CN104196445A - Deflection-swinging type semi-automatic rod replacing hydraulic rock drilling machine - Google Patents
Deflection-swinging type semi-automatic rod replacing hydraulic rock drilling machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN104196445A CN104196445A CN201410435958.3A CN201410435958A CN104196445A CN 104196445 A CN104196445 A CN 104196445A CN 201410435958 A CN201410435958 A CN 201410435958A CN 104196445 A CN104196445 A CN 104196445A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a deflection-swinging type semi-automatic rod replacing hydraulic rock drilling machine. The machine comprises a carrier machine, a movable arm and a drilling machine body. One end of the movable arm is arranged at the upper end of the carrier machine, and the other end of the movable arm is connected with the middle of the drilling machine body. The movable arm drives the drilling machine body to swing in a deflected mode. Compared with the prior art, drill rod replacing is convenient, potential safety hazards are reduced, the directions for deflection swinging of the drilling machine are increased, and drilling precision is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of engineering machinery, particularly the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type.
Background technology
Mainly there is following problem in current hydraulic rock drilling machine:
(1) existing hydraulic rock drilling machine changes bar two kinds of modes, and one is that total man's work is changed bar, and another kind is automatically to change bar.
Total man's work is changed bar, to utilize manually to unload bar and extension bar completely, conventionally need 2～3 personal synergics just can complete, adopt while manually blocking drilling rod dismounting, because insufficient clamping force is easily skidded, unload bar difficulty, serious cause personal injury, danger coefficient is high, and manual operation is wasted time and energy, labour intensity is large, and operating efficiency is low.
Automatically change bar, conventionally comprise a series of devices such as manipulator, lower manipulator, upper guard bar device, lower guard bar device, rotating disk, connecting rod, electric-control system, hydraulic control system.Structure is very complicated, very high to the requirement of hydraulic control system and electric-control system, and the accuracy of manufacture requires high, manufacture and maintenance cost high, and operating mode is severe while working because of rig, shake larger, pipe-rod changing mechanism poor reliability.
(2) existing hydraulic rock drilling machine drill boom does not have deflecting structure conventionally, can only realize swing, can not deflect.While boring when rig is parked on horizontal slope position, cannot ensure the verticality of drilling rod and scene, thereby occur rat holing phenomenon; Sometimes be subject to the impact of work landform, even cannot hole.Have in order to realize beat, need to be equipped with special beat beam and be connected with drill boom in addition, the complex structure of beat beam own, build is larger, causes machine quality to strengthen, complete machine grounding pressure is large, uses limitedly, cost of production is high.Meanwhile, it connects bearing pin due to stressed larger, and wear and rupture easily occurs, and causes drill boom to come off, and causes heavy losses, even jeopardizes personal safety.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention be to provide a kind of change drilling rod convenient, reduce potential safety hazard, increase rig beat orientation, promote the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of nutation type of borehole accuracy.
