CN103958824B - 用于加热地下地层的循环流体***的热膨胀调节 - Google Patents

用于加热地下地层的循环流体***的热膨胀调节 Download PDF

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CN103958824B
CN103958824B CN201280048984.XA CN201280048984A CN103958824B CN 103958824 B CN103958824 B CN 103958824B CN 201280048984 A CN201280048984 A CN 201280048984A CN 103958824 B CN103958824 B CN 103958824B
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M·A·冈萨雷斯
A·M·G·L·克鲁斯
G·琼
J·M·诺埃尔
E·R·F·奥坎波斯
J·A·彭索
J·A·霍韦格
S·M·利维
D·拉古
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
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    • E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
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    • E21B19/22—Handling reeled pipe or rod units, e.g. flexible drilling pipes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于调节地层中加热器的热膨胀的方法，该方法包括使传热流体流过导管以向地层提供热，以及向导管的延伸到地层外的端部部分提供基本恒定的张力。所述导管的端部部分的至少一部分围绕可动轮缠绕，所述可动轮用于向导管施加张力。

Description

用于加热地下地层的循环流体***的热膨胀调节
技术领域
本发明总体涉及用于从各种地下地层（如含烃地层）生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的方法和***。更具体地，本发明涉及用于加热地下含烃地层的***和方法。
背景技术
从地下地层中获得的烃通常用作能量源、原料和消费品。对可用烃资源衰竭的关注和对产出烃的总体质量下降的关注，导致开发了用于更有效地回收、处理和/或使用可用烃资源的方法。就地处理可用于从地下地层移出烃材料。可能需要改变地下地层中的烃材料的化学和/或物理性能，以使烃材料更容易从地下地层移出。化学和物理变化可包括地层中烃材料的生成可移出流体的就地反应、成分变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化。流体可以是，但是不限于，气体、液体、乳状液、浆液和/或具有与液体流类似的流动特性的固体颗粒流。
Sandberg等人的美国专利US7,575,052描述了一种就地热处理方法，该方法采用循环***来加热一个或多个处理区。循环***可使用经过地层中的管道的已加热的液态传热流体以将热传递至地层。
Vinegar等人的美国专利申请公开US2008-0135254描述了一种用于就地热处理过程的***和方法，该就地热处理过程采用循环***来加热一个或多个处理区。循环***使用经过地层中的管道的已加热的液态传热流体以将热传递至地层。在一些实施例中，管道布置在至少两个井眼中。
Nguyen等人的美国专利申请公开US2009-0095476描述了一种用于地下地层的加热***，该加热***包括位于地下地层中的开口内的导管。绝缘导***于导管中。材料在导管中、在绝缘导体的一部分与导管的一部分之间。该材料可以是盐。该材料在加热***的工作温度下是流体。热从绝缘导体传递至流体，从流体传热递至导管，以及从导管传递至地下地层。
对于开发用于从含烃地层中经济地产出烃、氢和/或其它产品的方法和***已经付出了巨大的努力。但是，目前仍然存在许多不能从其中经济地产出烃、氢和/或其它产品的含烃地层。因而，仍需要改进的方法和***，以相对于采用地面基设备开采烃的方法而言，减小用于处理地层的能量消耗、减小来自处理过程的排放物、便于加热***的安装和/或减小损失到上覆岩层的热损失。
发明内容
在此描述的实施例总体涉及用于处理地下地层的***、方法和加热器。在此描述的实施例还总体涉及其中具有新颖部件的加热器。这些加热器可通过利用在此描述的***和方法获得。
在某些实施例中，本发明提供了一种或多种***、方法和/或加热器。在一些实施例中，所述***、方法和/或加热器用于处理地下地层。
在某些实施例中，一种用于调节地层中加热器的热膨胀的方法包括：使传热流体流过导管以向地层提供热；以及向延伸到地层外的导管的端部部分提供基本恒定的张力，其中，导管的端部部分的至少一部分围绕用于向导管施加张力的可动轮缠绕。
在某些实施例中，一种用于调节地层中加热器的热膨胀的***包括：导管，所述导管构造为当传热流体流过导管时向地层施加热；和可动轮，其中所述导管的端部部分的至少一部分围绕所述可动轮缠绕，并且所述可动轮用于保持所述导管上的基本恒定的张力，以当传热流体流过导管时吸收导管的膨胀。
在另外的实施例中，特定实施例的特征可以与其它实施例的特征组合。例如，一个实施例的特征可与任一其它实施例中的特征组合。
在另外的实施例中，使用在此描述的方法、***、电源或加热器中的任一个来进行对地下地层处理。
在另外的实施例中，可将附加特征添加到在此描述的特定实施例中。
附图说明
根据下述详细描述并且参照附图，本发明的优点对本领域的技术人员来说可变得显而易见，附图中：
图1示出了用于处理含烃地层的就地热处理***的一部分的一个实施例的示意图。
图2描绘了利用循环***加热地层的***的示意图。
图3描绘波纹管的视图。
图4A描绘了具有在井口上方用于调节热膨胀的补偿器的管道的视图。
图4B描绘了具有在井口上方用于调节热膨胀的连续管或卷绕管的管道的视图。
图4C描绘了具有在井口上方、在隔热空间中用于调节热膨胀的连续管或卷绕管的管道的视图。
图5描绘在已发生管道热膨胀之后在上覆岩层中的管道的一部分。
图6描绘了在已发生管道热膨胀之后在上覆岩层中的具有多于一个导管的管道的一部分。
图7描绘了具有滑动密封件的井口的视图。
图8描绘了一***的视图，在该***中，导管中的传热流体被传输到固定导管中或者从固定导管中传输出。
