CN104704666B - 燃料电池***以及控制方法 - Google Patents
燃料电池***以及控制方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种燃料电池***,在允许从燃料电池向外部负载供给电力之前,估计燃料电池的发电特性,在燃料电池的温度为第一规定温度以下的情况下,限制或者禁止燃料电池的发电特性的估计。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种燃料电池***以及控制方法。
背景技术
已知表示燃料电池的发电特性的IV特性根据燃料电池的温度而发生变化。因此,能够通过测量燃料电池的温度来获知燃料电池的IV特性。但是,燃料电池的温度根据测量位置、湿润状态而发生变化,因此难以仅通过测量出的温度来正确地获知燃料电池的IV特性。
在日本JP2000-357526A中,公开了以下方法:检测燃料电池的电流、电压,基于检测出的值来估计IV特性。
在日本JP2000-357526A中,对从燃料电池接受电力供给的负载进行控制,改变从燃料电池取出的电流,根据此时的燃料电池的电压与所取出的电流之间的关系来估计IV特性。
发明内容
但是,在极低温环境下IV特性变得极差。因此,当在极低温环境下从燃料电池取出电流以估计IV特性时,有可能发生所谓的电压下降、即燃料电池的电压变得低于最小电压。
本发明是为了解决这种问题而发明的,其目的在于抑制在极低温环境下发生电压下降的情况。
本发明的某个方式所涉及的燃料电池***具备:燃料电池;外部负载,其被供给由燃料电池发电而产生的电力;辅机,其被供给由燃料电池发电而产生的电力;第一允许部,其在燃料电池的发电特性成为能够驱动外部负载的规定特性的情况下,允许从燃料电池向外部负载供给电力;暖机时控制部,其在第一允许部输出允许之前,通过从燃料电池向辅机供给电力来进行燃料电池的暖机运转;估计部,其改变辅机的负载来以规定幅度改变从燃料电池取出的电流,并且基于伴随着改变的燃料电池的发电电压来估计上述发电特性;温度检测部,其检测燃料电池的温度;以及禁止部,其在燃料电池的温度为第一规定温度以下时,限制或者禁止估计部对发电特性的估计。
附图说明
图1是燃料电池***的概要结构图。
图2是表示燃料电池堆的IV特性的映射图。
图3是说明启动控制的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面,参照附图来说明本发明的实施方式。
使用图1来说明本发明的实施方式。图1是燃料电池***100的概要结构图。
燃料电池***100具备燃料电池堆1、正极气体供排装置2、负极气体供排装置3、堆冷却装置4、电力***5以及控制器6。
燃料电池堆1是层叠数百块燃料电池而得的,接受负极气体和正极气体的供给,来发出驱动车辆所需的电力。燃料电池堆1具备负极电极侧输出端子11和正极电极侧输出端子12作为取出电力的端子。
正极气体供排装置2是向燃料电池堆1供给正极气体、并且将从燃料电池堆1排出的正极排气排出到外部大气的装置。正极气体供排装置2具备正极气体供给通路21、过滤器22、正极压缩机23、正极气体排出通路24以及正极气体压力调整阀25。
正极气体供给通路21是流通向燃料电池堆1供给的正极气体的通路。正极气体供给通路21的一端连接于过滤器22,另一端连接于燃料电池堆1的正极气体入口孔。
过滤器22将取入到正极气体供给通路21的正极气体中的异物去除。
正极压缩机23设置于正极气体供给通路21。正极压缩机23经由过滤器22将作为正极气体的空气(外部大气)取入到正极气体供给通路21,供给到燃料电池堆1。
正极气体排出通路24是流通从燃料电池堆1排出的正极排气的通路。正极气体排出通路24的一端连接于燃料电池堆1的正极气体出口孔,经过正极气体压力调整阀25,另一端为开口端。
在此虽未进行图示,但是也可以在正极气体供给通路21中设置加湿装置以进行燃料电池堆1的加湿。
负极气体供排装置3是向燃料电池堆1供给负极气体、并且将从燃料电池堆1排出的负极排气排出到正极气体排出通路24的装置。负极气体供排装置3具备高压罐31、负极气体供给通路32、压力调节阀33、负极气体排出通路34以及放气阀35。