The technical scheme that the present invention solves the problems of the technologies described above is as follows: the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type, comprise carrier machinery, swing arm and rig, one end of described swing arm is placed in the upper end of described carrier machinery, the other end of described swing arm connects the middle part of described rig, and described swing arm drives described rig beat;
Described swing arm comprises swing arm main body, boom cylinder, rotating disk, drill boom oil cylinder and beat oil cylinder, described swing arm main body one end is connected to described carrier mechanically, one end of described boom cylinder is also connected to described carrier mechanically, the other end of described boom cylinder is connected to the bending part of described swing arm main body, and described boom cylinder drives described swing arm main body vertical direction to swing; The bottom of described rotating disk is connected away from carrier machinery one end with described swing arm main body, and the top of described rotating disk is connected with one end of described drill boom oil cylinder, and described rotating disk is connected with described rig away from one end of described swing arm main body; The other end of described drill boom oil cylinder connects the bending part of described swing arm main body, and described drill boom oil cylinder drives described rotating disk to realize rig front and back beat; The top of described beat oil cylinder is connected with described rotating disk, and the bottom of described beat oil cylinder is connected with the middle part of described rig, and described beat oil cylinder drives described rig to deflect;
Described rig comprises drill boom, propulsive mechanism, drilling rod, impactor, clamping bar mechanism and drill bit, described propulsive mechanism is placed in the upper end of described drill boom, described impactor is placed in the top of described drill boom, and in the below of described propulsive mechanism, described clamping bar mechanism is placed in described drill boom bottom, in described drill boom, be provided with described drilling rod, described drilling rod top is connected with described impactor by adapter sleeve, and the bottom of described drilling rod is connected with described drill bit through clamping bar mechanism; Described propulsive mechanism realizes impactor and drilling rod moves axially along described drill boom, and described propulsive mechanism is also provided with brake, and described brake can be realized the braking of impactor and drilling rod.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: 1, under the cooperation of impactor, adapter sleeve and clamping bar mechanism, drilling rod can be unscrewed and tighten to impactor, clamping bar mechanism energy Automatic-clamping drilling rod, operating personnel only need be put into drilling rod correct position or take down, and whole to change bar process operation easy, and reliability is high, safety is good, be convenient to safeguard, can effectively reduce operating personnel's potential safety hazard, and low cost of manufacture; 2, under the cooperation of rotating disk, drill boom oil cylinder and beat oil cylinder, the drill boom oil cylinder of rotating disk can be realized rig front and back beat, rotating disk and beat oil cylinder can be realized rig front and back beat, make the working range of rig large, operating efficiency is high, stable performance, safe and reliable, simple and reasonable, can adapt to various complex working conditions.
On the basis of technique scheme, the present invention can also do following improvement.
Further technical scheme, in described carrier machinery, be provided with electrical control system, described electrical control system can be controlled the operate power of carrier machinery intrinsic motivation and mutual pump, in described carrier machinery, is also provided with air engine system, and described air engine system provides Compressed Gas for swing arm and rig.
Adopt the beneficial effect of above-mentioned further scheme to be: the power of electrical control system energy control engine and mutual pump reaches optimum level, different workloads moves different power, can under the prerequisite that reduces fuel consume, bring into play optimum performance, promote energy-saving effect.
Further technical scheme, described electrical control system is provided with auto idle speed device, described auto idle speed device energy control engine rotating speed.
Adopt the beneficial effect of above-mentioned further scheme to be: auto idle speed device can reduce rapidly engine speed in the time there is no live load, while having live load, can recover rapidly initialization state, reaches energy-saving effect.
Further technical scheme, the inner chamber of described swing arm main body is provided with gasholder, described swing arm main body is also provided with exhaust carrier pipe, air inlet carrier pipe, exhaust solenoid valve, pressure meter, safety valve and draining valve, described exhaust carrier pipe and air inlet carrier pipe are all placed in the upper end of described swing arm main body, one end of described air inlet carrier pipe is connected with described gasholder by flexible pipe, and the other end of described air inlet carrier pipe is connected with described air engine system; Described exhaust solenoid valve is placed in the lower end of described swing arm main body, and described exhaust solenoid valve is connected with gasholder, and described exhaust carrier pipe is connected with described exhaust solenoid valve by flexible pipe; Described pressure meter and safety valve are all placed in the lower end of swing arm main body, and described pressure meter is all connected with described gasholder with safety valve, and described draining valve is placed in the lower end of described swing arm main body, and described draining valve is connected with described gasholder.
Adopt the beneficial effect of above-mentioned further scheme to be: gas is filled with gasholder by air engine system, exhaust solenoid valve, pressure meter, safety valve and draining valve can guarantee that gasholder air feed air pressure and tolerance are stable, while making to hole, deslagging is smooth and easy, drill bit air blowing good cooling results, drilling efficiency are high, drilling life of bit is long, and can conserve space, compact integral structure, saving manufacturing cost.
