CN104303448A - 用于在设备对设备网络中执行同步的方法和装置 - Google Patents
用于在设备对设备网络中执行同步的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供了一种在设备对设备(D2D)网络中通过第一设备来执行同步的方法和装置。所述方法包括:在一个周期期间检测来自至少一个第二设备的同步信号;取决于已经在所述一个周期期间检测到的来自所述至少一个第二设备中的同步信号的数量来确定相位调整值;使用相位调整值来调整第一设备的相位值;以及如果第一设备的相位值达到预定的特定值,则发送同步信号。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及设备对设备(D2D)网络。更具体地,本发明涉及用于在D2D网络中执行同步的方法和装置。
背景技术
近几年来,由于诸如智能手机的移动设备的流行,数据业务显著增长。韩国通信委员会(KCC)的报告显示由于移动设备的加速流行,移动数据业务在过去一年已增长了3倍。在将来,移动设备的用户的数量将会进一步增加,并且在移动设备上运行的应用服务将会更加普遍,所以预计数据业务将增加更多。特别是,如果在人与人之间的通信之外,作为新的移动市场的利用机器的机器对机器(M2M)通信,诸如人与机器之间的通信以及机器之间的通信变得流行,则发送给演进的节点B(eNB)或者基站(BS)的业务预计将猛增。
因此,需要能够解决这些问题的技术。最近,设备到设备(D2D)直接通信技术已经吸引了大量的关注。在移动通信的许可频带和例如无线局域网(WLAN)的非许可频带两者中,被称为“D2D通信”的这种技术均已吸引关注。
D2D通信是值得注意的,因为如果被融合在移动通信中,则D2D通信可以增加eNB的业务容量,并且减少eNB的过载。换句话说,如果在相同小区或者彼此相临的小区中的用户设备(UE)或移动站(MS)在建立UE之间的D2D链路之后,直接在D2D链路上交换数据,而不经过eNB,则链路的数量可以从2减少到1,对资源效率作出了贡献。
关于非许可频带的研究的目的在于通过识别对于人与人之间的通信、人与机器之间的通信、以及机器之间的通信的请求来防止不必要地浪费无线资源,以及通过确定本地(locally)出现的业务来适当地提供服务。因此,研究集中在高效地运行通过多个设备向周围广播有关服务和内容的信息,以及接收服务和内容的过程的方法。
为了执行控制设备之间的通信的方法,需要在设备之间建立同步的过程。可以考虑使用经由同步的eNB或全球定位***(GPS)接收器模块所接收的时间信息来建立设备之间的同步。根据由设备使用经由同步的eNB或GPS接收器模块所接收的时间信息来建立设备之间的同步的此方法,要求设备接入同步的eNB或GPS接收器模块。然而,在由通信运营商提供的某一通信方案中,设备可能不支持同步的eNB,所以它可能不能使用经由同步的eNB所接收到的时间信息来建立同步。此外,如果设备位于GPS阴影区域(例如,在摩天大楼之间的区域、隧道区域、建筑物的内部等),则该设备可能无法建立其同步,因为它不能从GPS接收时间信息。因此,如果设备没有平滑地接入到同步的eNB或GPS接收器模块,则该设备甚至可能不能启动D2D通信。此外,一些设备可能具有高电池消耗的问题,因为当它们配备GPS接收器模块时,消耗大量的电力。
在没有发送参考时间信息的装置(诸如GPS和同步的eNB)的帮助下建立设备之间的同步指的是将设备的参考时间进行匹配。每个设备具有振荡器,并且每个设备基于振荡器的振荡频率来设置其参考时间。因为所有设备具有相同的参考时间,所以为了在D2D通信链路中在没有冲突的情况下彼此高效地交换控制信号和数据信号,所有设备需要以相同帧结构来操作。
然而,在初始阶段,因为设备在不同时间驱动其振荡器,所以设备可能具有不同的参考时间。例如,假设振荡器的值从0到100重复地增加,那么如果设备A在绝对时间10处开始它的振荡器,而设备B在绝对时间40处开始它的振荡器,则在绝对时间50处,设备A具有振荡器值40而设备B具有振荡器值10。
因此,在现有的网络中,D2D同步方法允许设备共享振荡器值之间的差异或者偏移,以调整它们的参考时间。在前面的示例中,在绝对时间50处,设备A向设备B通知其振荡器值40,并且作为响应,设备B通知设备A在设备A的振荡器值“40”和设备B的振荡器值“10”之间的偏移是30。基于偏移信息,设备A校正其振荡器值,由此将设备A和设备B之间的同步进行匹配。
然而,如果设备的数量增加,则难以仅通过重复地执行此点对点操作来在预定的时间内收敛(converge)网络。因此,已经设计出几种方法,例如,选择代表性设备并且基于其参考时间来操作的方法,以及重复地执行点对多点操作的方法。
发明内容
技术问题