图9描绘了一***的视图，在该***中，固定导管被固定到井口。
图10描绘了密封件的一个实施例。
图11描绘了利用锁定机构固定就位的密封件、导管和另一导管的一个实施例。
图12描绘了利用软金属密封件将锁定机构安置就位的一个实施例。
图13描绘了u形井眼的视图，其中加热器定位于井眼中。
图14描绘了u形井眼的视图，其中加热器联接到张紧轮。
虽然本发明易于具有多种变型和可替代形式，但是其具体实施例在附图中以实例方式进行显示，并且可在此进行详细描述。附图可不按比例绘制。但是，应该理解的是，附图和和对附图的详细描述不旨在将本发明限制为所公开的特定形式，而是相反地，旨在覆盖落入由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有变型、等同物和可替代方案。
具体实施方式
下述描述总体涉及用于处理地层中的烃的***和方法。这些地层可被处理以生产出烃产品、氢和其它产品。
“API重力指标”表示在15.5℃（60oF）时的API重力指标。API重力指标由ASTMMethod D6822或ASTM Method D1298确定。
“ASTM”表示美国标准测试和材料。
在热输出减小的加热***、装置和方法的背景下，术语“自动地”表示在不使用外部控制装置（例如，外部控制器，诸如具有温度传感器和反馈回路的控制器、PID控制器或预测控制器）的情况下以一定方式起作用的这些***、装置和方法。
“沥青/柏油”是指可溶解于二硫化碳中的半固态粘性材料。沥青/柏油可通过精炼操作获得或从地下地层产出。
“碳数”是指分子中碳原子数。烃流体可包括具有不同碳数的各种烃。可通过碳数分布描述烃流体。可通过真沸点分布和/或气液色谱法确定碳数和/或碳数分布。
“可冷凝烃”是在25℃和一个绝对大气压下冷凝的烃。可冷凝烃可包括碳数大于4的烃的混合物。“不可冷凝烃”是在25℃和一个绝对大气压下不冷凝的烃。不可冷凝烃可包括碳数小于5的烃。
“流体”可以是，但是不限于，气体、液体、乳状液、浆液和/或具有与液体流类似的流动特性的固体颗粒流。
“地层”包括一个或多个含烃层、一个或多个非烃层、上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。“烃层”指地层中的含烃层。烃层可包含非烃材料和烃材料。“上覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一种或多种不同类型的不可渗透材料。例如，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或润湿/致密的碳酸盐岩。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括一层或多层含烃层，所述含烃层在就地热处理过程中是相对不可渗透的并且不受温度影响，所述就地热处理导致上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的性能发生显著变化。例如，下伏岩层可含有页岩或泥岩，但是不允许下伏岩层在就地热处理过程期间加热到热解温度。在一些情形中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以是稍微可渗透的。
“地层流体”是指存在于地层中的流体，并且可包括热解流体、合成气、流动的烃和水（蒸汽）。地层流体可包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“流动的流体”是指含烃地层中的由于地层的热处理而能够流动的流体。“产出流体”是指从地层移出的流体。
“热源”是用于基本上通过传导和/或辐射传热向地层的至少一部分提供热的任何***。例如，热源可包括导电材料和/或电加热器，诸如绝缘导体、细长部件和/或布置在导管中的导体。热源还可包括通过燃烧地层外部或地层中的燃料来产生热的***。所述***可以是地表燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和自然分布式燃烧器。在一些实施例中，一个或多个热源所提供或产生的热可由其它能量源提供。所述其它能量源可直接加热地层，或者所述能量可施加到直接或间接地加热地层的传递介质。应该理解的是，将热施加到地层的一个或多个热源可使用不同的能量源。因而，例如，对于给定地层，一些热源可由导电材料（电阻加热器）提供热，一些热源可通过燃烧提供热，一些热源可由一个或多个其它能量源（例如，化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物质或其它可再生能量源）提供热。化学反应可包括放热反应（例如氧化反应）。热源还可包括向加热位置（诸如加热器井）附近或周围的区域提供热的导电材料和/或加热器。
“加热器”是用于在井中或井眼区域附近产生热的任何***或热源。加热器可以是，但不限于，电加热器、燃烧炉、与地层中的材料或从地层产出的材料发生反应的燃烧器、和/或它们的组合。
“重烃”是粘性烃流体。重烃可以包括高粘性烃流体，诸如重油、焦油和/或沥青。重烃可以包括碳和氢以及较低浓度的硫、氧和氮。其它元素也可以微量存在于重烃中。重烃可通过API重力指标分类。重烃通常具有低于约20°的API重力指标。例如，重油通常具有约10-20°的API重力指标，而焦油通常具有低于约10°的API重力指标。重烃的粘性在15°时通常大于约100厘泊。重烃可包括芳烃或其它复杂的环烃。
重烃可在相对可渗透的地层中找到。相对可渗透的地层可包括例如夹杂于砂或碳酸盐岩中的重烃。相对于地层或地层的一部分，“相对可渗透的”被定义为10毫达西或以上（例如10或100毫达西）的平均渗透性。相对于地层或地层的一部分，“相对低渗透性”被定义为小于约10毫达西的平均渗透性。1达西等于约0.99平方微米。不可渗层通常具有小于约0.1毫达西的渗透性。
包含重烃的某些类型地层还可包括，但并不限于，天然矿物蜡或天然沥青岩。“天然矿物蜡”典型地存在于大致管状的矿脉中，这些矿脉可具有数米宽、数千米长和数百米深。“天然沥青岩”包括具有芳族成分的固体烃，并典型地存在于大矿脉中。从诸如天然矿物蜡和天然沥青岩的地层中就地回收烃可包括熔融以形成液态烃和/或从地层中对烃进行溶解采矿。