Further technical scheme, described propulsive mechanism comprises hydraulic motor, sprocket wheel, chain and unit head, described sprocket wheel is sleeved on the output shaft of hydraulic motor, one end of described chain is sleeved on described sprocket wheel, the other end of described chain is placed in the bottom of described drill boom, and described unit head is placed on described chain, and described unit head is connected with described impactor, described sprocket wheel drives described chain cycle rotation, described chain-driving unit head and described impactor moving axially along drill boom.
Adopt the beneficial effect of above-mentioned further scheme to be: hydraulic motor is realized feeding and the lifting of drilling rod by sprocket wheel, chain drive unit head, when boring, plus-pressure is large, and shadoof speed is fast, chain long service life, safeguard that replacement cost is low; Propulsive mechanism is provided with brake, can be by brake by propulsive mechanism and drilling rod braking and locking in transport or place transfer process, avoid falling to security incident occurring and machine is caused to damage because of drilling rod.
Further technical scheme, drill boom is made up of square steel pipe, on described drill boom, is provided with man-hand hole.
Adopt the beneficial effect of above-mentioned further scheme to be: square steel pipe, good rigidly, intensity is high, antitorque, anti-deformation is good, good looking appearance; Man-hand hole, both can facilitate the I&M of chain, also can reduce the weight of drill boom.
Further technical scheme, described clamping bar mechanism comprises the first clamping bar mechanism and the second clamping bar mechanism, described the first clamping bar mechanism and the second clamping bar mechanism are axially placed in the bottom of described drill boom side by side along drill boom.
Adopt the beneficial effect of above-mentioned further scheme to be: the first clamping bar mechanism and the second clamping bar mechanism can promote the steadiness of holding drill pipe.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the semi-automatic structural representation that changes bar hydraulic rock drilling machine of a kind of nutation type of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of swing arm main body;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of drill boom;
Fig. 4 is the front view of carrier machinery;
Fig. 5 is the structure for amplifying schematic diagram of impactor and propulsive mechanism;
Fig. 6 is the structure for amplifying schematic diagram of clamping bar mechanism and drill bit.
In accompanying drawing, the list of parts of each label representative is as follows:
1, carrier machinery, 11, electrical control system, 12, motor, 13, air engine system;
2, swing arm, 21, swing arm main body, 22, boom cylinder, 23, rotating disk, 24, drill boom oil cylinder, 25, beat oil cylinder;
211, gasholder, 212, exhaust carrier pipe, 213, air inlet carrier pipe, 214, exhaust solenoid valve, 215, pressure meter, 216, safety valve, 217, draining valve;
3, rig, 31, drill boom, 32, propulsive mechanism, 33, drilling rod, 34, impactor, 35, clamping bar mechanism, 36, drill bit, 37, adapter sleeve;
311, man-hand hole;
321, hydraulic motor, 322, sprocket wheel, 323, chain, 324, unit head;
351, the first clamping bar mechanism, 352, the second clamping bar mechanism.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, principle of the present invention and feature are described, example, only for explaining the present invention, is not intended to limit scope of the present invention.
