CN103887518A - Self-humidifying ordered polymer membrane electrode - Google Patents
Self-humidifying ordered polymer membrane electrode Download PDFInfo
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- CN103887518A CN103887518A CN201410117695.1A CN201410117695A CN103887518A CN 103887518 A CN103887518 A CN 103887518A CN 201410117695 A CN201410117695 A CN 201410117695A CN 103887518 A CN103887518 A CN 103887518A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04126—Humidifying
- H01M8/04149—Humidifying by diffusion, e.g. making use of membranes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention discloses a self-humidifying ordered polymer membrane electrode in the technical field of membrane electrodes. The membrane electrode mainly comprises an ion conductor, an anode and a cathode, wherein the ion conductor comprises an ion exchange membrane and ion exchange polymer nanotube arrays which orderly and directionally grow on two surfaces of the ion exchange membrane. A support body of a catalyst in the membrane electrode is an ion exchange polymer nanotube array with one end fused together with the ion exchange membrane. The highly ordered ion exchange polymer nanotube arrays define the electrode porosity and the catalyst surface size in the ordered membrane electrode and can greatly optimize ion, electron and gas three-phase channels of a catalyst layer. The ion exchange polymer nanotube structures have water storage functions, self-humidifying electrochemical energy conversion of the membrane electrode can be achieved, the device system structure is simplified and the energy conversion efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Conversion of Energy and energy storage technology field, particularly a kind of for Conversion of Energy from humidification ordering polymer membrane electrode.
Background technology
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell, PEFC) as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, direct methanol fuel cell, alkaline membrane cell can be converted into electric energy by electrochemical reaction mode by the chemical energy in fuel, be the generation mode of a kind of environmental protection, efficient and high power density, particularly aspect distributed power station, zero discharge traffic power, portable electrical power applications, there is extremely tempting prospect.Contrary with the operation principle of fuel cell, with solid polymer membrane (Solid Polymer Electrolyte, SPE) be stored in fuel for electrolytical electrolysis tank (being called for short SPE electrolysis tank) can be converted into chemical energy by electrochemical reaction mode by electric energy, aspect the hydrogen manufacturing stored energy application of the unstable new forms of energy electric power such as solar energy, wind energy, there is extremely tempting prospect.Because PEFC and SPE electrolysis tank are all the electrochemical reactors that adopt polymer membrane electrolyte, be therefore referred to as in the present invention membrane electrochemical reactor.At present membrane electrochemical reactor is the research and development focus in Conversion of Energy and energy storage field, claims according to the report of USDOE, taking fuel cell and water electrolysis hydrogen production as energy efficient utilization and the energy storage technology of core, is becoming new forms of energy market new growth point.The core component of membrane electrochemical reactor is membrane electrode (Membrane Electrode Assembly, MEA), and MEA is the decisive factor of life-span, cost and the reliability of membrane electrochemical reactor.