高压罐31将要向燃料电池堆1供给的负极气体保持为高压状态来贮存。
负极气体供给通路32是用于从高压罐31向燃料电池堆1供给负极气体的通路。负极气体供给通路32的一端连接于高压罐31,另一端连接于燃料电池堆1的负极气体入口孔。
压力调节阀33设置于负极气体供给通路32。压力调节阀33由控制器6来控制开闭,将从高压罐31流出到负极气体供给通路32的负极气体的压力调节为期望的压力。
负极气体排出通路34是流通从燃料电池堆1排出的负极排气的通路。负极气体排出通路34的一端连接于燃料电池堆1的负极气体出口孔,另一端连接于正极气体排出通路24。
放气阀35设置于负极气体排出通路34。放气阀35由控制器6来控制开闭,对从负极气体排出通路34排出到正极气体排出通路24的负极排气的流量进行控制。
堆冷却装置4是对燃料电池堆1进行冷却以将燃料电池堆1保持为适于发电的温度的装置。堆冷却装置4具备冷却水循环通路41、散热器42、旁路通路43、三通阀44、循环泵45、PTC加热器46、第一水温传感器47以及第二水温传感器48。
冷却水循环通路41是循环用于冷却燃料电池堆1的冷却水的通路。
散热器42设置于冷却水循环通路41。散热器42对从燃料电池堆1排出的冷却水进行冷却。
旁路通路43的一端连接于冷却水循环通路41,另一端连接于三通阀44,使得冷却水能够绕过散热器42而进行循环。
三通阀44设置于比散热器42更靠下游侧的冷却水循环通路41。三通阀44根据冷却水的温度来切换冷却水的循环路径。具体地说,在冷却水的温度相对高时,以使从燃料电池堆1排出的冷却水经由散热器42再次供给到燃料电池堆1的方式切换冷却水的循环路径。反之,在冷却水的温度相对低时,以使从燃料电池堆1排出的冷却水不经由散热器42而流过旁路通路43来再次供给到燃料电池堆1的方式切换冷却水的循环路径。
循环泵45设置于比三通阀44更靠下游侧的冷却水循环通路41,使冷却水循环。
PTC加热器46设置于旁路通路43。PTC加热器46在燃料电池堆1暖机时被通电,使冷却水的温度上升。
第一水温传感器47设置于比散热器42更靠上游侧的冷却水循环通路41。第一水温传感器47检测从燃料电池堆1排出的冷却水的温度。
第二水温传感器48设置于循环泵45与燃料电池堆1之间的冷却水循环通路41。第二水温传感器48检测向燃料电池堆1供给的冷却水的温度。
电力***5具备电流传感器51、电压传感器52、驱动电动机53、逆变器54、电池55、DC/DC转换器56以及辅机类57。
电流传感器51检测从燃料电池堆1取出的电流(以下称为“输出电流”。)。
电压传感器52检测负极电极侧输出端子11与正极电极侧输出端子12之间的端子间电压(以下称为“输出电压”。)。
驱动电动机53是在转子埋设永磁体并且在定子缠绕定子线圈的三相交流同步电动机。驱动电动机53具有作为电动机的功能和作为发电机的功能,该作为电动机的功能是从燃料电池堆1和电池55接受电力的供给来进行旋转驱动,该作为发电机的功能是在使转子因外力而进行旋转的车辆减速时使定子线圈的两端产生电动势。
逆变器54例如由IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor:绝缘栅双极型晶体管)等多个半导体开关构成。逆变器54的半导体开关由控制器6来控制开闭,由此将直流电力转换为交流电力,或者将交流电力转换为直流电力。在使驱动电动机53作为电动机而发挥功能时,逆变器54将燃料电池堆1的发电电力与电池55的输出电力的合成直流电力转换为三相交流电力来供给到驱动电动机53。另一方面,在使驱动电动机53作为发电机而发挥功能时,逆变器54将驱动电动机53的再生电力(三相交流电力)转换为直流电力来供给到电池55。
对电池55充入驱动电动机53的再生电力。充入电池55的电力根据需要被供给到辅机类57和驱动电动机53。
DC/DC转换器56是使燃料电池堆1的输出电压升降的双向性的电压转换机。通过利用DC/DC转换器56对燃料电池堆1的输出电压进行控制,来控制燃料电池堆1的输出电流,进而控制发电电力(输出电流×输出电压)。
辅机类57由正极压缩机23、循环泵45、PTC加热器46等构成,从电池55或燃料电池堆1向辅机类57供给电力来驱动辅机类57。
