CN104009446B - 一种直流输电保护装置、换流器及保护方法 - Google Patents
一种直流输电保护装置、换流器及保护方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
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- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
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- H02H7/125—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for rectifiers
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Abstract
本发明公开一种直流输电保护装置,包括电阻单元和双向流通电流开关单元,该保护装置由所述电阻单元和所述双向流通电流开关单元并联而成;其中所述电阻单元由至少一个电阻级联而成,所述双向流通电流开关单元由至少一个双向流通电流开关级联而成。另外还提供一种含有该保护装置的换流器,在每一个相单元中,串联至少一个所述保护装置。本发明还提供一种该换流器的保护方法。本发明能够快速的、有效的抑制直流短路电流、阻尼电流振荡,既能更好的保护设备安全,又能大大缩短故障电流衰减时间、从而缩短直流停运时间,进一步的,最大程度减小停运带来的经济损失和***失稳风险。而且该装置结构简单、成本较低,具有很好的可实现性和经济性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于直流输电领域,特别涉及一种柔性直流输电直流短路故障的保护装置,使用该保护装置构成的换流器以及其保护方法。
背景技术
直流输电技术(HVDC,High-Voltage Direct Current)是一种借助于大功率半控电力电子器件(如晶闸管)或全控电力电子器件(如绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT,InsulatedGate Bipolar Transistor),集成门极换流晶闸管(IGCT,Intergrated Gate CommutatedThyristors)等)实现交流/直流以及直流/交流转换,从而以直流形式输送电力能源的传输技术。其中,使用半控型电力电子器件晶闸管的直流输电称为基于电流源型换流器的直流输电***(CSC-HVDC),也称为常规直流输电;使用全控型电气电子器件IGBT的直流输电称为基于电压源型换流器的直流输电***(VSC-HVDC),也称为柔性直流输电。
直流输电***属于高压、大电流电气设备,一旦发生故障,就有可能使设备因过电压或过电流冲击而损耗。因此,适当的保护措施是直流输电***安全、可靠运行不可或缺的重要组成部分。
在各种可能的故障中,尤其以直流线路故障为代表的直流侧故障为普遍。由于直流传输线路可能长达数千公里,且暴露在复杂的自然环境中,发生故障的概率最大。当直流线路发生短路等故障时,直流输电***将出现严重的过流,需要及时抑制短路电流,并协助直流***尽快从故障中恢复正常运行。
常规直流使用晶闸管器件构成的三相桥式换流器,在发生直流侧短路故障时,可以通过对晶闸管触发角的快速控制来抑制直流短路电流,具体做法是:在发生直流短路故障时,快速控制触发角移相使直流电压迅速反向,从而迅速抑制直流短路电流,待短路点自然断弧后,恢复触发角正常控制,并恢复直流输电***正常运行。如果是一次性的瞬时故障,直流输电***将保持继续正常运行;如果是永久的短路故障,***恢复后将再次出现短路电流,直流输电控制保护***根据预先制定的保护逻辑断开交流进线开关,从而将整个直流输电***停运。幸运的是,这种永久故障在直流线路故障中只占非常小的比例,因此常规直流输电***很少因为直流线路短路而完全停运。
但这种很好保护方式用在柔性直流输电中却完全不可行。由于柔性直流输电***采用IGBT构成电压源型换流器,无法通过换流器控制使直流电压反向,也因此无法以该方式来抑制短路电流。于是柔性直流输电***应对直流线路短路故障的措施是:直接断开交流进线开关,从而将整个直流输电***停运。待故障电流衰减完毕后,再重新充电、运行。
在实际工程中,即使付出***停运的代价来应对直流侧短路故障也不足以很好的保护柔性直流输电***的设备不受安全威胁:
(1)柔性直流输电换流器中并联有二极管器件,在发生直流短路故障时,为直流短路电流提供了回路,即使交流进线开关打开,直流回路中的断流电流也会由于二极管的存在而衰减困难,一方面是设备将更长时间的暴露在大电流冲击下,另一方面也大大延长了整个***恢复的时间,从而加剧经济损失和***失稳风险。
(2)在短路发生时,柔性直流输电***的电感和电容等设备将使短路电流发生振荡,进一步加剧了其对设备和外部***的破坏力。