常规的技术受限于设备互相之间交换其时间信息的方法,因为利用选择代表性设备的方法难以支持可扩展的网络。基本上,设备使用媒体接入控制(MAC)消息在设备之间交换关于参考时间中的偏移的信息,以将同步进行匹配。在这种情况下,由于在传输期间编码MAC消息以及在接收期间对MAC消息进行解码的过程中发生的不同类型的延迟,设备性能可能劣化。这些延迟包括编码延迟、传播延迟、解码延迟、处理延迟、信道接入延迟等。特别地,当基于竞争来执行资源接入时,由于冲突所导致的信道接入延迟可能是严重的。因此,在常规的技术中,随着网络成长,同步方法(例如,选择和管理代表性设备的方法)的复杂性可能更高,并且延迟可能更长。在广域的动态D2D网络中,同步的收敛可能花费长时间。
上述信息被呈现为背景信息,只用于帮助对本发明的理解。至于上述任何是否可以被适用作为本发明的现有技术并没有进行任何的确定,也没有进行任何的断言。
技术方案
本发明的各个方面是要解决至少上述问题和/或缺点,并且提供至少下面描述的优点。因此,本发明的一个方面是提供一种用于在设备对设备(D2D)网络中使用物理层的同步信号来执行同步的方法和装置。
本发明的另一个方面提供一种用于在D2D网络中使用脉冲耦合振荡器(PCO)算法来执行同步的方法和装置。
按照本发明的一个方面,提供一种用于在设备对设备(D2D)网络中通过第一设备来执行同步的方法。所述方法包括:在一个周期期间检测来自至少一个第二设备的同步信号,取决于已经在一个周期期间检测到的来自所述至少一个第二设备的同步信号的数量来确定相位调整值,使用相位调整值来调整第一设备的相位值,以及如果第一设备的相位值达到预定的特定值,则发送同步信号。
按照本发明的另一个方面,提供一种用于在设备对设备(D2D)网络中通过第一设备执行同步的装置。所述装置包括:接收器,用于在一个周期期间检测来自至少一个第二设备的同步信号,以及控制器,用于取决于已经在一个周期期间检测到的来自所述至少一个第二设备的同步信号的数量来确定相位调整值,用于使用相位调整值来调整第一设备的相位值,以及用于如果第一设备的相位值达到预定的特定值,则控制发射器发送同步信号。
从以下结合附图公开了本发明示例性实施例的详细描述中,本发明的其他方面、优点、和显着特征将对于本领域技术人员变得显而易见。
附图说明
从以下结合附图的描述中,本发明的某些示例性实施例的上述和其它方面、特征、和优点将会更加显而易见,在附图中:
图1示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的使用脉冲耦合振荡器(PCO)算法来执行设备对设备(D2D)同步的方法;
图2示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的在从另一设备接收同步信号之后,取决于相位重新调整值而变化的相位的时间流;
图3示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的取决于相位调整值而确定的曲线;
图4示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的在接收同步信号之后取决于相位值之间的偏移而确定的曲线;
图5示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的收敛设备的相位值的操作;
图6和7示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的D2D网络中的通信过程;
图8A到8D示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的根据执行PCO算法的设备的数量来确定的收敛速度;
图9A至9C示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的取决于拓扑结构而确定的PCO算法中的收敛速度;
图10A至10C示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的基于改变耦合因子ε的值的方法的PCO算法中的收敛速度;
图11A至11C和图12示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的基于改变耦合因子ε的值的方法的PCO算法中的收敛速度;
图13示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的D2D网络中的同步过程;
图14示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的取决于D2D网络的同步过程而确定的相位值和所接收的同步信号的数量的变化;
图15示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的D2D网络中的同步过程;以及
图16示出了根据本发明示例性的实施例的D2D网络中的同步装置。
遍及附图,相似的标号将被理解为指代相似的部分、组件、和结构。
