology essential factor, above 3 prediction index tired Adding sum is yardstick, and accumulated value maximum is the optimal value under this technology essential factor.

Corn seeding method, is to plant two row Semen Maydiss, line-spacing 50cm, spacing in the rows 20～25cm on ridge.

Irrigation method, is that irrigated farmland irrigation water in ditch, ridge field crops depends in crop key physiological period Oozing by the side of moisture in ditch and meet its water demand, irrigation quantity is not to overflow ridge as foundation.

Anniversary continuous cropping width furrow is planted two row Semen Maydiss, obtains corn yield S (unit jin) according to factor of influence With the quality evaluating method Index (unit %) that pours water；

Wherein the spacing of two row Semen Maydiss be the spacing between line-spacing x (unit cm), individual plant be that spacing in the rows y is (single Position cm)；

Average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (unit mm), average sunshine time H (unit h), frost-free period T₀(unit sky)；

According to the predictive value of the corn yield S in above correlation technique factor prediction anniversary continuous cropping width furrow, its The predictive value of middle corn yield S is affected by crop water consumption in the time of infertility and natural environment two parts factor,

Quadratic function relation is used to represent the relation of crop water consumption in the time of infertility and corn yield S, this Quadratic function relation obtains according to prediction generally by long-term data, and concrete formula is as follows:

S=aET²+bET+c (1)

In formula: ET is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (mm)；A, b, c be quadratic function obtain different Predictive coefficient；

Corn yield S occurs at dS/dET=0, and defining the water consumption value at this is ETmax, substitutes into public affairs Formula (1), then ETmax=-b/2a；At present, many employing linear function relations describe geographical environment (in the anniversary The area in the test plot of continuous cropping width furrow) and the relation of corn yield S:

S=xyET (2)

At present, the relations using linear function relation to describe natural environment and corn yield S more:

S=T₀×H(ET×T-R) (3)

The two linear function is typically, it is calculate natural causes such as finding yield and sunlight all according to because of It is the relation being directly proportional, only only has certain time to produce fluctuation, according to formula (1), (2), (3) Obtain total yield effect coefficient lambda=aET²+bET+c+xyET+T₀× H (ET × T-R), due to one In the individual anniversary, corn yield S and ET is time change, an anniversary in agricultural production, with the time is i.e. The least unit of agricultural production, it is believed that for the differential property led on its time, according to main formulas (1) S=aET²+ bET+c, obtain the coefficient of yield S mainly time scale be ET square coefficient carry out Change, and obtain time yield differential formulas

By formula (1), (2), (3) substitution formula (4) acquisition equation below:

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{{\mathrm{aET}}^2+\mathrm{bET}+c+\mathrm{xyET}+T_0\×H(\mathrm{ET}\×T-R)}\mathrm{dET}---\left(5\right)$

Formula (5) is solved

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{{\mathrm{aET}}^2+(b+\mathrm{xy}+T_0\×H\×T)\mathrm{ET}+c-T_0\×H\×R}\mathrm{dET}$

Make (b+xy+T₀× H × T)/a=P；(c-T₀× H × R)/a=Q；

Then $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{{\mathrm{ET}}^2+P\×\mathrm{ET}+Q}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{{\mathrm{ET}}^2+\frac{P}{2}\×\mathrm{ET}+{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×\frac{\mathrm{ET}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\frac{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})-\frac{P}{2}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×\frac{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})-\frac{P}{2}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×\frac{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})-\frac{P}{2}}{{(\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2})}^2+{\left(\sqrt{(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}\right)}^2}\mathrm{dET}$

Order $\mathrm{ET}+\frac{P}{2}=m;\sqrt{(Q-{\left(\frac{P}{2}\right)}^2)}=n$

Then $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×\frac{m-\frac{P}{2}}{m^2+n^2}\mathrm{dET}$

$\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×(\frac{m}{m^2+n^2}-\frac{P}{2}\frac{1}{m^2+n^2})\mathrm{dET}$

Finally give $\mathrm{dS}=\frac{1}{a}\×\left(\frac{1}{2}\ln \right|m^2+n^2|-\frac{P}{2n}\mathrm{arctg}\frac{m}{n})$

DS is at anniversary continuous cropping width furrow corn yield, namely the yield of S is in the continuous anniversaryThe C any real number more than zero, in this experiment can basis Various conditions (just, boundary value condition) can retrain the value of C.