MEA is mainly prepared from by catalyst, polymer solution, solvent and polymer film, belong to multi-thin-layer structure, conventionally can be described as: anode | polymer film | negative electrode, its Anodic and negative electrode are mainly made up of Catalytic Layer, by the catalyst with electron conduction (as Pt, Ru, Ag, Ni, MnO
2, RuO
2, IrO
2and the supported catalyst that contains above metal or oxide and composite catalyst) and the polymer resin solution (as the solution of cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin composition) with ionic conductivity be prepared from, polymer film (be amberplex, claim again polymer dielectric film) has ion exchanging function.In membrane electrochemical reactor development process, developed two generation business-like MEA syntheti c route: the one, catalyst is prepared on gas diffusion layers (as carbon paper, carbon cloth and wire netting) surface and forms electrode, then amberplex is clipped in and between two-layer electrode, carries out hot forming (being pressure sintering).Catalyst is prepared into gas diffusion layers surface and conventionally adopts the methods such as silk screen printing, coating, spraying, curtain coating, and because the shape of gas diffusion layers can not be subject to the impact of catalyst pulp, therefore preparation technology is simple.Be combined with amberplex but the method is unfavorable for Catalytic Layer, and catalyst easily enters in gas diffusion layers hole, therefore the utilance of membrane electrode catalyst is low, and this syntheti c route is eliminated gradually; The 2nd, Catalytic Layer is prepared on polymer film, mainly comprise transfer printing and direct spraying method (being CCM method, Catalyst Coating Membrane).Because deformation very easily occurs the shape chance catalyst pulp of amberplex, need to carry out shape to amberplex fixes, with the comparison of the first membrane electrode syntheti c route, this process complexity, but Catalytic Layer is combined with amberplex better, difficult peeling off, has therefore improved utilance and the durability of catalyst to a certain extent, and tunicle electrochemical reactor generally adopts at present.But the standby membrane electrode of second generation CCM legal system also has sizable gap apart from the requirement of the required performance of large-scale commercial of membrane electrochemical reactor, cost, durability aspect.Taking automobile-used polymer-membrane fuel battery as example, adopt the standby membrane electrode of CCM legal system still can not realize from humidification and generating electricity in the time of Electricity Generation, also need reacting gas humidification to soak proton exchange membrane, maintain the quick conduction of proton and realize stability output, therefore increased complexity and the cost of electricity generation system; The common carrying capacity of catalyst is 6mgPt/cm
2, this and the commercialization 0.125mg Pt element/cm of family
2target call also have larger gap; The common level of durability is 3000 hours (10% performance degradation), and this and the commercialization target call of 5000 hours also have gap.
In a word, in the first generation and second generation film electrode structure, anode and negative electrode are all that catalyst nano powder and electrolyte solution are mixed with the porous catalytic layer forming, and material composition and micro-structural distribute unordered, have obvious interface between electrode and electrolyte.The Catalytic Layer of material composition and micropore disorder distribution and interface have not only reduced the chemical property (energy loss main manifestations is electrochemical polarization and concentration polarization) of membrane electrode, and have had a strong impact on long-time stability.Therefore, the bottleneck problem existing for existing membrane electrode: the three-dimensional structure of electrode intermediate ion, electronics, gas and aquaporin lacks controlled design and corresponding preparation method, in electrode, electrochemical reaction three phase boundary can not be from moisturizing, and three phase boundary is few and mass transfer microchannel is longer, cause membrane electrode in energy conversion process electrochemical polarization and concentration polarization stronger, affect energy conversion efficiency and reaction rate.Ordering membrane electrode in the urgent need to exploitation from humidification, realize the ordering of three phase boundary water memory function and ion, electronics and gas transport in membrane electrode, be conducive to realize and generate electricity from humidification, reduce the resistance to mass tranfer under high current density, further improve fuel battery performance, and reduce catalyst amount.
Aspect prepared by ordering membrane electrode, be on the whole at present the development phase, its preparation method is normally prepared catalyst on carbon nano-tube or whisker as Pt, in Catalytic Layer, form the micro-structural of the heterogeneous conduction orderings such as space, ion transport link, electron transport chain road, thereby make ordering membrane electrode.Singapore's chemistry and engineering science research institute (Adv.Energy Mater.2011,1,1205 – 1214) adopt vertically aligning carbon nanotubes (Vertically aligned carbon nanobubes, VACNTs) as the carrier of fuel-cell catalyst high-sequential.VACNTs grows with plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method with Fe/Co bimetallic catalyst on aluminium foil, then on VACNTs, deposit Pt rete, and carry out hot pressing with proton exchange membrane, the VACNTs that deposits Pt is transferred to proton exchange membrane two sides, form the membrane electrode of ordering.Under identical performance, to compare with commercialization membrane electrode, this ordering membrane electrode can reduce by 10 times of (35 μ g/cm by Pt carrying capacity