具体实施方式
提供参照附图的下面描述,以帮助全面理解由权利要求书及其等同物所限定的本发明的示例性实施例。它包括各种特定细节以帮助理解,但是这些细节将被认为仅仅是示例性的。因此,本领域技术人员将认识到,可以在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下,对本文所描述的实施例进行各种改变和修改。另外,为了清楚和简明,可以省略对于公知功能和结构的描述。
在下面的描述和权利要求书中使用的术语和词语不限于字面含义,而是仅仅被发明人用来使能清楚和一致地理解本发明。因此,对于本领域技术人员应当显然的是,仅仅出于说明目的而提供本发明的示例性实施例的以下描述,而不用于限制由所附权利要求及其等同物所限定的本发明的目的。
应当理解的是,除非上下文另有明确规定,否则单数形式“一”、“一个”、和“该”包括复数指代。因此,例如,提及“一个组件表面”包括提及一个或多个这样的表面。
本发明的各方面不考虑使用媒体接入控制(MAC)消息的同步方法,而是物理层发送同步信号的新方法,防止了当设备经过MAC层时可能发生的延迟。假设物理层发送的同步信号为前同步码、代码、和序列的形式,并且其被设计为即使同步信号相互重叠也可以在某种程度上被恢复。
可以考虑如下过程,一旦发生由设备设置的特定事件就发送物理层的同步信号,并且一旦接收到同步信号,另一个设备就调整器其参考时间。以这种方式,由于设备相到重复地执行上述操作,所以可以在预定时间内实现同步(即,可以将参考时间进行匹配)。在通过物理层发送的同步信号中,设备在发送用在MAC层中使用的信息(诸如设备ID以及时间偏移信息)中具有限制。因此,每个设备应该只使用在接收同步信号时其所具有的其参考时间相关的信息。
作为即使在这些受限的条件下实现同步的方式,已经提出脉冲耦合振荡器(PCO)算法。普通的PCO算法将在下面参照图1-5来进行描述。
图1示出了根据本发明的示例性实施例的使用PCO算法来执行设备对设备(D2D)同步的方法。PCO算法的操作大致被划分为点火(firing)操作和收听操作。
参考图1,设备A至E的每个具有它们自己的振荡器,这些振荡器具有相同的相位增长速率。每个设备当它们的相位达到最大值或峰值时(即,当相位返回到它在圆上的初始位置时),执行点火。如果在图1的状态(a)中在设备之间没有相互连通性,则每个设备以基于相位增长速率和最大相位值而确定的周期T为间隔来执行点火。当设备A在点火时间点处发送同步信号并且其它设备接收同步信号时,它们可以如图1的状态(b)中重新调整其相位值。
按照此PCO算法,在图1的状态(b)中,除了已经执行点火的设备A之外的其他设备B、C、D、和E的每个可以将重新调整值确定为其相位值的函数。例如,在时间方面,设备B前不久刚执行了点火,而设备E在很长时间之前执行了点火。因此,在相位重新调整值方面,设备E大于设备B。如果随着设备E的相位值被重新调整以增加,它达到其最大值,则设备E在其相位值达到最大值的时间执行点火,然后将相位返回到零(0)。如果状态(b)的操作被重复预定次数或更多次,则所有设备的振荡器可以具有相同的相位值,如图1的状态(c)中,实现了网络的同步。
图2示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的在从另一设备接收到同步信号时取决于相位重新调整值而变化的相位的时间流。
参考图2,示出的是当在时间t1和时间t2从另一个设备接收到同步信号时,取决于由给定的相位值φ1和φ2确定的重新调整值Δ(φ1)和Δ(φ2)而变化的相位的时间流。
图3示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的根据相位重新调整值而确定的曲线。
相位重新调整值由函数f(φ)来确定,函数f(φ)被被表示为图3的曲线,并且函数f(φ)可以被定义为以下的公式(1)。
[公式1]
在公式(1)中,b表示弯曲的程度。参考图3,随着b的值越大,则弯曲越高。
通过相位重新调整而新确定的相位值可以被表示为以下的公式(2)。
[公式2]
φnew=g(φ)=min(1,f-1(f(φ)+ε))
在公式(2)中,ε的值表示设备被彼此连接所在的度数。换句话说,在数学上,ε的值指示在图3的曲线中设备响应于点火的强度。
图4示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的在接收到同步信号时取决于相位值之间的偏移而确定的曲线。
在图4的曲线图中,假定在时间t处设备#j已经从设备#i接收到同步信号,并且在该时间的相位值是Φj(t)。则通过将ε添加到使用Φj(t)作为输入的函数f(Φ(t))的输出值f(Φj(t)),并且使用加法结果来作为反函数f-1(Φ)的输入而确定的输出值f-1(f(Φj(t))+ε是目标相位值。从这个过程中,可以理解的是,如果当同步信号被接收时给定的相位值是小的,则在给定的相位值与目标相位值之间的偏移是小的,并且如果在同步信号被接收时给定的相位值是大的,则在给定的相位值与目标相位值之间的偏移是大的。