“烃”通常被定义为主要由碳原子和氢原子形成的分子。烃还可包括其它元素，例如，但不限于，卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。烃可以是，但不限于，油母、沥青、焦沥青、油类、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩。烃可位于大地中的矿物基体中或与矿物基体相邻。基体可包括，但不限于，沉积岩、砂、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐岩、硅藻土和其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括烃的流体。烃流体可包括非烃流体、夹带非烃流体或被夹带在非烃流体中，所述非烃流体诸如为氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨。
“就地转化过程”是指通过热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到热解温度以上以使得在地层中产生热解流体的过程。
“就地热处理过程”是指使用热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到导致含烃材料的流体流动、降粘和/或热解的温度以上以使得在地层中产生流动的流体、降粘的流体和/或热解流体的过程。
“绝缘导体”是指任何能够导电的并且全部或部分地由电绝缘材料覆盖的细长材料。
“油母”是已通过自然降解转化的固态可溶解烃，并主要含有碳、氢、氮、氧和硫。煤和油页岩是含油母材料的典型例子。“柏油”是基本可溶解于二硫化碳的非晶态固体或粘性烃材料。“油类”是含可冷凝烃混合物的流体。
“穿孔”包括导管、管、管道或其它流动通路的壁中的开口、狭缝、孔口或孔，它们允许流入或流入导管、管、管道或其它流动通路。
“热解”是由于施加热而导致化学键的断裂。例如，热解可包括仅通过热将化合物转变为一种或多种其它物质。热可被传递到地层的一部段以引起热解。
“热解流体”或“热解产品”是指基本上在烃的热解期间产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可与地层中的其它流体混合。混合物被认为是热解流体或热解产品。如在此所使用的，“热解区”是指被反应或进行反应以形成热解流体的地层体（例如，相对可渗透的地层，诸如沥青砂地层）。
含烃地层中的“富集层”是相对薄的层（通常约0.2m至约0.5m厚）。富集层通常具有约0.150L/kg或更大的富含度。一些富集层的富含度为约0.170L/kg或更大、约0.190L/kg或更大、或约0.210L/kg。地层的贫乏层具有约0.100L/kg或更小的富含度，并且通常厚于富集层。通过例如取岩心并随后对岩心进行费歇尔试验、密度测井或中子测井、或其它测井方法来确定层的富含度和位置。富集层相比地层的其它层可具有较低的初期热传导性。典型地，富集层的热传导性是贫乏层的热传导性的1/3至2/3倍。此外，富集层具有比地层的贫乏层高的热膨胀系数。
“热的叠加”是指从两个或更多个热源向地层的选定部段提供热，以使得在热源之间的至少一个位置处的地层温度受热源影响。
“合成气”是包括氢和一氧化碳的混合物。合成气的其它成分可包括水、二氧化碳、氮、甲烷和其它气体。可以通过各种过程和原料产生合成气。合成气可用于合成大范围的化合物。
“焦油”是在15℃下大体具有大于约10000厘泊的粘度的粘性烃。焦油的比重通常大于1.000。焦油可以具有小于10°的API重力指标。
“沥青砂地层”是烃主要以夹带在矿物颗粒结构或其它主岩岩性体（例如砂或碳酸盐岩）中的重烃和/或焦油形式存在的地层。沥青砂地层的实例包括例如阿萨巴斯卡（Athabasca）地层，格罗斯蒙特（Grosmont）地层以及和平河（Peace River）地层，这三个地层均在加拿大的艾伯塔省，以及包括位于委内瑞拉的奥斯诺科河带的Faja地层。
“限温加热器”通常是指将热输出调节（例如，减小热输出）到规定温度以上而无需使用外部控制器的加热器，所述外部控制器诸如为温度控制器、功率调节器、整流器或其它装置。限温加热器可以是AC（交流电流）或调制（例如“斩波”）DC（直流）供电的电阻加热器。
层的“厚度”指的是层横截面的厚度，其中横截面与层的表面垂直。
“u形井眼”是指从地层中的第一开口延伸穿过地层的至少一部分并且从地层中的第二开口穿出的井眼。在本文中，井眼可以仅大体上呈“v”形或“u”形，对于视为“u”形的井眼，“u”形的“腿”应该理解成不需要彼此平行或垂直于“u”形的底部。
“改质”是指提高烃的质量。例如，改质重烃可导致提高重烃的API重力指标。
“降粘”是指在热处理期间松解分子和/或在热处理期间将大分子破坏成较小分子，这导致了流体粘性的下降。
除非另作说明，“粘度”是指在40℃时的动态粘度。粘度通过ASTM Method D445确定。
“蜡”是指在较低温度时是固体、在较高温度时是液体并且当处于固体形式时可形成防水障壁的低熔点有机混合物或高分子量化合物。蜡的例子包括动物蜡、植物蜡、矿物蜡、石油蜡及合成蜡。
术语“井眼”是指通过钻井或将导管***地层中而在地层中形成的孔。井眼可具有基本上圆形的横截面或其它横截面形状。如在此所使用的，术语“井”和“开口”在指地层中的开口时可与术语“井眼”互换使用。
可以各种方式处理地层，以生产出许多不同的产品。不同的阶段或过程可用于在就地热处理过程期间处理地层。在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段进行溶解采矿，以从这些部段中移出可溶矿物。可在就地热处理过程之前、期间和/或之后对矿物进行溶解采矿。在一些实施例中，进行溶解采矿的一个或多个部段的平均温度可被保持在约120℃以下。
在一些实施例中，一个或多个地层部段被加热，以便从这些部段移出水和/或从这些部段中移出甲烷和其它挥发性烃。在一些实施例中，在移出水和挥发性烃的过程中，平均温度可从环境温度上升到约220℃以下的温度。
在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段被加热到允许地层中的烃运动和/或降粘的温度。在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高到烃这些部段中流动的流动温度（例如，从100℃到250℃范围内的温度、从120℃到240℃范围内的温度或者从150℃到230℃范围内的温度)。
在一些实施例中，一个或多个部段被加热到允许在地层中进行热解反应的温度。在一些实施例中，地层的一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高到烃在这些部段中的热解温度（例如从230℃到900℃范围内的温度、从240℃到400℃范围内的温度或者从250℃到350℃范围内的温度）。