As shown in Figures 1 to 6, the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type, comprise carrier machinery 1, swing arm 2 and rig 3, one end of described swing arm 2 is placed in the upper end of described carrier machinery 1, the other end of described swing arm 2 connects the middle part of described rig 3, and described swing arm 2 drives described rig 3 beats;
Described swing arm 2 comprises swing arm main body 21, boom cylinder 22, rotating disk 23, drill boom oil cylinder 24 and beat oil cylinder 25, described swing arm main body 21 one end are connected on described carrier machinery 1, one end of described boom cylinder 22 is also connected on described carrier machinery 1, the other end of described boom cylinder 22 is connected to the bending part of described swing arm main body 21, and described boom cylinder 22 drives described swing arm main body 21 vertical directions to swing; The bottom of described rotating disk 23 is connected away from carrier machinery 1 one end with described swing arm main body 21, and the top of described rotating disk 23 is connected with one end of described drill boom oil cylinder 24, and described rotating disk 23 is connected with described rig 3 away from one end of described swing arm main body 21; The other end of described drill boom oil cylinder 24 connects the bending part of described swing arm main body 21, and described drill boom oil cylinder 24 drives described rotating disk 23 to realize rig 3 front and back beats; The top of described beat oil cylinder 25 is connected with described rotating disk 23, and the bottom of described beat oil cylinder 25 is connected with the middle part of described rig 3, and described beat oil cylinder 25 drives described rig 3 to deflect;
Described rig 3 comprises drill boom 31, propulsive mechanism 32, drilling rod 33, impactor 34, clamping bar mechanism 35 and drill bit 36, described propulsive mechanism 32 is placed in the upper end of described drill boom 31, described impactor 34 is placed in the top of described drill boom 31, and in the below of described propulsive mechanism 32, described clamping bar mechanism 35 is placed in described drill boom 31 bottoms, in described drill boom 31, be provided with described drilling rod 33, described drilling rod 33 tops are connected with described impactor 34 by adapter sleeve 37, and the bottom of described drilling rod 33 is connected with described drill bit 36 through clamping bar mechanism (35); Described propulsive mechanism 32 realizes impactor 34 and drilling rod 33 moves axially along described drill boom 31, and described propulsive mechanism 32 is also provided with brake, and described brake can be realized the braking of impactor 34 and drilling rod 33.
In described carrier machinery 1, be provided with electrical control system 11, described electrical control system 11 can be controlled the operate power of carrier machinery 1 intrinsic motivation 12 and mutual pump, in described carrier machinery 1, be also provided with air engine system 13, described air engine system 13 provides Compressed Gas for swing arm 2 and rig 3.
Described electrical control system 11 is provided with auto idle speed device 12, and described auto idle speed device 12 can control engine rotating speed.
The inner chamber of described swing arm main body 21 is provided with gasholder 211, described swing arm main body 21 is also provided with exhaust carrier pipe 212, air inlet carrier pipe 213, exhaust solenoid valve 214, pressure meter 215, safety valve 216 and draining valve 217, described exhaust carrier pipe 212 and air inlet carrier pipe 213 are all placed in the upper end of described swing arm main body 21, one end of described air inlet carrier pipe 213 is connected with described gasholder 211 by flexible pipe, and the other end of described air inlet carrier pipe 213 is connected with described air engine system 13; Described exhaust solenoid valve 214 is placed in the lower end of described swing arm main body 21, and described exhaust solenoid valve 214 is connected with gasholder 211, and described exhaust carrier pipe 212 is connected with described exhaust solenoid valve 214 by flexible pipe; Described pressure meter 215 and safety valve 216 are all placed in the lower end of swing arm main body 21, and described pressure meter 215 is all connected with described gasholder 211 with safety valve 216, described draining valve 217 is placed in the lower end of described swing arm main body 21, and described draining valve 217 is connected with described gasholder 211.
Described propulsive mechanism 32 comprises hydraulic motor 321, sprocket wheel 322, chain 323 and unit head 324, described sprocket wheel 322 is sleeved on the output shaft of hydraulic motor 321, one end of described chain 323 is sleeved on described sprocket wheel 322, the other end of described chain 323 is placed in the bottom of described drill boom 31, described unit head 324 is placed on described chain 323, described unit head 324 is connected with described impactor 34, described sprocket wheel 322 drives described chain 323 cycle rotations, and described chain 323 drives unit head 324 and described impactor 34 moving axially along drill boom 31.
Described drill boom 31 is made up of square steel pipe, on described drill boom 31, is provided with man-hand hole 311.
Described clamping bar mechanism 35 comprises the first clamping bar mechanism 351 and the second clamping bar mechanism 352, and described the first clamping bar mechanism 351 and the second clamping bar mechanism 352 are axially placed in the bottom of described drill boom 31 side by side along drill boom 31.