图5示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的收敛设备的相位值的操作。图5的曲线示出了收敛10个设备的相位值的操作,其中,每个设备具有1/100[ms]的相位增长速率。
然而,可能不能原样地应用上述PCO算法,因为本发明的各方面的目标在于在D2D网络中的同步。至于所考虑的D2D网络,只有在分析由相邻设备广播的服务相关的信息之后,设备需要接入D2D网络来形成链路时,设备才这么做。为了高效地执行该过程,优选的但不是必须的是,相邻设备在特定时间段期间彼此交换服务信息,而不是在参考时间之外的任何时间对其进行广播。因此,所需的过程可以被配置在如图6和7中所示的预定的帧结构中。
图6和7示出了将本发明示例性实施例应用到的D2D网络中的通信过程。
参照图6和7,在D2D网络中的通信过程包括发现过程、配对过程、和连接过程。
在发现过程中,相邻设备彼此交换服务相关信息。在配对过程中,设备选择在发送过程中发送特定信息的设备,发送其形成链路而成为一对的意图,并且取决于来自接收设备的响应来确定是否执行配对。在连接过程中,在配对过程中被配对的设备彼此交换数据。
因为配对过程可以包括管理所形成的链路的功能,所以多个配对间隔可落入一个发现间隔的时段之内,如图7中所示。
在常规的Ad-hoc网络中,基于竞争的资源接入被普遍使用,而没有网络同步。即使网络同步被进行匹配,也仅在连接到网络的设备(即,通过了连接过程的设备)之间执行同步,并且在实现连接过程之前使用基于竞争的资源接入。例如,802.15.4紫蜂(ZigBee)定义了竞争接入周期(CAP)和保证时隙(GTS),并且802.11无线保真(Wi-Fi)基本上使用作为基于竞争的资源接入的载波侦听多路接入/冲突避免(CSMA/CA)。然而,在使用广播消息(即,信标或探针)接入接入点(AP)之后,除了CSMA/CA,设备可以使用诸如轮询(polling)的非基于竞争的资源接入。
然而,在根据本发明的一个方面的D2D网络中,即使对于作为在执行连接过程之前的未连接过程的发现过程和配对过程,也实现同步。其结果是,相邻设备可以基于共同的帧结构来在相同的时区中使用发现过程和配对过程。在同步中重要的是执行同步所花费的时间,并且本发明的各方面考虑通过根据环境来执行自适应的操作来改善PCO算法的缺点,来最小化同步时间。
图8A到8D示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的根据执行PCO算法的设备的数量来确定的收敛速度。
在图8A至8D中,设备的数量由“节点的数量”来表示。可以理解的是,随着执行PCO算法的设备的数量增加,收敛速度变得更高,因为在PCO算法中发送同步信号所在的时间通过交互而逐渐提前。
图9A至9C示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的取决于拓扑结构而确定的PCO算法中的收敛速度。
因为同步收敛速度如图9A至9C中所示取决于环境而变化,所以PCO算法需要用于满足在所有时间的要求的自适应方法。
此外,本发明的各方面的目标在于通过考虑具有多个使用同步信号的步骤(即,不仅仅具有在发现过程之前发送第一同步信号的步骤,而且还具有即使在连接过程中也发送第二同步信号的步骤)的形成帧结构的方法来扩展自适应同步方法。
在本发明的方面中,把注意力放在原始PCO算法中的耦合因子ε的值的属性上。如果耦合因子ε的值小,则PCO同步收敛速度低。与此相反,如果耦合因子ε的值大,则同步收敛速度高。如果使用耦合因子ε的极大值,则可以认为在接收到同步信号时,设备将其同步匹配到同步信号被发送的时间。在这种情况下,在可扩展的网络中同步很可能被匹配到部分不同的时间,因此需要选择耦合因子ε的适度小值。然而,如果耦合因子ε的值小,则同步收敛速度低,使得难以保证本发明的各方面旨在提供的快速的发现服务。
因此,本发明的各方面提供根据情形将耦合因子ε的值从最小值改变到最大值的方法。具体地,提供了取决于发送同步信号的相邻设备的数量来改变(例如,提升(boost))耦合因子ε的值的方法。
耦合因子ε的值可以通过下面的公式(3)来确定。
[公式3]
ε=εmin+(εmax-εmin)/(Nfirings+1)
在公式(3)中,εmin表示耦合因子ε的最小可能值,εmax表示耦合因子ε的最大可能值,并且Nfirings表示在一个周期期间检测到的同步信号的数量,并且当设备通过在此点火之后接收到同步信号而调整其相位值时Nfirings被反映。在本发明的示例性实施例中,一个周期可以被定义为在其中一个点火发生的时段(例如,在前一点火和当前点火之间的时段)。可替换地,一个周期可以被定义为从第一设备发送前一同步信号的时间直到第一设备发送当前同步信号的时间的时段。然而,这仅仅是示例,并且可以定义其他时段。