利用多个热源加热含烃地层可在热源周围形成热梯度，所述热源将地层中烃的温度以期望的加热速度升高到期望的温度。温度升高经过用于期望产品的流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围的速率可影响从含烃地层中生产出的地层流体的质量和数量。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围可允许从地层中生产出高质量、高API重力指标的烃。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过流动温度范围和/或热解温度范围可允许将存在于地层中的大量烃作为烃产品移出。
在一些就地热处理的实施例中，代替将温度缓慢地加热经过温度范围的是将地层的一部分加热到期望的温度。在一些实施例中，期望的温度是300℃、325℃或350℃。可选择其它温度作为期望的温度。
叠加来自热源的热允许在地层中相对快速有效地建立期望温度。从热源输入到地层中的能量可被调节以使地层中的温度基本上保持在期望温度。
流动产品和/或热解产品可通过生产井从地层中生产出。在一些实施例中，一个或多个部段的平均温度升高到流动温度，并且烃从生产井中生产出。在生产之后，由于流动降低到选定值以下，一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高到热解温度。在一些实施例中，在达到热解温度之前不进行大量生产的情况下，一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高到热解温度。包含热解产品的地层流体可通过生产井生产出。
在一些实施例中，一个或多个部段的平均温度可被升高到足够高的温度，以便允许在流动和/或热解之后进行合成气体生产。在一些实施例中，烃可被升高至足够高温度，以便在达到足以允许进行合成气生产的温度之前不进行大量生产情况下允许进行合成气生产。例如，合成气体可在从约400℃到约1200℃、从约500℃到约1100℃或者从约550℃到约1000℃的温度范围内产生。合成气产生流体（例如蒸汽和/或水）可被引入到这些部段中以产生合成气。合成气可从生产井中生产出。
溶解采矿、挥发性烃和水的移出、使烃流动、热解烃、产生合成气和/或其它过程可在就地热处理过程中进行。在一些实施例中，一些过程可在就地热处理之后进行。这些过程可包括，但不限于，从已处理的部段回收热、将流体（例如，水和/或烃）存储在先前已处理的部段中和/或将二氧化碳隔绝在先前已处理的部段中。
图1描绘了用于处理含烃地层的就地热处理***的一部分的一个实施例的示意图。该就地处理***可包括障壁井200。障壁井用于在处理区周围形成障壁。所述障壁抑制流体流入和/或流出处理区。障壁井包括，但是不限于，脱水井、真空井、俘获井、注入井、灌浆井、冷冻井或它们的组合。在一些实施例中，障壁井200是脱水井。脱水井可去除液态水和/或阻止液态水进入待加热的一部分地层或正在被加热的地层。在图1所示的实施例中，障壁井200显示为仅沿热源202的一侧延伸，但是障壁井通常环绕所使用的或将要使用的所有热源202，以加热地层的处理区。
热源202设置在地层的至少一部分中。热源202可包括加热器，诸如绝缘导体、导体在导管中的加热器、地表燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和/或自然分布式燃烧器。热源202还可包括其它类型的加热器。热源202向地层的至少一部分提供热，以加热地层中的烃。能量可通过供给管线204供应给热源202。供给管线204可根据一种或多种用于加热地层的热源而在结构上有所不同。用于热源的供给管线204可传输用于电加热器的电，可传输用于燃烧器的燃料，或者可传输在地层中循环的热交换流体。在一些实施例中，用于就地热处理过程的电可由一个或多个核电站提供。使用核动力可使得降低或消除从就地热处理过程释放二氧化碳。
当地层被加热时，输入地层中的热可导致地层膨胀和地质力学运动。可以在脱水过程之前、同时或期间打开热源。计算机模拟可响应于加热来模拟地层。计算机模拟可用于建立用于启动地层中的热源的模式和时序，使得地层的地质力学运动不会不利地影响热源、生产井和地层中的其它设备的功能。
加热地层可引起地层的渗透性和/或孔隙率增大。渗透性和/或孔隙率的增大可通过由于水的汽化和移出、烃的移出和/或断裂的形成而使地层中的矿体减小而产生。由于地层的增大的渗透性和/或孔隙率，流体可更容易地在地层的已加热部分中流动。由于增大的渗透性和/或孔隙率，地层已加热部分中的流体可运动通过地层相当长的距离。相当长的距离根据各种因素可以是1000m以上，该各种因素诸如是地层的渗透性、流体的性质、地层的温度和允许流体运动的压力梯度。流体在地层中行进相当长距离的能力允许生产井206在地层中相对远地间隔开。
生产井206用于从地层移出地层流体。在一些实施例中，生产井206包含热源。生产井中的热源可加热在生产井处或生产井附近的地层的一个或多个部分。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，由每米生产井从生产井提供给地层的热量小于由加热地层的每米热源提供给地层的热量。从生产井提供给地层的热可通过汽化和移出生产井附近的液相流体和/或通过由形成大量和/或极微小的断裂而增大生产井附近的地层的渗透性来增大生产井附近的地层渗透性。
多于一个热源可位于生产井中。当来自相邻热源的叠加热充分加热地层足以抵消利用生产井加热地层所提供的益处时，可关闭在生产井下部部分中的热源。在一些实施例中，在停用生产井下部部分中的热源之后，生产井上部部分中的热源可保持开启。井上部部分中的热源可抑制地层流体冷凝和逆流。
在一些实施例中，生产井206中的热源允许从地层中移出地层流体的汽相。在生产井处或通过生产井提供热可用于：（1）在该生产流体邻近上覆岩层在生产井中运动时抑制该生产流体的冷凝和/或逆流；（2）增加输入到地层中的热；（3）与没有热源的生产井相比提高生产井的产率；（4）抑制生产井中高碳数（C6及以上烃）化合物的冷凝；和/或（5）增大生产井处或生产井附近的地层的渗透性。
地层中的地下压力可对应于在地层中产生的流体压力。随着地层的已加热部分中的温度升高，已加热部分中的压力可由于就地流体的热膨胀、生成流体的增加和水的汽化而增大。控制从地层移出流体的速率可允许控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可在很多不同的位置处确定，诸如在生产井附近或在生产井处、在热源附近或在热源处、或在监控井处。
在一些含烃地层中，从地层生产烃受到抑制，直到已经使地层中的至少一些烃流动和/或热解。当地层流体具有选定质量时，地层流体可从地层产出。在一些实施例中，选定质量包括至少约20°、30°或40°的API重力指标。抑制生产直到使至少一些烃流动和/或热解，可加快重烃向轻烃的转化。抑制初期产量可使从地层产出的重烃的产量最小。生产大量重烃可能需要昂贵的设备和/或缩短生产设备的寿命。