控制器6由具备中央运算装置(CPU)、只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)以及输入输出接口(I/O接口)的微计算机构成。除了来自上述的第一水温传感器47、第二水温传感器48、电流传感器51以及电压传感器52的信号以外,来自外部气温传感器61、按键传感器62、加速踏板行程传感器63、SOC(State Of Charge:充电率)传感器64、电池温度传感器65等控制燃料电池***100所需的各种传感器的信号也被输入到控制器6,其中,该外部气温传感器61检测外部气温,该按键传感器62基于启动按键的开闭来检测燃料电池***100的启动请求和停止请求,该加速踏板行程传感器63检测加速踏板的踏下量,该SOC传感器64检测电池55的充电率(以下称为“电池充电率”。),该电池温度传感器65检测电池55的温度。
控制器6基于这些输入信号来控制燃料电池***100。
在此,说明燃料电池堆1的IV估计。
关于燃料电池堆1,已知表示发电特性的IV特性与燃料电池堆1的温度相应地变化。当燃料电池堆1的温度变低时,如图2所示,相对于基准IV,IV特性下降,燃料电池堆1的发电电力变低。因此,在燃料电池***100中,在燃料电池堆1的温度低的情况下,在燃料电池堆1的发电电力成为能够使车辆驱动的最小驱动电力(规定特性)以上之前,禁止从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力,禁止车辆的行驶。
在图2中,将燃料电池堆1的发电电力成为最小驱动电力时的输出电流设为电流A,将取出输出电流A时的输出电压设为电压V1。
如图2中虚线所示的那样,在燃料电池堆1的温度高的情况下,从燃料电池堆1取出输出电流A时的燃料电池堆1的输出电压为电压V1,能够从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给最小驱动电力,因此允许从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力,允许车辆的行驶。
另一方面,如图2中点划线所示的那样,在燃料电池堆1的温度低的情况下,从燃料电池堆1取出输出电流A时的输出电压为电压V2,燃料电池堆1的发电电力小于最小驱动电力,无法从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给最小驱动电力,因此禁止从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力,禁止车辆的行驶。
为了尽快允许车辆的行驶,需要正确地判定出燃料电池堆1的发电电力已变为最小驱动电力这一情况,只要能够正确地检测燃料电池堆1的温度,就能够根据基于温度的IV特性来正确地检测燃料电池堆1的发电电力。
但是,由于需要使燃料电池堆1与温度传感器绝缘,因此难以将温度传感器直接安装于燃料电池堆1来检测燃料电池堆1的温度,在本实施方式中,在冷却水循环通路41中设置有第一水温传感器47、第二水温传感器48。而且,基于来自第一水温传感器47的信号以及来自第二水温传感器48的信号来检测燃料电池堆1的温度,因此实际的燃料电池堆1的温度与由第一水温传感器47和第二水温传感器48检测出的温度有时发生偏离,无法基于由第一水温传感器47、第二水温传感器48检测出的温度来正确地估计燃料电池堆1的IV特性。
因此,进行估计燃料电池堆1的IV特性的IV估计。已知的是,在燃料电池堆1中,在浓度超电势(concentration overpotential)的影响小的条件下,基于基准IV的基准电压与实际的输出电压之差ΔV和输出电流I之间的关系能够如式(1)所示那样近似为一次函数。
ΔV=aI+b…(1)
在燃料电池堆1的温度低而禁止向驱动电动机53供给电力的情况下,从燃料电池堆1向耗电比驱动电动机53的耗电低的辅机类57供给发电电力,以规定幅度改变输出电流来测量出多个输出电压(发电电压),根据输出电流和输出电压来计算式(1)的“a”、“b”。然后,使用计算出的“a”、“b”来估计燃料电池堆1的IV特性。当计算出“a”、“b”时,可获知从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给最小驱动电力时的输出电流A所对应的输出电压,因此可知当输出电压为电压V1以上时,燃料电池堆1能够向驱动电动机53供给最小驱动电力。此外,优选的是,将规定幅度设定为较大的范围,以正确地计算“a”、“b”。