参考图2,在从第一点火时间点(其中t=0)开始以预定增长速率来增加其相位值的同时,设备在时间t1和时间t2处向上调整或者增加相位值,以至于比预定的原始周期T更早地执行第二点火。以此方式,随着设备接收另一个点火,一个周期可能短于T。这表明,一个周期可以变化,其中周期被定义为从第一设备发送前一同步信号的时间直到第一设备发送当前同步信号的时间的时段。如从以下描述中可以理解的,这一个周期表示取决于从第一设备发送前一同步信号的时间开始直到第一设备发送当前同步信号为止从第二设备检测到的同步信号的数量可以变化的时段。在所有设备彼此交换同步信号“全部连接”的情况下,根据公式(3)来改变耦合因子ε的值的方法的效果可以如图10A至10C中所示。
图10A至10C示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的基于改变耦合因子ε的值的方法的在PCO算法中的收敛速度。
参照图10A至10C,为不同的耦合因子(CF)ε:εmin=0.01、εmax=0.03以及εmax=0.05示出收敛性能。可以看出,如果耦合因子不变化,则在基本周期的20倍的时间处收敛同步(图10A),而如果耦合因子是0.03,则在基本周期的12倍的时间处收敛同步(图10B),并且如果耦合因子为0.05,则在基本周期的7倍的时间处收敛同步(图10C)。
如果应用提升方法,则可以获得相对一致的收敛时间,而收敛时间的多样化是由于不同的拓扑结构造成的。
图11A至11C和图12示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的基于改变耦合因子ε的值的方法的PCO算法中的收敛速度。
图11A至11C示出根据本发明示例性实施例的线型拓扑结构中的提升效果,并且图12示出了星型拓扑结构中的提升效果。参照图11A至11C和图12,示出的是即使在线型拓扑结构和星型拓扑结构中,也在两倍或者7倍的相位周期的时间处收敛同步性能。
此外,本发明的各方面考虑对于不同类型的同步信号,修改公式(3)以便支持多个帧结构。
总共有M种类型的同步信号,设备取决于操作状态来改变其组,并且切换到对应于该组的同步信号。处于特定状态中的设备可以检测所有类型的同步信号。例如,如果在一个组中的多个被同步的设备彼此相邻,则因为它们实际被识别为具有不同参考时间的一个组,所以它们需要利用最大的耦合因子来进行操作。然而,如果不区分多个类型的同步信号,则可能认为接收到与M倍一样多的同步信号。考虑相位偏移恒定的情况,为了区分同步信号的类型,方法需要使用仍然未改变的存储器来计算相位偏移。然而,取决于将如何精细地计算相位偏移而消耗非常大量的存储器,并且需要执行复杂的计算。
因此,对于简单的示例性操作,对于用于每一个可区分的组的同步信号的数量进行计数,并且基于在组中的同步信号的数量根据下面的公式(4)来确定耦合因子ε的值,其耦合因子具有最大值。
[公式4]
在公式(4)中,εmin表示耦合因子ε的最小可能值,εmax表示耦合因子ε的最大可能值,Nfirings,m表示对于第m组所检测到的同步信号的数量,并且M表示表示组数。
如果耦合因子ε的值以公式(4)的方式来确定,则即使在多个被同步的组彼此相邻的情况下,或者即使在UE的数量对于每种类型的同步信号不同的情况下,耦合因数ε也可能以很高概率而被计算为接近多个被同步的组的数量,如图12中所示。图12示出根据本发明示例性实施例的具有多种类型的同步信号的帧结构。
现在将对在如上所述的D2D网络中通过重新调整PCO算法的相位值来执行同步的方法和装置进行描述。
图13示出根据本发明示例性实施例的在D2D网络中的同步过程。在图13的同步过程中,如公式(3)中,第一设备在一个周期期间发送同步信号。
参考图13,在步骤1301中,第一设备初始化从至少一个其它设备接收的同步信号的数量,或者所检测到的同步信号的数量Nfirings。在步骤1303中,第一设备确定当前相位值是否大于或等于最大相位值。如果当前相位值小于最大值,第一设备进行到步骤1305。与此相反,如果当前的相位值大于或等于最大相位值,则第一设备在步骤1311中发送同步信号。本文使用的“最大值”可以指在第一设备执行点火的时间点处的相位值。
在步骤1305中,第一设备确定是否从至少一个其他设备接收到同步信号。在检测到从至少一个其他设备发送的同步信号时,第一设备进行到步骤1307。当没有检测到从至少一个其他设备发送的同步信号时,第一设备返回到步骤1303。
在步骤1307中,第一设备使用下面的公式(5)来调整其相位值。在步骤1309中,第一设备对从其它设备检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数,然后返回到步骤1303。
[公式5]
g(Φ)=f-1(f(Φ(t))+ε)
