CN104129314B - 一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力*** - Google Patents

一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力*** Download PDF

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CN104129314B
CN104129314B CN201410343617.3A CN201410343617A CN104129314B CN 104129314 B CN104129314 B CN 104129314B CN 201410343617 A CN201410343617 A CN 201410343617A CN 104129314 B CN104129314 B CN 104129314B
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storage device
switched reluctance
electric storage
reluctance machines
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CN104129314A (zh
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毛珂
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Sichuan Ruicida Technology Co.,Ltd.
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CHENGDU YUNENGTONG ENERGY DEVELOPMENT Co Ltd
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***，它包括电机控制器单元、储电装置、两个功率变换器和电机组，储电装置、功率变换器和电机分别与电机控制器单元连接，一个功率变换器与储电装置连接，另一个功率变换器与外部电源连接，两个功率变换器分别与电机组连接。该动力***可以高效的利用较低的***电压，输出较大的功率，具有较大的储电装置差异性容忍度，可以混合使用不同种类的储电装置，容错能力强，***制造柔性好，***紧凑度高，重量低，成本低。

Description

一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种动力***，特别是一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***。
背景技术
新能源电动汽车最主要的部件是动力电池、电动机和能量转换控制***，而动力电池要实现快速充电、安全等高性能，是技术门槛最高、也是利润最集中的部分,目前仍没有被很好的解决。新能源汽车对电池要求很高，必须具有高比能量、高比功率、快速充电和深度放电的性能，而且要求成本尽量低、使用寿命尽量长。传统的铅酸电池、镍镉电池和镍氢电池本身技术比较成熟，但它们用在汽车上作为动力电池则存在较大的问题。目前，越来越多的汽车厂家选择采用锂电池作为新能源汽车的动力电池。
锂电池具有体积小、质量轻、工作电压高（是镍镉电池、氢镍电池的3倍）、比能量大（可达200WH/㎏，是氢镍电池的3倍）、循环寿命长、自放电率低、无记忆效应、无污染、安全性好等优点。目前阻碍动力锂离子电池发展的瓶颈是安全性能和汽车动力电池的管理***。安全性能方面，由于锂离子动力电池能量密度大、工作温度高、工作环境恶劣使其安全性能大大降低，加上以人为本的安全理念，用户对电池的安全性提出了非常高的要求。汽车动力电池的管理***方面，由于单个动力锂离子电池的工作电压是3.7V，铁锂电池为3.2v 为了达到汽车动力需要的功率往往需要数百v电压，因此必须由多个电池串联而提高电压，但由于电池难以做到完全均一的充放电，因此导致串联的多个电池组内的单个电池会出现充放电不平衡的状况，电池会出现充电不足和过放电现象，而这种状况会导致电池性能的急剧恶化，最终导致整组电池无法正常工作，甚至报废，从而大大影响电池的使用寿命和可靠性能。以磷酸铁锂电池为例，其单体电池充放电次数正常情况下是2000次，但成组后整体的充放电次数往往只有300~500次，使用的时间太短，比如早期北京***投入的电动车辆只用了3个月电池就不能用了，这使得动力电池成本增加，不利于电动汽车的推广使用。
“单体充放电次数”是在实验室环境中由专业人员操作进行实践的，但实际运行中，温度、湿度、震动等都会影响电池寿命，因此，有人从技术、成本上得出结论，锂电动力***充放电次数在700~800次时，与燃油车的成本相平，若锂电动力***充放电次数超过1000次，则综合成本会优于燃油车。但充放电次数如何超过1000次仍是个世界性难题。