2).Australia Wollongong (the Adv.Energy Mater.2011 of university, 1,671 – 677) pass through carboxylated VACNTs array plasma irradiation, and with PDDA (PDDA) electrostatical binding, form the macromolecule network with positive charge on VACNT surface, then merge reduction with chloroplatinic acid root knot and prepare NanoPt catalyst, last and proton exchange membrane hot pressing ordering membrane electrode.Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (ECS Transactions, 41 (1) 937-954) adopts depositing nano structure Pt film on silicon dioxide whisker, realizes the ordering of catalyst.Under current fuel battery power output performance level, its Pt loading can be down to 0.15mgcm
-2, and demonstrating good durability, 3M ordering membrane electrode has started commercialization at present.In a word, the at present research and development of ordering membrane electrode are also less, taking VACNTs or whisker as the ordering membrane electrode of carrier exists proton conductivity poor, likely can affect the formation of three phase boundary, and then cause electrochemical polarization, ohmic polarization and concentration polarization.Aspect the research of 1-dimention nano ion conductor, Tsing-Hua University makes Nafion nano wire by electrical spinning method and suction method, measurement result shows that the proton conductivity of single Nafion/PVP nano wire exceeds 3-4 magnitude than the proton conductivity of Nafion film, and there is obvious dimensional effect, proton conductivity increases along with the reducing of diameter of nano wire.When Nafion nanowire diameter is during at 2.5 μ m-16.6 μ m, the proton conductivity in Nafion/PVP nano wire slowly increases along with reducing of diameter; When nanowire diameter is during at 500nm-2.5 μ m, the proton conductivity in Nafion/PVP nano wire increases sharply along with reducing of diameter.If Nafion nanostructure is incorporated in membrane electrode, also can construct ordering membrane electrode, as mentioned in patent (CN201210197913.8) with the ordering membrane electrode based on array proton high polymer line, this patent adopts the proton high polymeric solution of casting in the hole of template to prepare nanofiber array, then be prepared into the single electrode with catalyst granules, finally by proton high polymeric solution, two single electrode reverse side with proton conductor nanofiber array be bonded and be placed in oven for drying and make ordering membrane electrode.This invention still can not solve the difficult problem of membrane electrode from the application of humidification Conversion of Energy, and from preparation technology, because of the easily at high temperature distortion of proton conductor nanofiber, the destruction that this invention adopts the preparation technology of two single electrode laminating hot briquettings can bring proton conductor nanofiber array, the ohmic polarization when interface simultaneously existing in electrolyte also can increase membrane electrode Conversion of Energy.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome the shortcoming of above prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of based on ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array from humidification ordering membrane electrode.This membrane electrode not only has ion, electronics and the gas conduction pathway of high-sequential, and electrochemistry three-phase reaction interface is distributed on the polymer nanocomposite tube outer surface with water storage function, this membrane electrode can from humidification carry out energy efficient conversion.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
From an ordering polymer membrane electrode for humidification, mainly formed by ion conductor, anode and negative electrode, described ion conductor is by amberplex and be directionally grown in order two lip-deep ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array and form.
Described male or female by covering on ion-exchange polymer nanotube, mutual close-connected male or female catalyst nano particle forms.
In the ordering polymer membrane electrode of humidification, a radical ion exchange polymer nanotube and its lip-deep catalyst form a nano-electrode, by the Catalytic Layer of the nano-electrode constituting membrane electrode of some (arrays), be that amberplex one side is anode, opposite side is negative electrode.This ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array one end is connected with described amberplex, and combine together, it is directed straight channel that this ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array has defined the reaction gas passage in electrode, ion transport passage and electrical conductivity passage, and ion-exchange polymer nanotube has water storage function, can soak the catalyst surface being in contact with it.Described two electrodes present array trunk shape on pattern.
Described male or female catalyst is for the eelctro-catalyst of oxygen molecule reduction and oxonium ion oxidation or the eelctro-catalyst that reduces and be oxidized for fuel molecule.
Preferably, described male or female catalyst is Pt, RuO
2, IrO
2, MnO
2, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ni with and alloy in more than one.
The thickness of described amberplex is 5 microns～150 microns.
The external diameter of described ion-exchange polymer nanotube is 50 nanometer～1 micron, and internal diameter is 1 nanometer～900 nanometer, and length is 10 nanometer～100 micron.
Migration and conveying that described ion conductor is ion provide passage, ion in electrochemical reaction can be transmitted by this ion conductor between described two electrodes, simultaneously also can intercept described two electrodes, avoid anode directly to contact with negative electrode and reducing gases directly mixes with oxic gas.