在一些含烃地层中，在地层的已加热部分中已产生相当大的渗透性之前，地层中的烃可被加热至流动温度和/或热解温度。初期渗透性不足可抑制产生的流体传输到生产井206。在加热初期，在热源202附近，地层中的流体压力可增大。通过一个或多个热源202可释放、监控、改变和/或控制增大的流体压力。例如，选定的热源202或单独的减压井可包括允许从地层移出一些流体的减压阀。
在一些实施例中，可允许增加由在地层中产生的流动流体、热解流体或其它流体的膨胀所产生的压力，尽管通向生产井206的开放路径或任何其它压力降可能商未存在于地层中。可允许流体压力朝向岩石静压力增加。含烃地层中的断裂可在流体接近岩石静压力时形成。例如，可在地层的已加热部分中从热源202至生产井206形成断裂。已加热部分中断裂的产生可释放该部分中的一些压力。地层中的压力可能不得不保持低于选定压力以便抑制不想要的生产、上覆岩层或下伏岩层的断裂和/或烃在地层中的焦化。
在达到流动温度和/或热解温度且允许从地层进行生产之后，地层中的压力可发生变化，用于改变和/或控制产出的地层流体的成分、用于控制地层流体中可冷凝流体相对于不可冷凝流体的百分比、和/或用于控制正在产出的地层流体的API重力指标。例如，降低压力可导致产出较大的可冷凝流体组分。可冷凝流体组分可含有较大百分比的烯烃。
在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，地层中的压力可保持足够高以促使产出API重力指标大于20°的地层流体。在地层中保持增大的压力可在就地热处理期间抑制地层塌陷。保持增大的压力可减小或消除对在地表处压缩地层流体以将收集导管中的流体输送到处理设备的需要。
令人惊讶的是，在地层的已加热部分中保持增加的压力可允许产生质量提高且相对低分子量的大量烃。压力可保持成使得产出的地层流体具有极小量的所选碳数以上的化合物。所选碳数可以是至多25、至多20、至多12或至多8。一些高碳数化合物可夹带在地层中的蒸气中并且可与蒸气一起从地层移出。在地层中保持增大的压力可抑制在蒸气中夹带高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物。高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物可在地层中在相当长时间内保持为液相。相当长时间可为化合物提供足够长的时间进行热解以形成低碳数化合物。
相对低分子量的烃被认为是部分由于自发产生和在含烃地层的一部分中的氢反应而产生。例如，保持增大的压力可以迫使在热解期间产生的氢在地层内成为液相。将该部分加热至在热解温度范围内的温度可以热解地层中的烃，以产生液相热解流体。所产生的液相热解流体组分可以包括双键和/或自由基。呈液相的氢（H2）可以减小所产生的热解流体的双键，由此降低从所产生的热解流体聚合或形成长链化合物的可能性。此外，H2还可以中和所产生的热解流体中的自由基。呈液相的H2可以抑制所产生的热解流体彼此发生反应和/或与地层中的其它化合物发生反应。
从生产井206产出的地层流体可通过收集管道208输送到处理设备210。地层流体还可从热源202产出。例如，流体可从热源202产出以控制邻近热源的地层中的压力。从热源202产出的流体可通过生产管或管道输送到收集管道208，或者产出流体可通过生产管或管道直接输送到处理设备210。处理设备210可包括分离单元、反应单元、改质单元、燃料室、涡轮、存储容器和/或其它用于处理产出的地层流体的***和单元。处理设备可将从地层产出的烃的至少一部分形成运输燃料。在一些实施例中，运输燃料可以是航空燃料，诸如JP-8。
在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中，使用循环***来加热地层。使用用于含烃地层的就地热处理的循环***可减小用于处理地层的能量成本，减小来自该处理过程的排放物，和/或便于加热***的安装。在某些实施例中，该循环***是闭环循环***。图2示出了使用循环***加热地层的***的示意图。该***可用于加热烃，所述烃位于土地中较深处并且位于较大范围的地层中。在一些实施例中，烃可位于地表以下100m、200m、300m或更深。该循环***还可用于加热土地中较浅处的烃。烃可存在于纵长延伸高达1000m、3000m、5000m或更多米的地层中。该循环***的加热器可相对于相邻的加热器布置，以使得循环***的加热器之间的热叠加允许地层的温度至少升高到地层中的含水地层流体的沸点以上。
在一些实施例中，加热器220通过钻出第一井眼然后钻出与第一个井眼相连的第二井眼而形成于地层中。管道可布置在u形井眼中，以形成u形加热器220。加热器220通过管道连接到传热流体循环***226。在一些实施例中，加热器以三角形图案布置。在一些实施例中，使用了其它规则的或不规则的图案。生产井和/或注入井也可位于地层中。生产井和/或注入井可具有与加热器220的加热部分类似的、长的、基本水平的部段，或者生产井和/或注入井可通过其它方式定向（例如，这些井可以是竖直定向井、或者包括一个或多个倾斜部分的井）。
如图2所示，传热流体循环***226可包括供热装置228、第一热交换器230、第二热交换器232和流体推进器234。供热装置228将传热流体加热到高温。供热装置228可以是炉子、太阳能收集器、化学反应器、核反应堆、燃料室和/或其它能够向传热流体供给热的高温源。如果传热流体是气体，则流体推进器234可以是压缩机。如果传热流体是液体，则流体推进器234可以是泵。
在离开地层224之后，传热流体经过第一热交换器230和第二热交换器232到达流体推进器234。第一热交换器230在离开地层224的传热流体与离开流体推进器234的传热流体之间的传热，以升高进入供热装置228的传热流体的温度，以及降低离开地层224的流体的温度。第二热交换器232进一步降低了传热流体的温度。在一些实施例中，第二传热流体232包括用于传热流体的储存罐或者是用于传热流体的储存罐。
传热流体经过第二热交换器232到达流体推进器234。流体推进器234可以位于供热装置228前方，从而使得流体推进器234不必在高温下工作。