Implement this device, as shown in Figure 1, the flexible drive swing arm main body 21 vertical direction beats of boom cylinder 22 output shafts, make rig 3 rise to both allocations, and the flexible rotating disk 23 that drives of drill boom oil cylinder 24 rotates, driven by rotary disc rig 3 front and back beats; The flexible rig 3 that drives of beat oil cylinder 25 deflects, and realizes rig 3 and accurately locates, expanded rig 3 working range, promoted operating efficiency, safe and reliable, can adapt to various complex working conditions;
As shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, under the cooperation of impactor 34, adapter sleeve 37 and clamping bar mechanism 35, drilling rod 33 can be unscrewed and tighten to impactor 34, clamping bar mechanism 35 energy Automatic-clamping drilling rods 33, operating personnel only need be put into drilling rod 33 correct position or take down, propulsive mechanism 32 drives impactor 34 and drilling rod 33 to move axially along drill boom, can carry out drilling rod 33 drives drill bit 36 to hole, it is whole that to change bar process operation easy, reliability is high, and safety is good, is convenient to safeguard, can effectively reduce operating personnel's potential safety hazard, and low cost of manufacture;
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, air engine system 13 is carried out gas transmission by air inlet carrier pipe 213 to the gasholder 211 in swing arm 2, gasholder 211 carries out gas transmission through rig 3 to drill bit 36 by exhaust carrier pipe 212 again, exhaust solenoid valve 214 can be controlled gas transmission opening and closing, pressure meter 215 and safety valve 216 can be protected air feed air pressure, tolerance is stable, draining valve 217 is connected with gasholder 211, and draining valve 217 can be discharged the liquid in gasholder 211.
As shown in Figure 5, described sprocket wheel 322 drives described chain 323 cycle rotations, described chain 323 drives unit head 324 and described impactor 34 moving axially along drill boom 31, and then realize drilling rod 33 and carry out bore operation along moving axially of drill boom 31, propulsive mechanism is also provided with brake, brake can be realized the braking of impactor 34 and drilling rod 33, in transport or place transfer process, can, by brake by propulsive mechanism 32 and drilling rod 33 braking and lockings, avoid falling to occurring security incident and machine being caused to damage because of drilling rod 33.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention not all, any amendment of doing, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of nutation type, it is characterized in that: comprise carrier machinery (1), swing arm (2) and rig (3), one end of described swing arm (2) is placed in the upper end of described carrier machinery (1), the other end of described swing arm (2) connects the middle part of described rig (3), and described swing arm (2) drives described rig (3) beat;
Described swing arm (2) comprises swing arm main body (21), boom cylinder (22), rotating disk (23), drill boom oil cylinder (24) and beat oil cylinder (25), described swing arm main body (21) one end is connected on described carrier machinery (1), one end of described boom cylinder (22) is also connected on described carrier machinery (1), the other end of described boom cylinder (22) is connected to the bending part of described swing arm main body (21), and described boom cylinder (22) drives described swing arm main body (21) vertical direction to swing; The bottom of described rotating disk (23) is connected away from carrier machinery (1) one end with described swing arm main body (21), the top of described rotating disk (23) is connected with one end of described drill boom oil cylinder (24), and described rotating disk (23) is connected with described rig (3) away from one end of described swing arm main body (21); The other end of described drill boom oil cylinder (24) connects the bending part of described swing arm main body (21), and described drill boom oil cylinder (24) drives described rotating disk (23) to realize rig (3) front and back beat; The top of described beat oil cylinder (25) is connected with described rotating disk (23), the bottom of described beat oil cylinder (25) is connected with the middle part of described rig (3), and described beat oil cylinder (25) drives described rig (3) to deflect;
Described rig (3) comprises drill boom (31), propulsive mechanism (32), drilling rod (33), impactor (34), clamping bar mechanism (35) and drill bit (36), described propulsive mechanism (32) is placed in the upper end of described drill boom (31), described impactor (34) is placed in the top of described drill boom (31), and in the below of described propulsive mechanism (32), described clamping bar mechanism (35) is placed in described drill boom (31) bottom, in described drill boom (31), be provided with described drilling rod (33), described drilling rod (33) top is connected with described impactor (34) by adapter sleeve (37), the bottom of described drilling rod (33) is connected with described drill bit (36) through clamping bar mechanism (35), described propulsive mechanism (32) realizes impactor (34) and drilling rod (33) moves axially along described drill boom (31), described propulsive mechanism (32) is also provided with brake, and described brake can be realized the braking of impactor (34) and drilling rod (33).