Pour water three evaluation indexes of quality evaluating method for irrigating effective utilization ratio A of water (unit %), water storage Efficiency B (unit %) and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation C (unit %)；Three evaluation indexes of field pipe-net quality Cumulative sum Sw and S-phase are yardstick except obtaining Index, and the value maximum of Index is quality of pouring water and comments The optimal value of valency method.

Embodiment two: illustrate the relation of the crop water consumption in the time of infertility in the present invention and corn yield S Test and mathematical prediction process, this most artificial ridging, ditch section uses tapered in form, trapezoid-shaped trench ditch Ridge specification is respectively 70cm and 40cm, ridge height 20cm, and adjacent two ditch centre distances are 110cm.

The irrigation scheme of this test summer corn is shown in Table 1；The Yield And Yield Components of summer corn is shown in Table 2；Summer corn WUEL is shown in Table 3.

Table 1 summer corn irrigation scheme design (mm)

Table 2 yield of Summer Corn and Components thereof

The water production efficiency of table 3 summer corn

Under the conditions of 70cm row spacing, when face, the field gradient is 1 ‰, furrow width selects 40cm, ditch depth to select 20cm Irrigation effect optimal, 3 evaluation index sums of quality of pouring water reach 280.77%, use ridge top width 70cm, Ridge bottom width 90cm, ridge height 20cm, ditch bottom width 20cm, ditch top width 40cm, at ridge year last week crop rotation plantation jade Rice, pours water in ditch；At present, many employing quadratic function relations represent Crop growing stage water consumption and yield Relation:

Y=aET²+bET+c (1)

In formula: Y is crop yield (kg/hm²), ET is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (mm), a, b, c It is respectively design factor.

The maximum production of crop occurs at dY/dET=0, and defining the water consumption value at this is ET_max, substitute into Formula 1, then ET_max=-b/2a.

Field test field data according to summer corn, can put respectively and draw general planting pattern and integration Ridge culture planting pattern yield and the graph of a relation of water consumption in the time of infertility, and present relevant by analyzing both The parabolic relation that degree is higher.Relation curve can be divided into three phases: the first stage is that yield is with consumption The increase of the water yield and increase the stage rapidly；Second stage is the yield slow build phase of increase with water consumption, This stage curve arrives summit；After phase III summit, yield presents negative growth along with the raising of water consumption. The Changing Pattern that yield of Summer Corn presents is closely related with the soil moisture environment of crop, when soil moisture is too low, Water, growth is needed to be suppressed and the underproduction because plant physiology can not be met；When soil moisture is too high, soil is made to lead to Gas is bad, and deep percolation increases, and causes nutrient to run off in a large number, causes the underproduction.

The water production functions relational expression of summer corn is:

Y=0.274ET²+231.58ET–41208 R²=0.9435 (2)

It is calculated wide ridge summer maize under furrow irrigation condition by formula 2 and obtains maximum production 7723.84kg/hm²Time water consumption For 422.59mm；It is calculated general planting pattern summer corn by formula 2 and obtains maximum production 7099.094kg/hm²Time water consumption be 452.91mm.Plantation result shows the situation at water saving 30.32mm Under, yield of Summer Corn improves 624.75kg/hm².This explanation Semen Tritici aestivi, Semen Maydis loose furrow fill and are capable of Xia Yu Rice saving irrigation model.

Total yield effect coefficient can be obtained according to the studies above, and the time can be obtained in an anniversary Differential formulas, about the change of time, is then solved and just can predict at anniversary continuous cropping width by yield differential formulas Furrow corn yield；

The invention effect of the present invention is according to practice, in the prediction of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow corn yield and matter of pouring water Amount evaluation methodology has the advantage that

Water-saving irrigation is realized by technological innovation, and can be according to irrigation, natural conditions predicted time unit is beautiful Rice corn yield.

And according to weather condition, irrigation conditions is to long-term cropping on ridge, and furrow is vacated for being irrigated, furrow Increase ventilation and penetrating light, increase yield and be adjusted.

Solving arable land realization wheel on the basis of prediction to plough, three to five annual rings are ploughed once, make arable land rehabilitate.