在一些实施例中，传热流体是熔盐和/或熔融金属。DeVault等人的美国公布专利申请2008-0078551描述了一种布置在井眼中的***，该***包括在导管中的加热器，液态金属位于加热器与导管之间用于加热地下土地。传热流体可以是熔盐或者包括熔盐，诸如，晒盐、表1中出现的盐或其它盐类。熔盐可以是透红外线的以有助于热从绝缘导体传导到罐中。在一些实施例中，晒盐包括硝酸钠和硝酸钾（例如，约60%重量百分比的硝酸钠和约40%重量百分比的硝酸钾）。晒盐在约220℃下熔化并且高至约593℃仍化学稳定。可以使用的其它盐类，包括但不限于，LiNO3（熔化温度（Tm）为264℃以及分解温度为约600℃的）和共熔混合物，诸如，53%重量百分比的KNO3、40%重量百分比的NaNO3和7%重量百分比的NaNO2（Tm为约142℃以及上限工作温度超过500℃）；45.5%重量百分比的KNO3和54.5%重量百分比的NaNO2（Tm为约142-145℃以及上限工作温度超过500℃）；或50%重量百分比的NaCl和50%重量百分比的SrCl2（Tm为约19℃以及上限工作温度超过1200℃）。
表1
材料 Tm（℃） Tb（℃）
Zn 420 907
CdBr2 568 863
CdI2 388 744
CuBr2 498 900
PbBr2 371 892
TlBr 460 819
TlF 326 826
ThI4 566 837
SnF2 215 850
SnI2 320 714
ZnCl2 290 732
供热装置228是炉子，其将传热流体加热到在约700℃到约920℃范围内、在约770℃到约870℃范围内、或在约800℃到约850℃的范围内的温度。在一个实施例中，供热装置228将传热流体加热到约820℃的温度。传热流体从供热装置228流到加热器220。热从加热器220传递到加热器附近的地层224。离开地层224的传热流体的温度可以在约350℃到约580℃的范围内、在约400℃到约530℃的范围内或在约450℃到约500℃的范围内。在一个实施例中，离开地层224的传热流体的温度为约480℃。用于形成传热流体循环***226的管道的冶金性可被改变以显著地降低管道的成本。可在从供热装置228到温度足够低的位置处使用高温钢，以使得可从该温度足够低的位置到第一热交换器230使用较为廉价的钢。若干不同等级的钢可用于形成传热流体循环***226的管道。
当传热流体循环通过地层中的管道以加热地层时，传热流体的热可导致管道变化。管道中的热可降低管道的强度，因为杨氏模量和其它强度特性随温度变化。管道中的高温可引起对蠕变的关注、可导致挠曲状况并可将管道从弹性变形区移动到塑形变形区。
加热管道可导致管道热膨胀。对于位于井眼中的长加热器，管道可以膨胀零到20m或更大。在一些实施例中，利用导热性水泥将管道的水平部分粘接在地层中。可能需要注意确保水泥中没有明显的间隙，以抑制管道膨胀到间隙中以及抑制可能的故障。管道的热膨胀可导致管道中的起伏和/或管道壁厚增加。
对于具有逐渐弯曲的半径（例如，每30m弯曲约10°）的长加热器，可以在上覆岩层中或在地层地表处调节管道的热膨胀。在热膨胀完成之后，可以固定加热器相对于井口的位置。当完成加热且地层已冷却时，可以不再固定加热器的位置，从而使得加热器的热收缩不会毁坏加热器。
图3-13描绘了用于调节热膨胀的各种方法的示意图。在一些实施例中，可在井口上方调节由热膨胀导致的加热器长度变化。在由热膨胀导致的加热器长度的显著变化停止之后，可固定加热器相对于井口的位置。加热器相对于井口的位置可以保持固定，直到对地层的加热结束。在加热结束之后，可以释放（不固定）加热器相对于井口的位置，以调节加热器冷却时的热收缩。
图3描绘了波纹管246的视图。波纹管246的长度L可改变，以调节管道248的热膨胀和/或收缩。波纹管246可位于地下或地表上方。在一些实施例中，波纹管246包括将热传出井口的流体。
图4A描绘了具有在井口214上方用于调节热膨胀的补偿器250的管道248的视图。井口214中的滑动密封件、填料盒、或井口的其它压力控制设备允许管道248相对于套管216运动。在补偿器250中调节管道248的膨胀。在一些实施例中，两个或更多个补偿器250用于调节管道248的膨胀。
图4B描绘具有在井口214上方用于调节热膨胀的连续管或卷绕管252的管道248的视图。井口214中的滑动密封件、填料盒、或井口的其它压力控制设备允许管道248相对于套管216运动。在连续管252中调节管道248的膨胀。在一些实施例中，通过利用连续管钻机将离开地层的加热器部分缠绕在卷轴上来调节膨胀。
在一些实施例中，连续管252可以被封闭在隔热空间254中，如图4C所示。将连续管252封闭在隔热空间254中可减小从连续管和连续管内的流体的热损失。在一些实施例中，连续管252具有在2’（约0.6m）和4’（约1.2m）之间的直径，以调节管道248中高达约50’或高达约30’（约9.1m）的膨胀。在一些实施例中，连续管252具有在4’’（约0.1016m）和6’’（约0.1524m）之间的直径。
图5描绘了在已发生管道热膨胀之后在上覆岩层218中的管道248的一部分。套管216具有大的直径以调节管道248的挠曲。隔热水泥242可位于上覆岩层218与套管216之间。管道248的热膨胀导致管道的螺旋形或正弦曲线形挠曲。管道248的螺旋形或正弦曲线形挠曲调节管道（包括正被加热的处理区附近的水平管道）的热膨胀。如图6所示，管道248可以是位于大直径套管216中的多于一根导管。使管道248为多根导管允许调节地层中所有管道的热膨胀，而不会增加流过上覆岩层218中的管道的流体的压降。
在一些实施例中，地下管道的热膨胀向上转移到井口。可通过在井口处的一个或多个滑动密封件调节膨胀。密封件可包括垫片、垫片和/或垫片。在一些实施例中，密封件包括可从BST Lift Systems，Inc.（美国，加利福尼亚，凡吐拉市）购买的密封件。
图7描绘了具有滑动密封件238的井口214的视图。井口214可包括填料盒和/或其它压力控制设备。循环流体可穿过导管244。导管244可至少部分地被隔热导管236包围。使用隔热导管236可消除对高温滑动密封件的需求以及对传热流体进行密封的需求。可在地表处利用补偿器、波纹管、连续管或卷绕管和/或滑动接头来处理导管244的膨胀。在一些实施例中，在隔热导管236与套管216之间的封隔器256抵抗地层压力密封井眼并容纳用于进一步隔热的气体。封隔器256可以是膨胀式封隔器和/或抛光孔座。在某些实施例中，封隔器256可在高达约600℃的温度下操作。在一些实施例中，封隔器256包括可从BST LiftSystems，Inc.（美国，加利福尼亚，凡吐拉市）购买的密封件。
在一些实施例中，在地表处利用伸缩接头来处理地下管道的热膨胀，伸缩接头允许传热流体导管膨胀到地层之外以调节热膨胀。热的传热流体可从固定导管到达地层中的传热流体导管中。从地层返回的传热流体可从传热流体导管到达固定导管。固定导管与地层中的管道之间的滑动密封件及井口与地层中的管道之间的滑动密封件可在伸缩接头处调节传热流体导管的膨胀。