这样,即使在燃料电池堆1的温度低而禁止从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力的情况下,也能够通过进行IV估计来正确地判定是否能够从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力。
但是,在极低温时IV特性变得极差,在为了进行IV估计而以规定幅度改变燃料电池堆1的输出电流的情况下,燃料电池堆1的发电会变得不稳定,从而发生电压下降、即燃料电池堆1的输出电压变得低于最低保障电压。在此,最低保障电压是指能够使燃料电池堆1不发生异常的性能下降地工作的输出电压的最低电压。在燃料电池***100中必须使燃料电池堆1的各单电池的电压不低于规定的电压,因此在燃料电池堆1的输出电压变得低于最低保障电压的情况下,停止燃料电池***100。因此,在本实施方式中,如以下所说明的那样进行燃料电池***100的启动控制。
接着,使用图3的流程图来说明本实施方式的启动控制。
在步骤S100中,控制器6利用第一水温传感器47来检测从燃料电池堆1排出的冷却水的温度,利用第二水温传感器48来检测供给到燃料电池堆1的冷却水的温度。然后,控制器6将较低一方的温度设定为堆冷却水温T。
在步骤S101中,控制器6将堆冷却水温T与立即启动温度(第三规定温度)T1进行比较。立即启动温度T1是燃料电池堆1的温度足够高而能够判断为燃料电池堆1的发电电力必然为最小驱动电力以上的温度。立即启动温度T1例如是50℃。在堆冷却水温T为立即启动温度T1以上的情况下,处理进入步骤S111,在堆冷却水温T低于立即启动温度T1的情况下,处理进入步骤S102。
在步骤S102中,控制器6将堆冷却水温T与立即启动温度T1及IV估计禁止温度T2进行比较。IV估计禁止温度(第一规定温度)T2是在为了进行IV估计而以规定幅度改变燃料电池堆1的输出电流的情况下燃料电池堆1的电压变得低于最低保障电压时的温度。例如,IV估计禁止温度T2是-35℃。在堆冷却水温T低于立即启动温度T1且高于IV估计禁止温度T2的情况下,处理进入步骤S103,在堆冷却水温T为IV估计禁止温度T2以下的情况下,处理进入步骤S108。
在步骤S103中,控制器6进行IV估计。具体地说,控制器6通过对辅机类57所消耗的电力和电池55的充放电电力进行控制来以规定幅度改变燃料电池堆1的输出电流,利用电流传感器51检测输出电流,利用电压传感器52检测输出电压,基于检测出的输出电流和检测出的输出电压来进行IV估计。
在步骤S104中,控制器6进行暖机运转。具体地说,控制器6使燃料电池堆1的发电电力高于通常时的燃料电池***100的最大效率的运转点,来增加伴随发电所产生的自发热量,由此进行暖机运转。由燃料电池堆1发电而产生的电力被辅机类57所消耗,通过调整PTC加热器46、正极压缩机23的耗电以及对电池55的充电电力,来保持燃料电池***100的能量平衡。作为辅机类57的PTC加热器46不仅消耗由燃料电池堆1发电而产生的电力,而且能够通过利用自发热温暖冷却水并且使温暖的冷却水循环于燃料电池堆1来进一步促进燃料电池堆1的暖机。此外,燃料电池堆1还利用因发电而产生的热量来进行暖机。
在步骤S105中,控制器6根据通过IV估计而估计出的IV特性来计算从燃料电池堆1取出与最小驱动电力对应的输出电流时的输出电压,根据这些值来计算当前的可发电电力。
在步骤S106中,控制器6将可发电电力与最小驱动电力进行比较。在可发电电力为最小驱动电力以上的情况下,处理进入步骤S111,在可发电电力低于最小驱动电力的情况下,处理进入步骤S107。
在步骤S107中,控制器6将堆冷却水温T与暖机结束温度(第二规定温度)T3进行比较。暖机结束温度T3是低于立即启动温度T1且高于0℃的温度,例如是10℃。暖机结束温度T3是燃料电池堆1的暖机取得进展而能够判断为燃料电池堆1的可发电电力为最小驱动电力以上的温度。例如,即使在由于电压传感器52的问题等而无法正确地进行IV估计的情况下,如果堆冷却水温T为暖机结束温度T3以上,控制器6就判定为燃料电池堆1的暖机已结束。在堆冷却水温T为暖机结束温度T3以上的情况下,处理进入步骤S111,在堆冷却水温T低于暖机结束温度T3的情况下,处理进入步骤S110。