由于电动汽车成本中，动力***要占一半左右，因此，尽管国家有政策支持与补贴，相关试点城市也在不断扩大，各地鼓励电动汽车产业发展的积极性也很高，但由于电池技术本身尚有待攻克和完善之处，电动汽车仍然没能很好的发展起来。因此，尽管电动汽车热度很高，但来自终端的需求却难以旺盛，这反过来限制了锂电产业的发展。
为了能实现动力锂电池组的无充电站快速充电，具有高可靠性，减少电池成组效应，使得整个动力***重量轻，体积小，组装容易和制造便利，本发明绕开传统电池简单串联后在通过一个功率变换器驱动一个电机的特点，创造性地提出采用多个应用独立储电装置转子机械并联的开关磁阻电机的驱动***。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供一种能够高效利用较低的***电压，输出较大功率，能容忍储电装置间的差异性，容错能力强，***制造柔性好，紧凑度高，重量低的采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的：一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***，它包括电机控制器单元、储电装置、两个功率变换器和电机组，储电装置、功率变换器和电机分别与电机控制器单元连接，一个功率变换器与储电装置连接，另一个功率变换器与外部电源连接，两个功率变换器分别与电机组连接。
所述的电机组包括一个或一个以上机械并联的电机，每个电机都与两个功率变换器直接连接。
所述的电机为开关磁阻电机。
所述的电机至少有一相包含了两个独立的线圈绕组，两个线圈绕组分别与两个驱动电路相连，驱动电路分别与电储能元件和外部电源连接，电机控制器单元通过两套独立的电源和驱动电路，控制所述电机的四象限运行。
所述的储电装置为能够反复充放电的装置。
它包括一个总控制器，电机控制器单元接收和执行总控制器单元的控制信号，同时将电机控制单元采集的实时运行数据上传总控制器，并执行基本的控制策略。
所述的电机为变压器。
所述的控制策略包括电池管理控制策略、充电控制策略、储电模组平衡控制策略、太阳能最大功率追踪控制策略。
本发明的有益效果是：该动力***可以高效的利用较低的***电压，输出较大的功率，具有较大的储电装置差异性容忍度，可以混合使用不同种类的储电装置，容错能力强，***制造柔性好，***紧凑度高，重量低，成本低。
附图说明
图1为动力***连接框图
图2为开关磁阻电机作为变压器运行示意图A；
图3为开关磁阻电机作为变压器运行示意图B。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图进一步详细描述本发明的技术方案，但本发明的保护范围不局限于以下所述。
如图1所示，一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***，它包括电机控制器单元、储电装置、两个功率变换器和电机组，储电装置、功率变换器和电机分别与电机控制器单元连接，一个功率变换器与储电装置连接，另一个功率变换器与外部电源连接，两个功率变换器分别与电机组连接。
所述的电机组包括一个或一个以上机械并联的电机，每个电机都与两个功率变换器直接连接。
所述的电机为开关磁阻电机。
所述的电机至少有一相包含了两个独立的线圈绕组，两个线圈绕组分别与两个驱动电路相连，驱动电路分别与电储能元件和外部电源连接，电机控制器单元通过两套独立的电源和驱动电路，控制所述电机的四象限运行。
所述的储电装置为能够反复充放电的装置。
它包括一个总控制器，电机控制器单元接收和执行总控制器单元的控制信号，同时将电机控制单元采集的实时运行数据上传总控制器，并执行基本的控制策略。
所述的电机为变压器。
所述的控制策略包括电池管理控制策略、充电控制策略、储电模组平衡控制策略、太阳能最大功率追踪控制策略。
如图1所示，动力***可以由多个动力单元组成，每个动力单元中的开关磁阻电机机械并联，各电机都有独立的电机控制单元和两个功率放大器。
电机控制器单元可以分别控制两套独立的电源实现电机的四象限运行，每一个控制器单元都执行接收自总控制器单元的控制规定信号，如转速控制、转矩控制、转子位置控制等。同时将该电机控制单元的实时运行数据上传总控制器，每一个控制单元通过通讯***对该动力***进行数据的收集，并作出基本的控制策略。如对储电装置信息的采集就可以采用电池管理***（BMS）收集电池***的信息。
基本控制策略中电池管理控制策略包括电池在充电的时候电压超过了上限电压就需要停止充电，电池单体放电的时候电压超过了下限电压就需要停止放电，电池模组过热就需要打开散热装置，降低功率运行甚至停止运行。当控制器发现这些参数达到了电池管理***设置的上限或者下限值，就会采取相应的控制策略，保证电池运行在安全合理高效的范围内。
充电控制策略包括***在外接电源上充电的时候，为了保证外接电源不过载，就会在总控制器上通过设置功率限值在实现保证外部电源不过载的情况下最大速度的充电。