图8描绘了一***的视图，在该***中，导管244中的传热流体被传输到固定导管258或从固定导管258传输出。隔热套236可环绕导管244。滑动密封件238可位于隔热套236与井口214之间。在隔热套236与套管216之间的封隔器可抵抗地层压力密封井眼。传热流体密封件284可位于固定导管258的一部分与导管244之间。传热流体密封件284可被固定到固定导管258。所得到的伸缩接头允许隔热套236和导管244相对于井口214运动，以调节位于地层中的管道的热膨胀。导管244也能够相对于固定导管258运动，以调节热膨胀。传热流体密封件284可以是不隔热的并且与流动的传热流体在空间上分离开，以保持传热流体密封件处于相对低的温度下。
在一些实施例中，在地表处利用伸缩接头处理热膨胀，其中，传热流体导管可***且固定导管是井口的一部分。图9描绘了一***的视图，在该***中，固定导管258被固定到井口214。固定导管258可包括隔热套236。传热流体密封件284可联接到导管244的上部部分。传热流体密封件284可以是不隔热的并且与流动的传热流体在空间上分离开，以保持传热流体密封件处于相对低的温度下。导管244能够相对于固定导管258运动，而不需要在井口214中的滑动密封件。
图10描绘了密封件284的实施例。密封件284可包括附接到封隔器主体262的密封叠件（stack）260。封隔器主体262可利用封隔器坐放卡瓦264和封隔器隔热密封件266联接到导管244。密封叠件260可接合导管258的抛光部分268。在一些实施例中，凸轮滚子270用于为密封叠件260提供支撑。例如，在对于密封叠件来说侧面负荷过大的情况下。在一些实施例中，刮擦器272联接到封隔器主体262。刮擦器272可用于在管道258***通过密封件284时清洁抛光部分268。如果需要的话，刮擦器272可置于密封件284的上侧上。在一些实施例中，为了更好的接触，使用弓形弹簧或其它预加载装置加载密封叠件260，以增强对密封件的压缩。
在一些实施例中，密封件284和导管258一起延伸到导管244中。诸如心轴的锁定机构可用于将密封件和导管固定就位。图11描绘了利用锁定机构274将密封件284、导管244和导管258固定就位的实施例。锁定机构274包括隔热密封件276和锁定卡瓦278。当密封件284和导管258进入导管244时，可启动锁定机构274。
当锁定机构274接合导管244的选定部分时，锁定机构中的弹簧被启动并且相对于在锁定卡瓦278正上方的导管244的表面打开和露出隔热密封件276。锁定机构274允许隔热密封件276在组件运动到导管244中时缩回。当导管244的轮廓启动锁定机构时打开和露出隔热密封件。
销280将锁定机构274、密封件284、导管244和导管258锁定就位。在某些实施例中，在选定的温度之后，销280解锁该组件，以允许导管运动（行进）。例如，销280可由在期望温度以上热降解（例如熔化）的材料制成。
在一些实施例中，利用软金属密封件（例如，通常用于将杆式泵安放在热采井中的软金属摩擦密封件）将锁定机构274安放就位。图12描绘利用软金属密封件282将锁定机构274安放就位的实施例。软金属密封件282通过相对于导管244的内径减小而塌陷来起作用。与使用弹性体密封件相比，使用金属密封件可延长组件的寿命。
在某些实施例中，升降***联接到加热器的延伸到地层外的管道。升降***可将加热器的各部分提升到地层外以调节热膨胀。图13描绘了u形井眼222的视图，加热器220位于井眼中。井眼222可包括套管216和下密封件286。加热器220可包括隔热部分288和在处理区240附近的加热器部分290。移动密封件284可联接到加热器220的上部部分。升降***292可联接到井口214上方的隔热部分288。不反应气体（例如，氮气和/或二氧化碳）可被引入位于套管216与隔热部分288之间的地下环形区294，以抑制气态地层流体上升到井口214并提供隔热气垫。隔热部分288可以是导管中导管，循环***的传热流体流过内导管。每个隔热部分288的外导管相比于内导管可处于低得多的温度下。外导管的较低温度允许外导管被用作用于升降加热器220的承载构件。可通过内部波纹管和/或通过滑动密封件减轻外导管与内导管之间的不同膨胀。
升降***292可包括能够支撑加热器220并将隔热部分288移入或移出地层的液压升降机、动力连续管卷盘和/或配重***。当升降***292包括液压升降机时，隔热部分288的外导管可通过专用的平滑过渡接头在液压升降机处保持冷却。液压升降机可包括两组卡瓦。第一组卡瓦可联接到加热器。对于液压缸的完整冲程，液压升降机可相对于加热器保持恒定的压力。当重置液压杆的冲程时，第二组卡瓦可周期性地抵靠外导管安置。升降***292还可包括应力计和控制***。应力计可附接到隔热部分288的外导管，或应力计可附接到隔热部分的不隔热的内导管。将应力计附接到外导管更容易且该附接联接更可靠。
在加热开始之前，通过使用升降***292升降加热器220以使得加热器的一些部分接触井眼222的弯曲部分中的套管216，可建立控制***的设定点。加热器220被升降时，应力可用作控制***的设定点。在另外的实施例中，以不同的方式选择设定点。当加热开始时，加热器部分290将开始膨胀且加热器部段中的一些部段将水平前进。如果膨胀迫使加热器220的一些部分抵靠套管216，则加热器的重量将被支撑在隔热部分288与套管的接触点处。由升降***292测量的应力将为零。进一步的热膨胀可导致加热器220挠曲和失效。替代允许加热器220压靠套管216的是，升降***292的液压升降机可将隔热部分288的一些部段向上移动到地层外，使加热器保持低靠套管的顶部。升降***292的控制***可升降加热器220，以保持由应力计测量的应力接近设定点值。升降***292还可用于在地层冷却时将隔热部分288再次引入地层中，以避免在热收缩期间损坏加热器220。
在某些实施例中，加热器的热膨胀在相对短的时间范围内完成。在一些实施例中，在完成热膨胀之后，加热器的位置相对于井眼固定。升降***可以从加热器中移除并且可用在尚未被加热的其它加热器上。当地层冷却时，升降***可再次附接到加热器上，以调节加热器的热收缩。
在一些实施例中，基于升降机的液压控制升降***。管道的张力变化可引起液压变化。控制***可使液压基本保持在设定的液压，以调节地层中加热器的热膨胀。
在一些实施例中，张紧轮（可动轮）联接到加热器的延伸到地层外的管道。张紧轮可将加热器的一些部分提升到地层外以调节热膨胀，并且向加热器提供张力从而抑制地层中加热器的挠曲。图14描绘了加热器220联接到张紧轮296的u形井眼222的视图。井眼222可包括套管216和下密封件286。加热器220可包括隔热部分288和在处理区240附近的加热器部分290。