On the basis of forecast production, energy water-saving irrigation with good conditionsi, pours water in furrow, saves time and economizes on water and can grasp The property made is strong, beneficially field management, it is simple to field fertilization and spray insecticide, foliage fertilizer.

Claims (1)

1. the Forecasting Methodology of the corn yield of anniversary continuous cropping width furrow and an evaluation methodology for quality of pouring water, its feature exists In:

Step 1: first the experimental field block length of described anniversary continuous cropping width furrow being set as 90m, area is 3600m²’；Plant two row Semen Maydiss, be silt loam for the examination soil texture, simultaneously by the physics and chemistry of soil is made With, the described average dry density for examination soil is set in 1.35g/cm³～1.45g/cm³Between, field is held The water yield is between 24%～34%, and soil organism average content is 0.87%～0.97%, full nitrogen average content 0.0539%～0.0619%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen average content 45-60ppm, rapid available phosphorus average content 11.8ppm～ 12.8ppm, available potassium 104.4ppm～105.4ppm；

Step 2: according to measurement, obtains average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R (single Position mm), average sunshine time H (unit h), frost-free period T₀(unit sky)；

Average temperature of the whole year T (unit DEG C), mean annual precipitation R is obtained measured by above-mentioned steps 2 (unit mm), average sunshine time H (unit h), frost-free period T₀(unit sky) influence factor carried out The predictive value of the corn yield S (unit jin) of described anniversary continuous cropping width furrow and the quality evaluation Index that pours water are (single Position %), the predictive value of the corn yield S of described anniversary continuous cropping width furrow by crop water consumption in the time of infertility and Natural environment two parts factor is affected；

Step 3: at present, many employing quadratic function relation i.e. formula one represent described crop water consumption in the time of infertility The relation of the corn yield S of amount and described anniversary continuous cropping width furrow:

Formula one S=aET²+bET+c

Wherein the ET of formula one is crop water consumption in the time of infertility (unit mm), and a, b, c are different whole Number, as the design factor for prediction；

Described corn yield S occurs at dS/dET=0, defines the water consumption value at described dS/dET=0 For ETmax, substitute into formula one, the most described ETmax=-b/2a；

Step 4: at present, many employing linear function relation i.e. formula two describe described at anniversary continuous cropping width furrow The relation of corn yield S of area and described anniversary continuous cropping width furrow in test plot:

Formula two S=xyET

Wherein the x in formula two is line-spacing (unit cm), and the spacing of the most described plantation two row Semen Maydis, y are Spacing (unit cm) between spacing in the rows, i.e. individual plant；

At present, many employing linear function relation i.e. formula three describe described natural environment and described corn yield S Relation:

Formula three S=T₀×H(ET×T-R)

Step 5: obtain total yield effect coefficient according to formula one, formula two, formula three λ=aET²+bET+c+xyET+T₀× H (ET × T-R), and in an anniversary, S and ET is the time Change, an anniversary in agricultural production, the i.e. least unit with the time as agricultural production, it is believed that when it Between upper for the differential property led, according to formula one, obtain the coefficient of described corn yield mainly time scale in ET square coefficient be changed, and obtain the formula four of time yield differential:

Formula four:

Formula five is obtained according to formula one, formula two, formula three, formula four:

Formula five

Step 6: set the first factor of influence P=(b+xy+T₀×H×T)/a；Second factor of influence

Q=(c-T₀×H×R)/a；3rd factor of influence4th factor of influence

According to described first factor of influence, described second factor of influence, described 3rd factor of influence, described The yield of the corn yield S that four factors of influence finally give described anniversary continuous cropping width furrow is

$\frac{1}{a}\×\left(\frac{1}{2}ln|m^2+n^2|-\frac{P}{2n}arctg\frac{m}{n}\right)+C$

Wherein C is the real number more than zero；

Step 7: three evaluation indexes of the evaluation methodology of the quality of pouring water of the described wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping are for irrigating water Effectively utilization ratio A (unit %), water storage efficiency B (unit %) and uniformity of irrigation water appilcation C (unit %)； Cumulative sum Sw of three evaluation indexes of the evaluation methodology of the quality of pouring water of the described wide furrow of anniversary continuous cropping with Described S-phase is yardstick except obtaining Index, and the value maximum of described Index is described anniversary continuous cropping width ridge The optimal value of the evaluation methodology of the quality of pouring water of ditch.