在通过步骤S102判定为堆冷却水温T低于IV估计禁止温度T2的情况下,通过步骤S108,控制器6禁止IV估计。在像这样燃料电池堆1的温度为极低温的情况下,禁止IV估计,抑制燃料电池堆1的输出电压变得低于最低保障电压,抑制电压下降,抑制燃料电池***100停止。
在步骤S109中,控制器6进行暖机运转。具体地说,与步骤S104同样地,控制器6使燃料电池堆1进行暖机,但是在此,在燃料电池堆1的输出电压不低于最低保障电压的范围内,将供给到辅机类57的电力设定得高。
在步骤S110中,控制器6利用第一水温传感器47来检测从燃料电池堆1排出的冷却水的温度,利用第二水温传感器48来检测流入到燃料电池堆1的冷却水的温度。然后,控制器6将较低一方的温度更新为堆冷却水温T。之后处理返回到步骤S102,而在以后的处理中,使用通过步骤S110更新后的堆冷却水温T。
在步骤S111中,使“准备(READY)”灯点亮,允许从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力。
说明本发明的实施方式的效果。
燃料电池***100在允许对驱动电动机53供给电力之前改变辅机类57所消耗的电力来以规定幅度改变燃料电池堆1的输出电流,基于输出电流和输出电压来进行IV估计,在该燃料电池***100中,在堆冷却水温T为IV估计禁止温度T2以下的情况下禁止IV估计,由此能够抑制由于以规定幅度改变输出电流而燃料电池堆1的发电变得不稳定从而燃料电池堆1的电压变得低于最低保障电压,抑制发生电压下降。
在堆冷却水温T为暖机结束温度T3以上的情况下,允许从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力。由此,即使在无法正确地进行IV估计的情况下,也能够从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力。
在堆冷却水温T为立即启动温度T1以上的情况下,允许从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力。由此,在燃料电池堆1的温度足够高的情况下,不进行IV估计、暖机运转,从而能够尽快地从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力。
以上,说明了本发明的实施方式,但是上述实施方式不过示出了本发明的应用例的一部分,其宗旨并不是将本发明的技术范围限定于上述实施方式的具体结构。
在上述实施方式中,设想了在由于IV估计要求而提高燃料电池堆1的发电电流的情况下下降到最低保障电压时IV特性低的状态,显然处于即使能够进行IV估计也不能允许对驱动电动机53供给电力的状态,因此禁止了IV估计,但是也可以减小用于改变燃料电池堆1的输出电流的规定幅度,或者通过降低燃料电池堆1的输出电流来确保用于改变输出电流的规定幅度。这样,也可以限制IV估计。在此,在不改变辅机类57的运转点而降低燃料电池堆1的输出电流的情况下,不足部分的电力要由电池55放出,因此需要考虑电池55的放电能力来实施。由此,也能够抑制燃料电池堆1的电压变得低于最低保障电压的情况,从而抑制发生电压下降。
在上述实施方式中,当堆冷却水温T为暖机结束温度T3以上时允许从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力,但是存在以下情况:启动初始的第一水温传感器47和第二水温传感器48与燃料电池堆1的内部温度之间,由于热容量和散热特性的差异而产生温度差,无法利用第一水温传感器47和第二水温传感器48高精度地检测燃料电池堆1的内部温度。因此,如果设定如下的第三允许部则能够更正确地允许从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力:判断出在开始启动控制后通过循环泵45而在燃料电池堆1中循环的冷却水的流量的累计值为规定量以上,从而判断出处于燃料电池堆1的内部冷却水到达第一水温传感器47而能够利用第一水温传感器47检测燃料电池堆1的内部温度的状态,使第二允许部有效。规定量是预先设定的量,具体地说,是从燃料电池堆1到第一水温传感器47为止的冷却水容积。另外,也可以在从开始启动循环泵45起的经过时间为规定时间以上的情况下,使第二允许部有效。规定时间是预先设定的时间,具体地说,是通过第一水温传感器47的冷却水流量的累计值变为从燃料电池堆1到第一水温传感器47为止的冷却水容积以上的时间。由此,即使在无法正确地进行IV估计的情况下也能够从燃料电池堆1向驱动电动机53供给电力。