在一些实施例中，加热器220具有至少约8000英尺（约2400m）的水平长度和至少约1000英尺（约300m）或至少约1500英尺（约450m）深度的竖直部段。在某些实施例中，加热器220包括外径为约3.5’’或更大的管（例如，约5.625’’直径的管）。在某些实施例中，加热器220包括连续管。加热器220可包括材料，所述材料诸如但不限于，碳钢、9%重量百分比的铬钢（诸如，P91钢或T91钢）或12%重量百分比的铬钢（诸如，410不锈钢、410Cb不锈钢或410Nb不锈钢）。
在某些实施例中，加热器220的上部部分联接到加热器的各端部上的张紧轮296。在一些实施例中，加热器220的上部部分卷到在张紧轮296上以及从张紧轮解卷。例如，加热器220可将一些部分缠绕在张紧轮上，而另一部分离开同一张紧轮296。加热器220的一个或多个端部在卷绕在张紧轮296上之后联接到循环***226。在某些实施例中，加热器220的端部可固定地联接到循环***226（例如，加热器的端部利用静态连接件（连接件中没有移动）联接到循环***）。轮296允许与加热器220的端部进行静态连接，而不会使任何移动密封件接触从循环***226流出的热流体。
在一些实施例中，张紧轮296的直径在约10英尺（约3m）至约30英尺（约9m）之间或在约15英尺（约4.5m）至约25英尺（约7.6m）之间。在某些实施例中，张紧轮296的直径为约20英尺（约6m）。
在某些实施例中，张紧轮296在加热器220上提供张力。在一些实施例中，张紧轮296在加热器220上提供恒定的张力。在一些实施例中，通过将加热器220的端部部分放入移动弧中来施加张力。可允许张紧轮296在张紧加热器220时上下移动（例如，沿在竖直平面内的壁上下移动）。例如，张紧轮296可上下移动约40英尺（约12m）以调节膨胀，或者根据加热器220的预期膨胀上下移动任何其它合适的量。在一些实施例中，张紧轮296可在水平平面（平行于地层地表的左右方向）内移动。在张紧时允许上下移动可抑制或降低由加热器的热膨胀所导致的加热器220挠曲的严重性。
应该理解，本发明不限于所描述的具体***，而是当然可以变化。还应该理解，在此所使用的术语仅仅为了描述具体的实施例，而不旨在进行限制。如在本说明书中所使用的，冠词的单数形式“一”、“一个”和“这个”包括复数对象，除非内容另有清楚指示。因此，例如，提及“一个岩心”包括两个或更多个岩心的组合，并且提及“一种材料”包括多种材料的混合物。
在阅读上述描述之后，本发明的各方面的进一步修改和可替代实施例对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。因此，本说明书应解释为仅仅为示范性的，并且用于教导本领域技术人员实现本发明的一般形式。应理解的是，在此所示和所描述的本发明的形式应视为目前优选的实施例。元件和材料可与在此所示和所描述的元件和材料进行替换，部件和过程可颠倒，本发明的一些特征可独立使用，在获知本发明的上述说明的有益效果之后，所有这些将对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。可对在此所描述的元件进行改变而不偏离下述权利要求中所描述的本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于调节地层中加热器的热膨胀的方法，所述方法包括：
使传热流体流过导管以向地层提供热；以及
向导管的延伸到地层外的端部部分提供基本恒定的张力，其中，导管的端部部分的至少一部分围绕可动轮缠绕，在导管的端部部分围绕所述可动轮缠绕时所述可动轮能够至少在竖直平面内移动，其中所述可动轮至少在竖直平面内移动以向导管的端部部分提供基本恒定的张力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，进一步包括：通过向导管的端部部分提供基本恒定的张力在向地层提供热时吸收导管的膨胀。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，导管的在地层外的端部部分的至少一部分是隔热的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在导管位于地层中时，所述可动轮至少在竖直平面内移动。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述可动轮能够在竖直平面和水平平面内移动。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述导管包括410不锈钢、410Cb不锈钢、410Nb不锈钢或P91钢。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述传热流体包括熔盐。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述导管的端部联接到用于加热和/或存储传热流体的供应单元。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述可动轮具有至少约15英尺的直径。
10.一种用于调节地层中加热器的热膨胀的***，所述***包括：
导管，所述导管构造为当传热流体流过所述导管时向地层施加热；
可动轮，其中所述导管的端部部分的至少一部分围绕所述可动轮缠绕，在导管的端部部分围绕所述可动轮缠绕时所述可动轮能够至少在竖直平面内移动，其中所述可动轮构造成至少在竖直平面内移动以在导管的端部部分上保持基本恒定的张力，以当传热流体流过导管时吸收导管的膨胀。
11.根据权利要求10所述的***，导管的在地层外的端部部分的至少一部分是隔热的。
12.根据权利要求10所述的***，其中，在导管位于地层中时，所述可动轮至少在竖直平面内移动。
13.根据权利要求10所述的***，其中，所述可动轮能够在竖直平面和水平平面内移动。
14.根据权利要求10所述的***，其中，所述导管包括410不锈钢、410Cb不锈钢、410Nb不锈钢或P91钢。
15.根据权利要求10所述的***，其中，所述传热流体包括熔盐。
16.根据权利要求10所述的***，其中，所述导管的端部联接到用于加热和/或存储传热流体的供应单元。
17.根据权利要求10所述的***，其中，所述可动轮具有至少约15英尺的直径。
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US9309755B2 (en) 2016-04-12
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