一种最直接的解决方法是在直流回路中增加直流断路器,在短路故障发生时,通过直流断路器迅速断开直流短路电流。但由于该设备的技术成熟度还不足以实现工程应用,因此在很长的一段时间内还无法采用。未来,即使在应用技术成熟后,其设备复杂、造价高昂,运行维护工作量大、经济性差。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种直流输电保护装置、换流器及保护方法,有效的解决柔性直流输电***短路电流衰减困难、存在振荡的的固有缺陷,且实现简单、经济性好。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供一种直流输电保护装置,其特征在,包括电阻单元和双向流通电流开关单元,该保护装置由所述电阻单元和所述双向流通电流开关单元并联而成;其中所述电阻单元由一个电阻构成,或者由多个电阻级联而成,所述双向流通电流开关单元由一个双向流通电流开关构成,或者由多一个双向流通电流开关级联而成。
进一步地,所述双向流通电流开关由二极管单元和开关管单元的并联而成,其中,所述开关管单元的正极、所述二极管单元的负极以及所述电阻单元的一端连接在一起,定义为所述保护装置的正端;
所述开关管单元的负极、所述二极管单元的正极以及所述电阻单元的另一端连接在一起,定义为所述保护装置的负端;
所述二极管单元由一个二极管构成,或者由多个二极管级联而成,所述开关管单元由一个开关管构成,或者由多个开关管级联而成。
进一步地,所述开关管为具有可关断功能的功率半导体器件。
进一步地,所述双向流通电流开关采用IGBT,以所述IGBT的集电极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述IGBT的发射极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极;
或者,所述双向流通电流开关采用至少一个IGCT或至少一个GTO构成,以所述IGCT或所述GTO的阳极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述IGCT或GTO的阴极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极;
或者,所述双向流通电流开关采用至少一个MOSFET构成,以所述MOSFET的漏极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述MOSFET的源极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极。
进一步地,所述保护装置还配置相应的冷却设备。
进一步地,还包括在所述保护装置的正负极之间并联电压保护元件。
进一步地,还包括在所述保护装置的正负极之间并联旁路开关元件。
进一步地,所述电阻R取值范围在0.1~100欧姆。
本发明还提供一种含有该保护装置的换流器,所述换流器包括三相,每一相包括上下两个桥臂,所述每个桥臂由一个电抗器单元和至少一个子模块串联而成;每一相的上下两个桥臂合在一起成为一个相单元,上下桥臂的连接点为中点,三个上桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为所述换流器正端;三个下桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为所述换流器的负端,其特征在于,在每一个相单元中,串联至少一个所述保护装置。
进一步地,串联至少一个所述保护装置具体指:至少一个所述保护装置串联在所述电抗器与所述子模块之间,或者串联在所述电抗器与所述中点之间,或者串联在两个所述子模块之间,或者串联在所述子模块与所述换流器正端之间,或者串联在所述子模块与所述换流器负端之间。
进一步地,每个相单元中所串联的保护装置的数量相等。
进一步地,其特征在于,所述换流器适用于电压源型拓扑,可以是模块化多电平柔性直流***、两电平柔性直流***或者三电平柔性直流***。
本发明还提供一种该换流器的保护方法,其特征在于,包括步骤:检测并判断是否发生直流侧短路故障,如果发生,则对串联在所述桥臂中的所有所述保护装置的所述双向流通电流开关施加关断信号;并在故障电流衰减完毕后恢复***运行。
本发明的有益效果是:为柔性直流输电提供了一种保护装置、换流器及保护方法,能够快速的、有效的抑制直流短路电流、阻尼电流振荡,既能更好的保护设备安全,又能大大缩短故障电流衰减时间、从而缩短直流停运时间,进一步的,最大程度减小停运带来的经济损失和***失稳风险。而且该装置结构简单、成本较低,具有很好的可实现性和经济性。
附图说明
图1是一种模块化多电平柔性直流输电拓扑;
图2是本发明实施例的一种保护装置的单元结构图;
图3是本发明实施例的一种含有保护装置的换流器结构示意图;
图4是本发明实施例的一种含有保护装置换流器发生短路故障的示意图。
具体实施方式
以下将结合附图,对本发明的技术方案进行详细说明。
如图1所示,是一个换流器的拓扑结构。该换流器包括三相,每一相包括上下两个桥臂,共由6个桥臂构成。每个桥臂由一个电抗器L和N个子模块SM串联而成,每一相的上下两个桥臂合在一起成为一个相单元。上下桥臂的连接点称为中点。三个上桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为换流器正端;三个下桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为换流器的负端。