Described ion-exchange polymer nanotube is to be grown and form under the hot pressing of porous mold by amberplex.
Described ion conductor is prepared from by the ion-exchange polymer with ionicconductive function, and described ion-exchange polymer is cation exchange polymer and anion exchange polymer.
Described cation exchange polymer is perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer, partially fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer, non-perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer, sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone polymer, sulfonated polystyrene polymer, sulfonated polyphenyl imidazoles polymer, sulfonated polyimide polymer, SPSF polymer or sulfonated polyether sulfone polymer; Described anion exchange polymer is more than one in quaternized polysulfone polymer, quaternized polyphenylene ether polymer, quaternized polystyrene.
Compared with prior art, the ion-exchange polymer nanotube in membrane electrode of the present invention is not only the catalyst support of ordering, but also has water storage function, can realize membrane electrode from humidification Conversion of Energy.Ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array can be produced by template, and combines together with amberplex.The ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array of high-sequential can determine electrode gap rate and the catalyst surface size in ordering polymer membrane electrode, thereby reaches the controlled preparation of orderly electrode.Anode catalyst and cathod catalyst respectively by being prepared from ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array, catalyst is combined on ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array surface and forms Catalytic Layer with nano particle state, between catalyst particle, mutually connect, form electron channel, catalyst granules high degree of dispersion, there is higher specific area and catalytic activity, can greatly increase the three-phase reaction interface of membrane electrode, reduce the electrochemical polarization of electrode, ohmic polarization and concentration polarization, improve energy conversion efficiency and the reaction rate of chemical energy → electric energy or electric energy → chemical energy.This being characterized as from humidification ordering polymer membrane electrode: the ionic conduction in electrode is without extraneous humidification, and only rely on the efficient conduction that just can keep electrode intermediate ion from wetting action that remains on the water in ion-exchange polymer nanotube, can truly realize the heterogeneous conduction ordering of electronics, ion and the gas of electrochemical reaction.In the present invention, electrode three phase boundary is doubled and redoubled, and has and greatly reduces electrode polarization loss and concentration polarization loss, improves the advantage of energy conversion efficiency.Simultaneously because ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array and amberplex belong to identical material, and belong to integral structure, also help the mechanical stability of guaranteeing film electrode structure.Should be expected to simplify significantly membrane electrochemical reactor assembly from the application of humidification ordering membrane electrode, and improve its energy conversion efficiency and stability, and extend operation lifetime.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is ordering polymer membrane electrode structural representation;
Fig. 2 is preparation technology's flow chart of ordering polymer membrane electrode;
Fig. 3 is the preparation process flow chart of ordering polymer membrane electrode;
Fig. 4 is nafion nano-tube array electromicroscopic photograph;
Wherein the meaning of each label representative is: 1-porous oxide template, 2-ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array, 3-amberplex, 4-ion conductor, 5-anode, 6-negative electrode, 7-ordering polymer membrane electrode.
Embodiment
Below with reference to meeting and instantiation the present invention will be further described the present invention.
With reference to the accompanying drawings 1, the present invention is described in further detail from humidification ordering polymer membrane electrode.
Of the present inventionly mainly be made up of ion conductor, anode and negative electrode from humidification ordering polymer membrane electrode, described ion conductor is by amberplex and be directionally grown in order two lip-deep ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array and form.
Ion-exchange polymer nanotube is to be grown and form under the hot pressing of porous mold by amberplex, and ion-exchange polymer nanotube and amberplex belong to a kind of material together, belongs to integral structure.
Described male or female by covering on ion-exchange polymer nanotube, mutual close-connected male or female catalyst nano particle forms.
Array ion-exchange polymer nanotube has defined ion transport passage and the electrical conductivity passage in reaction gas passage, electrode, has and makes reacting gas diffuse to catalyst granules surface by straight channel or be diffused out electrode, made the ion that electrochemistry produces enter polymer dielectric film by straight channel or be transmitted into electrode, made the electronics of electrochemistry generation be passed leadout electrode or be conducted the effect into electrode by collector by straight channel by straight channel by straight channel by polymer dielectric film by straight channel by catalyst granules surface.