在公式(5)中,g(Φ)表示通过函数调整的相位值的结果,ε表示在先前的周期中确定的耦合因子值,f表示预定函数,并且Φ(t)表示当第一设备检测到同步信号时的相位值。如果在步骤1303中,在步骤1307处被调整的相位值大于或等于最大值,则第一设备在步骤1311中发送同步信号,所以相位值被初始化为其原始值零(0)。在发送同步信号之后,在步骤1313中,第一设备取决于到目前接收到的同步信号的数量Nfirings(或者到现在所检测到的同步信号的数量)来确定或更新耦合因子ε的值。随后,第一设备返回到步骤1301,以初始化接收的同步信号的数量(或检测到的同步信号的数量)。换句话说,第一设备设置接收到的同步信号的数量(或检测到的同步信号的数量)为零(0)。
第一设备使用上述公式(3)来更新耦合因子ε的值。
换句话说,参考图13,在发送同步信号之后,第一设备取决于Nfirings的当前值根据ε=εmin+(εmax-εmin)/(Nfirings+1)来更新耦合因子ε的值。更新Nfirings的值的过程可以从下面参照图14进行的描述中清楚地理解。此后,第一设备检测从其它设备发送的同步信号,并使用公式(5)中的g(Φ)=f-1(f(Φ)(t)+ε)来调整其相位值。
图14示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的取决于D2D网络的同步过程而确定的相位值和所接收的同步信号的数量(或者所检测到的同步信号的数量)的变化。更新Nfirings的过程可以从参考图13描述的操作中理解。
参考图14,虽然第一设备初始被调度为在从t=0的时间开始在t=T的时间处执行点火,但是随着第一设备接收两个同步信号,当第一同步信号被接收到时,Nfirings增加到“1”,而且当第二同步信号被接收到时Nfirings增加到“2”。在时间t1处,相位达到最大值“1”,并且第一设备发送同步信号(或执行点火)。在如步骤1311中对Nfirings=2更新耦合因子ε的值之后,第一设备初始化Nfirings(或设置Nfirings为零(0))。在时间t1和时间t2之间的时段中接收到一个同步信号,所以Nfirings增加到1。在这种情形下,第一设备发送同步信号,并且对Nfirings=1更新耦合因子ε的值。此后,第一设备初始化Nfirings(或将其设置为零(0))。在时间t2和时间(t2+T)之间的时段中,由于没有发送同步信号,所以第一设备将耦合因子ε的值更新为对于Nfirings=1的耦合因子ε的值,即,耦合因子ε的最大值εmax。
此外,对于使用多个同步信号的帧结构,每个设备可应用取决于状态来更新耦合因子ε的适当值的规则。例如,即使在使用多个同步信号的帧结构中,如果同步是稳定的,则设备也可以仅仅对于预定的同步信号对来执行PCO同步,以充分利用本发明示例性实施例的优势。
然而,在使用多个同步信号的帧结构中,属于特定的同步信号组的设备具有检测其它同步信号的作用。如果同步是不稳定的,则属于每个同步信号组的设备可能需要检测其它同步信号。在这种情况下,第一设备可以如图15中操作。
图15示出了根据本发明示例性实施例的D2D网络中的同步过程。参考图15,第一设备在与图13中类似的同步过程中执行同步。然而,万一第二到第四设备虽然具有相同的相位值,但是它们在不同的同步信号组中,则第一设备可以在步骤1509中对于每个组对于检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数,并且将数量存储为单独的变量。换言之,在步骤1509中,第一设备在逐个组的基础上对检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数。
具体而言,参照图15,第一设备在步骤1501中对于每个组初始化接收的同步信号的数量(或检测到的同步信号的数量),并且在步骤1503中确定当前相位值是否大于或等于其最大值。如果当前的相位值小于最大相位值,则第一设备进行到步骤1505。与此相反,如果当前的相位值大于或等于最大相位值,则第一设备在步骤1511中发送同步信号。
在步骤1505中,第一设备确定是否检测到来自至少一个其它设备的同步信号。在检测到从至少一个其他设备发送的同步信号时,第一设备进行到步骤1507。然而,在没有检测到从至少一个其他设备发送的同步信号时,第一设备返回到步骤1503。
在步骤1507中,第一设备在检测到由另一个设备的传输时,使用公式(5)来调整其相位值。随后,在步骤1509中,第一设备以逐个组为基础,对检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数,然后返回到步骤1503。
如果在步骤1503中,在步骤1507处被调整的相位值大于或等于最大相位值,则第一设备在步骤1511中发送同步信号,所以相位值被初始化回到其原始值零(0)。在发送同步信号之后,第一设备在步骤1513中取决于到现在所接收到的同步信号的数量Nfirings来确定或更新耦合因子ε的值,并且然后返回到步骤1501以将接收的数同步信号的数量初始化或设置为零(0)。