由于每一个电池单元由于制造的原因不可能一模一样，同样每一个模组更不可能一模一样，因而储电模组平衡控制策略就是每一个子***根据自身***储能***的状况采用不同的控制策略。总控制器通过针对不同的子***状况发出不同的控制指令，以保证每一个子***都可以尽可能的发挥最大的能力。
其中每个电机控制器根据通讯获得的该***内部储电***的剩余WH数、每个单体的电压、温度以及元件的健康程度，再结合自身的情况对控制器指令进行个性化的执行操作。如在储电装置剩余WH 数量不同的时候进行保证荷电态相同的同步放电。即WH数大的储电装置放电功率较大，WH数小的储电装置放电功率较小。所有的储电装置尽可能同步完成放电。当有储能装置达到过放电门限时，为保证其不损坏则停止放电操作同时通过控制器驱动电机工作在发电状态使其充入一定的电量。每个储电装置在充电时都进行独立充电，可以通过电机控制器将其充电到最佳状态，以保证每一个子***在可以保证自身安全和寿命的情况下，尽可能的发挥最大的能力。
如图1所示的***框图中，开关磁阻电机可以运行在电动机和发电机两种状态，当开关磁阻电机采用储能元件储存的电力以电动机运行时，***可以直接通过控制器驱动与储电元件相连的功率转换器将储电元件所储存的电量或外部电源转化为动力。在需要的时候也可以将输入电机的机械功率发出电回馈到储电装置或外部电源。磁阻电机具体处于何种运行状态，是通过总控制器针对控制目标通过数据计算将总的控制任务分别下达到每一个电机控制器单元，每个电机控制器单元再采用一定控制策略对不同的开关器件实施控制，从而实现电机分别可以通过2个独立的电源实现4象限运行。
由于单相开关磁阻电机一般无自启动能力，如果电机上只有一相上有两个绕组，在实际使用过程中可以采用先用多相的绕组先将磁阻电机将转子启动，再由控制***转为单相运行也可是实现顺利启动。
如图2所示，开关磁阻电机可以作为变压器使用，当储能***内储存的电能通过k5、k6、k7、k8 4个开关器件逆变成交流电，通过电机本体完成磁场耦合，在另外一个线圈上产生交流电压，通过并联在k1、k2、k3、k4 开关器件上的二极管d1、d2、d3、d4进行全桥整流变为直流电向外接设备供电；当外接电能通过k1、k2、k3、k4逆变成交流电，再通过电机本体完成磁场耦合，在另外一个线圈上产生交流电压，通过并联在开关器件k5、k6、k7、k8 上的二极管d5、d6、d7、d8 进行全桥整流变为直流电向储能***充电。
如图3所示外接电能通过k1、k2、k3、k4逆变成交流通过电机本体完成磁场耦合，在电机一个相线圈上产生交流电压，通过并联在开关器件上的两个续流二极管vd4和vd3 和***原来就有的续流二极管vd1和vd2 组成的全桥整流电路后变为直流电向储能***充电。
本发明的动力***内部电机之间机械并联可以避免传统电池串联后造成的成组效应，总控制器根据每个电机控制器提供的信息，可以根据没个电池的不同状况，使它们工作在不同的工作状态，个性化的工作状态保证了每一个电池组都可以工作在安全的范围内，从而避免了成组效应的发生。
同时可以用开关磁阻电机作为一个功率变压器，可以很方便的将外接电源的能量充入储能电源，其充电功率大，速度快，由于没有增加过多的零件，几乎不需要增加任何***重量整个***就具有低压大功率快速充电的能力。如果用于电动汽车也将很容易通过传统的电网获得补充能量，使用极为方便。

Claims (3)

1.一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***，其特征在于：它包括一个或多个动力单元，每个动力单元均包括电机控制器单元、储电装置、两个功率变换器和开关磁阻电机，储电装置、功率变换器和开关磁阻电机分别与电机控制器单元连接，一个功率变换器与储电装置连接，另一个功率变换器与外部电源连接，两个功率变换器分别与开关磁阻电机连接；每个动力单元中的开关磁阻电机机械并联；所述的开关磁阻电机至少有一相包含了两个独立的线圈绕组，两个线圈绕组分别与两个驱动电路相连，驱动电路分别与储电装置和外部电源连接，电机控制器单元通过两套独立的电源和驱动电路，控制所述电机的四象限运行。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***，其特征在于：所述的储电装置为能够反复充放电的装置。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种采用开关磁阻电机作为功率变压器的动力***，其特征在于：它包括一个总控制器，电机控制器单元接收和执行总控制器单元的控制信号，同时将电机控制器单元采集的实时运行数据上传至总控制器，并执行基本的控制策略；
所述的控制策略包括电池管理控制策略、充电控制策略、储电模组平衡控制策略、太阳能最大功率追踪控制策略。
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