Described male or female catalyst can be has high catalytic activity metal material, the eelctro-catalyst as for oxygen molecule reduction and oxonium ion oxidation: as Pt, RuO
2, IrO
2, MnO
2, Ag and the alloy that contains them or composite catalyst; For eelctro-catalyst Pt, Ru, Ni and the alloy that contains them or the composite catalyst of fuel molecule oxidation and reduction.The particle diameter of this catalyst granules is nanosized, and for example, selecting average diameter is 1 nanometer～10 nanometer.This catalyst granules is attached on ion-exchange polymer nanotube equably, and is closely connected between each catalyst granules, even forms catalyst film, realizes electronic conduction.
The present invention is applied to PEFC when generating, to the anode in membrane electrode with negative electrode continues respectively to pass into fuel gas (as hydrogen, small molecular alcohol, little molecule ether etc.) and oxidant gas (as air, oxygen etc.) can be realized from humidification efficiency power generation.If polymer dielectric is cation exchange type, described fuel gas is diffused into anode catalyst particle surface by the reacting gas straight channel being defined by array cation exchange polymer nanotube, due to the catalytic action of anode own, make fuel molecule be dissociated into H
+, the product such as electronics; Described air is diffused into cathod catalyst particle surface by the reaction gas straight channel being defined by array cation exchange polymer nanotube equally, due to the catalytic action of negative electrode own, makes O
2obtain electronics and become oxonium ion.Water generation reaction together with the electronics that the proton that anode produces comes with external circuit conduction with the oxonium ion of negative electrode generation by the high speed collection transport of cation exchange polymer nano-tube array and by electrolyte, water generation reaction sees through the film of ion-exchange polymer nanotube, and store water under the effect of capillary force, form retaining post array at negative electrode.Equally, under concentration difference power impetus, cathode reaction generates water anode and spreads and be stored in the ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array of anode, also forms retaining post array like this at anode.By the Water storage of ion-exchange polymer nanotube, can not affect the gas transport in membrane electrode, can soak fully electrochemistry three-phase reaction interface simultaneously, can make like this membrane electrode that the chemical energy in fuel is also converted into electric energy efficiently from humidification.If polymer dielectric is anion exchange type, fuel molecule produces proton, electronics under anode-catalyzed effect, the electron production OH-of oxidant under cathode catalysis effect and with external circuit transmission, the hydroxyl that negative electrode produces is collected transport and is generated water by the proton reaction of electrolyte and anode generation by the high speed of anion exchange polymer nanotube, water generation reaction sees through the film of ion-exchange polymer nanotube, and store water under the effect of capillary force, at anodic formation retaining post array.Equally, under concentration difference power impetus, anode reaction generates water and spreads and be stored in the array ion-exchange polymer nanotube of negative electrode to negative electrode, also forms retaining post array like this at negative electrode.By the Water storage of polymer nanotube, can not affect the gas transport in membrane electrode, can soak fully electrochemistry three-phase reaction interface simultaneously, can make like this membrane electrode that the chemical energy in fuel is also converted into electric energy efficiently from humidification.
When the present invention is applied to SPE electrolytic tank electrolysis, negative electrode and anode in membrane electrode continue respectively to pass into carrier gas and pure water (reactant), utilize new forms of energy electric power can realize efficient electrolysis hydrogen manufacturing energy storage.If polymer dielectric is cation exchange type, described pure water reactant is sucked by array cation exchange polymer nanotube, and through nano-tube film, under anode-catalyzed electrolysis, making hydrone electrolysis is proton and oxygen, oxygen diffuses out anode by the fluid passage being defined by cation exchange polymer nano-tube array, and proton is collected transport and is delivered to negative electrode by electrolyte by the high speed of cation exchange polymer nano-tube array, simultaneously under concentration difference power impetus, anode reaction generates water and spreads and be stored in the ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array of negative electrode to negative electrode, humidification negative electrode three-phase reaction interface, promote that proton is reduced to hydrogen, make like this membrane electrode that electric energy is also converted into chemical energy efficiently from humidification.If polymer dielectric is anion exchange type, pure water reactant is sucked by anion exchange polymer nano-tube array, and through nano-tube film, under cathode catalysis electrolysis, making hydrone electrolysis is hydroxyl and hydrogen, hydrogen diffuses out negative electrode by the fluid passage being defined by anion exchange polymer nano-tube array, and hydroxyl is collected transport and is delivered to anode by electrolyte by the high speed of anion exchange polymer nano-tube array, simultaneously under concentration difference power impetus, cathode reaction generates water anode and spreads and be stored in the ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array of anode, humidification anode three-phase reaction interface, promote that hydroxyl is oxidized to oxygen, like this electric energy is also converted into chemical energy efficiently from humidification.