第一设备使用上述公式(4)来更新耦合因子ε的值。
换句话说,在发送同步信号之后,第一设备根据来更新耦合因子ε的值,检测由另一个设备进行的同步信号的发送,并且用公式(5)调整其相位值g(Φ)=f-1(f(Φ(t))+ε)。
尽管在图13和图15的上述描述中,通过示例而使用了公式(3)和公式(4),然而可以取决于实施方式而使用定义在接收的同步信号的数量(或者检测到的同步信号的数量)和耦合因子ε的值之间的关系的以下的表1。对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是,可以使用任何其他方法只要其可以表示接收的同步信号的数量(或者检测到的同步信号的数量)和耦合因子ε的值之间的关系。
[表1]
接收的同步信号的数量 | 耦合因子ε |
0 | εmax |
1~3 | ε3 |
4~10 | ε2 |
11~20 | ε1 |
21~ | εmin |
虽然在图13和图15的上述描述中,通过示例而使用了在先前的周期中已经计数的接收的同步信号的数量,但是考虑到接收或者检测同步信号的不确定性,可以使用在若干个先前的周期上计数的各种其他值,例如,接收的同步信号的数量的简单平均、加权平均、最小值和最大值。
图16示出了根据本发明示例性的实施例的D2D网络中的同步装置。在图16中所示的同步装置可以被包括在一个设备中。
参考图16,同步设备包括发射器1601、接收器1603、和控制器1605。发射器1601和接收器1603可以被配置为单个单元1610。
如果当前相位值大于或等于其最大值,则在控制器1605的控制下,发射器1601发送同步信号。接收器1603检测从至少一个其他设备接收到的同步信号。
如果当前的相位值大于或等于最大值,则控制器1605控制发射器1601来发送同步信号,并且确定是否通过接收器1603的方式从至少一个其他设备接收到同步信号。在检测到从至少一个其它设备接收的同步信号时,控制器1605如同在公式(5)中使用在先前的周期中测量的耦合因子ε的值来重新调整相位值,并且对于每个设备或对于每个组,对检测到的从至少一个其它设备接收的同步信号的数量进行计数。基于计数结果,控制器1605使用公式(3)或公式(4)来确定耦合因子ε的值。
如从前面的描述中显而易见的,对于D2D网络,本发明的各方面可以取决于附近设备的情形来更新耦合因子ε的值,这使得能够调整收敛速度,从而确保快速的同步。
所提出的对于D2D网络取决于环境来调整收敛速度的提升方法可以确保快速的同步。即使当为了健壮的(robust)同步而考虑使用多个类型的同步信号的帧结构时,也可以一致地操作该提升方法。
虽然已经参照本发明的某些示例性实施例来示出和描述了本发明,但是本领域的技术人员应该理解,在不脱离由所附权利要求及其等价物所定义的本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以在此进行形式和细节上的各种改变。
Claims (16)
1.一种在设备对设备(D2D)网络中通过第一设备来执行同步的方法,所述方法包括:
在一个周期期间检测来自至少一个第二设备的同步信号;
取决于已经在一个周期期间检测到的来自所述至少一个第二设备的同步信号的数量来确定相位调整值;
使用相位调整值来调整第一设备的相位值;以及
如果第一设备的相位值达到预定的特定值,则发送同步信号。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中相位调整值包括用于调整在第一设备中安装的脉冲耦合振荡器(PCO)的相位的耦合因子,
其中,反比于所检测到的同步信号的数量,在最小值和最大值之间的预定范围内确定耦合因子。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,进一步包括每次第一设备检测到从另一设备发送的同步信号时,对所检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,耦合因子根据以下的公式来确定:
ε=εmin+(εmax-εmin)/(Nfirings+1)
其中,ε表示耦合因子,εmin表示耦合因子的最小可能值,εmax表示耦合因子的最大可能值,并且Nfirings表示所检测到的同步信号的数量。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,进一步包括每次第一设备检测到从其它组发送的同步信号时,对所检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数,其中所述其它组中的每个组包括发送具有相同时序的同步信号的多个设备。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,耦合因子根据以下公式来确定:
其中,ε表示耦合因子,εmin表示耦合因子的最小可能值,εmax表示耦合因子的最大可能值,Nfirings,m表示对于第m组所检测到的同步信号的数量,并且M表示组数。
7.一种在设备对设备(D2D)网络中通过第一设备来执行同步的装置,所述装置包括:
接收器,用于在一个周期期间检测来自至少一个第二设备的同步信号;以及
控制器,用于取决于已经在一个周期期间检测到的来自至少一个第二设备的同步信号的数量来确定相位调整值,用于使用相位调整值来调整第一设备的相位值,以及用于如果第一设备的相位值达到预定的特定值,则控制发射器发送同步信号。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法或者根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中,所述一个周期从第一设备发送先前的同步信号的时间点持续到第一设备发送当前的同步信号。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法或者根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中,所述一个周期从第一设备发送先前的同步信号的时间点持续到第一设备发送当前的同步信号,
其中,所述一个周期取决于从第一设备发送先前的同步信号的时间点开始直到第一设备发送当前的同步信号为止已经检测到的来自所述至少一个第二设备的同步信号的数量而变化。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法或者根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中,相位调整值包括用于调整在第一设备中安装的脉冲耦合振荡器(PCO)的相位的耦合因子。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法或者根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中,相位调整值包括用于调整在第一设备中安装的脉冲耦合振荡器(PCO)的相位的耦合因子,
其中,反比于所检测到的同步信号的数量,在最小值和最大值之间的预定范围内确定耦合因子。
12.根据权利要求11所述的装置,其中,所述控制器在每次第一设备检测到从另一设备发送的同步信号时,对所检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数。
13.根据权利要求12所述的装置,其中,所述耦合因子根据以下的公式来确定:
ε=εmin+(εmax-εmin)/(Nfirings+1)
其中,ε表示耦合因子,εmin表示耦合因子的最小可能值,εmax表示耦合因子的最大可能值,并且Nfirings表示所检测到的同步信号的数量。
14.根据权利要求11所述的装置,其中,所述控制器在每次第一设备检测到从其它组发送的同步信号时对所检测到的同步信号的数量进行计数,其中所述其它组中的每个组包括发送具有相同时序的同步信号的多个设备。
15.根据权利要求14所述的装置,其中,耦合因子根据以下公式来确定:
其中,ε表示耦合因子,εmin表示耦合因子的最小可能值,εmax表示耦合因子的最大可能值,Nfirings,m表示对于第m组所检测到的同步信号的数量,并且M表示组数。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法或者根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中,第一设备的相位值根据以下的公式来确定:
g(Φ)=f-1(f(Φ(t))+ε)
其中,g(Φ)表示第一设备的相位值,ε表示相位调整值,f表示预定函数,并且Φ(t)表示当第一设备检测到同步信号时的相位值。
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Also Published As
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US9332513B2 (en) | 2016-05-03 |
CN104303448B (zh) | 2018-01-26 |
WO2013172678A1 (en) | 2013-11-21 |
KR101967169B1 (ko) | 2019-04-09 |
US20130308625A1 (en) | 2013-11-21 |
KR20130128182A (ko) | 2013-11-26 |
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