本申请基于2012年10月1日向日本专利局申请的特愿2012-219534号要求优先权,通过参照将该申请的全部内容引入本说明书中。
Claims (8)
1.一种燃料电池***,具备:
燃料电池;
外部负载,其被供给由上述燃料电池发电而产生的电力;
辅机,其被供给由上述燃料电池发电而产生的电力;
第一允许单元,其在上述燃料电池的发电特性成为能够驱动所述外部负载的规定特性的情况下,允许从上述燃料电池向上述外部负载供给电力;
暖机时控制单元,其在上述第一允许单元输出上述允许之前,通过从上述燃料电池向上述辅机供给电力来进行上述燃料电池的暖机运转;
估计单元,其改变上述辅机的负载来以规定幅度改变从上述燃料电池取出的电流,并且基于伴随着改变的上述燃料电池的发电电压来估计上述发电特性;
温度检测单元,其检测上述燃料电池的温度;以及
禁止单元,其在上述燃料电池的温度为第一规定温度以下时,限制或者禁止上述估计单元对上述发电特性的估计。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃料电池***,其特征在于,
上述第一规定温度是当改变上述辅机的负载来以上述规定幅度改变从上述燃料电池取出的电流时上述燃料电池的电压变得低于上述燃料电池的最低保障电压的情况下的温度。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的燃料电池***,其特征在于,
上述温度检测单元是检测上述燃料电池的冷却水的温度的水温传感器。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的燃料电池***,其特征在于,
除了上述第一允许单元以外还具备第二允许单元,在上述燃料电池的温度为第二规定温度以上的情况下,该第二允许单元允许从上述燃料电池向上述外部负载供给电力,其中,该第二规定温度为0℃以上。
5.根据权利要求4所述的燃料电池***,其特征在于,
还具备使冷却水循环到上述燃料电池的泵,
除了上述第一允许单元、第二允许单元以外还具备第三允许单元,在泵流量的累计值为规定量以上的情况下,该第三允许单元允许从上述燃料电池向上述外部负载供给电力。
6.根据权利要求4所述的燃料电池***,其特征在于,
还具备使冷却水循环到上述燃料电池的泵,
除了上述第一允许单元、第二允许单元以外还具备第三允许单元,在启动上述泵后经过规定时间以上的情况下,该第三允许单元允许从上述燃料电池向上述外部负载供给电力。
7.根据权利要求2所述的燃料电池***,其特征在于,
在利用上述燃料电池开始发电时上述燃料电池的温度为第三规定温度以上的情况下,上述第一允许单元允许从上述燃料电池向上述外部负载供给电力,其中,该第三规定温度高于上述第一规定温度。
8.一种控制燃料电池***的控制方法,该燃料电池***具备:
燃料电池;
外部负载,其被供给由上述燃料电池发电而产生的电力;以及
辅机,其被供给由上述燃料电池发电而产生的电力,
在该控制方法中,
在上述燃料电池的发电特性成为能够驱动所述外部负载的规定特性的情况下,允许从上述燃料电池向上述外部负载供给电力;
在输出上述允许之前,通过从上述燃料电池向上述辅机供给电力来进行上述燃料电池的暖机运转;
改变上述辅机的负载来以规定幅度改变从上述燃料电池取出的电流,并且基于伴随着改变的上述燃料电池的发电电压来估计上述发电特性;
检测上述燃料电池的温度;
在上述燃料电池的温度为第一规定温度以下时,限制或者禁止上述发电特性的估计。
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