2. the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described carrier machinery (1), be provided with electrical control system (11), described electrical control system (11) can be controlled the operate power of carrier machinery (1) intrinsic motivation (12) and mutual pump, in described carrier machinery (1), be also provided with air engine system (13), described air engine system (13) provides Compressed Gas for swing arm (2) and rig (3).
3. the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described electrical control system (11) is provided with auto idle speed device (12), described auto idle speed device (12) can control engine rotating speed.
4. the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the inner chamber of described swing arm main body (21) is provided with gasholder (211), described swing arm main body (21) is also provided with exhaust carrier pipe (212), air inlet carrier pipe (213), exhaust solenoid valve (214), pressure meter (215), safety valve (216) and draining valve (217), described exhaust carrier pipe (212) and air inlet carrier pipe (213) are all placed in the upper end of described swing arm main body (21), one end of described air inlet carrier pipe (213) is connected with described gasholder (211) by flexible pipe, the other end of described air inlet carrier pipe (213) is connected with described air engine system (13), described exhaust solenoid valve (214) is placed in the lower end of described swing arm main body (21), and described exhaust solenoid valve (214) is connected with gasholder (211), described exhaust carrier pipe (212) is connected with described exhaust solenoid valve (214) by flexible pipe, described pressure meter (215) and safety valve (216) are all placed in the lower end of swing arm main body (21), and described pressure meter (215) is all connected with described gasholder (211) with safety valve (216), described draining valve (217) is placed in the lower end of described swing arm main body (21), and described draining valve (217) is connected with described gasholder (211).
5. the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described propulsive mechanism (32) comprises hydraulic motor (321), sprocket wheel (322), chain (323) and unit head (324), described sprocket wheel (322) is sleeved on the output shaft of hydraulic motor (321), one end of described chain (323) is sleeved on described sprocket wheel (322), the other end of described chain (323) is placed in the bottom of described drill boom (31), described unit head (324) is placed on described chain (323), described unit head (324) is connected with described impactor (34), described sprocket wheel (322) drives described chain (323) cycle rotation, described chain (323) drives unit head (324) and described impactor (34) moving axially along drill boom (31).
6. the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described drill boom (31) is made up of square steel pipe, is provided with man-hand hole (311) on described drill boom (31).
7. according to the semi-automatic bar hydraulic rock drilling machine that changes of a kind of nutation type described in claim 1 to 6 any one, it is characterized in that: described clamping bar mechanism (35) comprises the first clamping bar mechanism (351) and the second clamping bar mechanism (352), described the first clamping bar mechanism (351) and the second clamping bar mechanism (352) are axially placed in the bottom of described drill boom (31) side by side along drill boom (31).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410435958.3A CN104196445A (en) | 2014-08-29 | 2014-08-29 | Deflection-swinging type semi-automatic rod replacing hydraulic rock drilling machine |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410435958.3A CN104196445A (en) | 2014-08-29 | 2014-08-29 | Deflection-swinging type semi-automatic rod replacing hydraulic rock drilling machine |
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| CN104196445A true CN104196445A (en) | 2014-12-10 |
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| CN201410435958.3A Pending CN104196445A (en) | 2014-08-29 | 2014-08-29 | Deflection-swinging type semi-automatic rod replacing hydraulic rock drilling machine |
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| CN109209222A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2019-01-15 | 张潇洪 | A kind of bore process |
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| CN106014203A (en) * | 2016-05-13 | 2016-10-12 | 重庆勤牛工程机械有限责任公司 | High-speed hydraulic drill with two engines |
| CN109209222A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2019-01-15 | 张潇洪 | A kind of bore process |
| CN109209222B (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2020-05-26 | 张潇洪 | Drilling process |
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