本发明提供一种保护装置,包括一个电阻单元和一个双向流通电流开关单元,该保护装置由所述电阻单元和所述双向流通电流开关单元并联而成。其中所述电阻单元可以是一个电阻,或者是多个电阻通过串联或者并联等方式级联而成,同样的,该双向流通电流开关单元也可以是一个双向开关,或者是由多个双向流通电流开关级联而成。
进一步的,该双向流通电流开关可以由二极管单元和开关管单元的并联而成,其中,所述开关管单元的正极、所述二极管单元的负极以及所述电阻单元的一端连接在一起,定义为所述保护装置的正端;开关管单元的负极、所述二极管单元的正极以及所述电阻单元的另一端连接在一起,定义为所述保护装置的负端;所述二极管单元可以是一个二极管,或者由多个二极管级联而成,所述开关管单元可以是一个开关管,或者是由多个开关管级联而成。开关管为具有可关断功能的功率半导体器件。
双向流通电流开关还可以采用IGBT,以所述IGBT的集电极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述IGBT的发射极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极。
或者,所述双向流通电流开关采用至少一个IGCT或至少一个门级关断晶闸管(Gate-Turn-Off Thyristor,GTO)加上其他辅助装置构成,以所述IGCT或所述GTO的阳极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述IGCT或GTO的阴极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极。
或者,双向流通电流开关还可以采用所述双向流通电流开关采用金氧半场效晶体管((Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor,MOSFET)加上其他辅助装置构成,以所述MOSFET的漏极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述MOSFET的源极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极。
另外,保护装置的开关管将流过桥臂电流,因此该保护装置还可以配置相应的冷却设备。优选地,可以采用水冷散热。
另外,所述保护装置的正负极之间还可以并联电压保护元件,以抑制开关两端的过电压。
另外,所述保护装置的正负极之间还可以并联旁路开关元件,以方便的切除保护装置。
另外,保护装置里的电阻R取值范围在0.1~100欧姆。
如图2所示是保护装置的一个优选实施例,包括一个电阻、一个开关管和一个二极管。开关管T的正极、二极管的负极以及电阻的一端连接在一起,定义为该保护装置的正端,开关管的T的负极、二极管的正极以及电阻另一端连接在一起,定义为该保护装置的负端。
需要注意的是,这里的一个电阻单元可以是一个电阻,也可以是多个电阻通过串联、并联等级联方式构成,而不局限于一个实际的电阻。同样的,开关管、二极管均可由多个级联而成。这里的图2是保护装置实施例的一个等效电路图。
本发明还提供一种该保护装置的换流器,该换流器包括三相,每一相包括上下两个桥臂,所述每个桥臂由一个电抗器单元和至少一个子模块串联而成;每一相的上下两个桥臂合在一起成为一个相单元,上下桥臂的连接点为中点,三个上桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为所述换流器正端;三个下桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为所述换流器的负端,其特征在于,在每一个相单元中,串联至少一个所述保护装置。
这里所说的电抗器单元可以是一个电抗器或者多个电抗器级联而成。
优选的,每个相单元中所串联的保护装置的数量相等。
保护装置可以串联在相单元中的任意位置,例如可以串联在所述电抗器与所述子模块之间,或者串联在所述电抗器与所述中点之间,或者串联在两个所述子模块之间,或者串联在所述子模块与所述换流器正端之间,或者串联在所述子模块与所述换流器负端之间。
所述保护装置可以同时串联在上下桥臂中的对称位置,也可以不对称。
各个相单元中所串联的保护装置可以串在对应位置,也可以不对应。
这里的换流器可以是模块化多电平柔性直流***、两电平柔性直流***或者三电平柔性直流***。
一种较优的实施方案如图3所示,是将保护装置串联在图1所给出的换流器中,在三个上桥臂的子模块与电抗器之间各串联一个保护装置。
本发明提供的这种换流器中保护装置的串联方式,属于在换流器的交流侧的串联。这样具有益效果是:(1)保护装置可与换流器一体化设计、工程可实现性好、节省空间。保护装置可采用模块化设计理念,直接与换流器子模块采用标准化设计和组装,与子模块外形、尺寸、接线一致,直接装设在换流器中,不占据额外空间,这一优势在非常强调紧凑型设计的柔性直流输电工程中至关重要。(2)无需独立取能。保护装置中的开关管及其控制回路需要适当的电源供电,在交流侧安装,可以与换流阀共用取能回路。(3)可以不用配置独立冷却设备,与其他设备共用冷却设备。保护装置中的大功率电力电子器件需要水冷循环来降温,在换流阀交流侧安装,可以与换流阀共用水冷设备。(4)结构简单、体积小、成本低。相比直流侧,交流侧电流有效值小,保护装置的开关管可以选择换流器同型号开关管即可,而无需采用多开关管并联结构来提升电流额定值。(5)抑制电流振荡效果更好。理论分析与试验结果表明,保护装置串联在换流器交流侧在故障初期对电流振荡的抑制效果好,能有效抑制桥臂的故障电流峰值,降低整个桥臂的子模块电流应力。
对于本发明所提供的含有保护装置的换流器,当该换流器正端与负端所连线路等设备发生短路时,各桥臂会流过较大的短路电流,且受整个回路中电容和电感的影响,短路电流还会发生振荡,从而严重危及整个***设备的安全。图4为该发生短路时的示意图。
针对此问题,本发明还提供一种利用所述保护装置来抑制直流短路电流、阻尼电流振荡的保护方法,一个优选的实施例中,可以包括如下步骤:
(1)检测并判断是否发生直流侧短路故障,如果是,转步骤(2)。
(2)对串联在桥臂的所有保护装置的双向流通电流开关施加关断信号。
(3)检测并判断故障电流是否衰减完毕,如果是,转步骤(4)。
(4)恢复柔性直流输电***运行。
本发明中所称的级联,包括串联、并联等连接方式。
以上实施例仅为说明本发明的技术思想,不能以此限定本发明的保护范围,凡是按照本发明提出的技术思想,在技术方案基础上所做的任何改动,均落入本发明保护范围之内。
Claims (11)
1.一种换流器,其特征在于,所述换流器包括三相,每一相包括上下两个桥臂,每个所述桥臂由一个电抗器单元和至少一个子模块串联而成;每一相的上下两个桥臂合在一起成为一个相单元,上下桥臂的连接点为中点,三个上桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为所述换流器正端;三个下桥臂的引出端连接在一起,为所述换流器的负端;在每一个相单元中,串联至少一个直流输电保护装置;
所述直流输电保护装置包括电阻单元和双向流通电流开关单元,该保护装置由所述电阻单元和所述双向流通电流开关单元并联而成;其中,所述电阻单元取值范围在0.1~100欧姆,所述电阻单元由至少一个电阻级联而成;所述双向流通电流开关单元由至少一个双向流通电流开关级联而成。
2.如权利要求1所述的换流器,其特征在于,串联至少一个直流输电保护装置具体指:所述至少一个直流输电保护装置串联在所述电抗器单元与所述至少一个子模块之间,或者串联在所述电抗器单元与所述中点之间,或者串联在两个所述子模块之间,或者串联在所述至少一个子模块与所述换流器正端之间,或者串联在所述至少一个子模块与所述换流器负端之间。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的换流器,其特征在于,每个相单元中所串联的保护装置的数量相等。
4.如权利要求1所述的换流器,其特征在于,所述换流器适用于电压源型拓扑,可以是模块化多电平柔性直流***、两电平柔性直流***。
5.如权利要求1所述的换流器,其特征在于,所述双向流通电流开关由二极管单元和开关管单元的并联而成,其中,所述开关管单元的正极、所述二极管单元的负极以及所述电阻单元的一端连接在一起,定义为所述保护装置的正端;
所述开关管单元的负极、所述二极管单元的正极以及所述电阻单元的另一端连接在一起,定义为所述保护装置的负端;
所述二极管单元由至少一个二极管级联而成,所述开关管单元由至少一个开关管级联而成。
6.如权利要求5所述的换流器,其特征在于,所述开关管为具有可关断功能的功率半导体器件。
7.如权利要求5所述的换流器,其特征在于,所述双向流通电流开关采用IGBT,以所述IGBT的集电极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述IGBT的发射极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极;
或者,所述双向流通电流开关采用至少一个IGCT或至少一个GTO构成,以所述IGCT或所述GTO的阳极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述IGCT或GTO的阴极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极;
或者,所述双向流通电流开关采用MOSFET构成,以所述MOSFET的漏极作为所述双向流通电流开关的正极,以所述MOSFET的源极作为所述双向流通电流开关的负极。
8.如权利要求1所述的换流器,其特征在于,所述保护装置还配置相应的冷却设备。
9.如权利要求1所述的换流器,其特征在于,还包括在所述保护装置的正负极之间并联电压保护元件。
10.如权利要求1所述的换流器,其特征在于,还包括在所述保护装置的正负极之间并联旁路开关元件。
11.一种如权利要求1所述换流器的保护方法,其特征在于,包括步骤:检测并判断是否发生直流侧短路故障,如果发生,则对串联在所述桥臂中的所有所述保护装置的所述双向流通电流开关施加关断信号;并在故障电流衰减完毕后恢复***运行。
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KR102127036B1 (ko) | 2020-06-26 |
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