Can find to there is following advantage from humidification ordering membrane electrode from the whole process of above-mentioned membrane electrode work: 1) utilize electrochemistry to generate water or reaction water, ion-exchange polymer nanotube has water storage function, be conducive to membrane electrode from humidification.Under the condition of humidification not, the present invention can not only strengthen the ion high-speed transfer in Catalytic Layer, and can also strengthen the ion transport ability of polymer dielectric film, greatly reduces the ohmic polarization of membrane electrode; 2) because the arbitrary passage that connects the ion transport passage of polymer dielectric film, the proton conduction passage that connects gas diffusion paths, the connection in flow field and connect the electrical conductivity passage of collector is directed straight channel, in electrode, there is not reaction dead band, catalyst almost utilizes completely, make catalytic reaction activity area huge, electrochemistry three-phase reaction interface boundary length is long, and electrode electro Chemical polarization and concentration polarization are little; 3) supporter of pole catalyze layer is that ion-exchange polymer nanotube and polymer dielectric film combine together, does not have boundary, not only has good ion transport ability, but also has good long-time stability.
A preparation method for ordering polymer membrane electrode of the present invention, flow process is shown in Fig. 2-3, specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) provide the foraminous die plate with array hole, stand-by after cleaning;
(2) a slice amberplex is inserted between above-mentioned two symmetrical foraminous die plates of placing, and is fixed into foraminous die plate | amberplex | foraminous die plate three-in-one component;
(3), by above-mentioned three-in-one component hot pressing, make amberplex become flowable state and enter among the array hole of foraminous die plate;
(4) above-mentioned three-in-one component after hot pressing is positioned among acidity or alkaline solution, the foraminous die plate of amberplex both sides is dissolved, obtains ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array | amberplex | the ordering ion conductor of ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array;
(5) above-mentioned ordering ion conductor is carried out to ion-exchange, cleaning, for subsequent use after removal foreign ion;
(6) prepare Anodic catalyst in above-mentioned order ion conductor one side, the upper cathod catalyst of opposite side preparation, forms orderly fluidized polymer membrane electrode.
Below will be elaborated to above steps.
In step (1), the material of described foraminous die plate is metal oxide or nonmetal oxide, as aluminium oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide etc., has nano aperture array in oxide template.Foraminous die plate has determined the macro morphology of prepared ion-exchange polymer nanotube: its diameter and length depend on respectively aperture and the thickness of foraminous die plate, therefore uses different foraminous die plates can realize the regulating and controlling effect of ion-exchange polymer nanotube growth.In an embodiment, this foraminous die plate is alumina formwork.The hole diameter of this foraminous die plate can be 50 nanometer～1 micron, and thickness can be 1 micron～100 microns.
Described in step (2), amberplex is cation-exchange membrane or anion-exchange membrane.Described cation-exchange membrane is as perfluoro sulfonic acid membrane, partially fluorinated sulfonate film, non-fluosulfonic acid film, sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone film, sulfonated polystyrene film, sulfonated polyphenyl imidazoles film, sulfonated polyimide film, sulfonated polysulfone membrane, sulfonated polyether sulfone film etc.Described anion-exchange membrane is as combination a kind of or of the same race in quaternized polysulfone membrane, quaternized polyphenylene oxide film, quaternized polystyrene film.
Hot pressing condition in step (3) is to look the vitrification point of amberplex and the decision of the compression strength of foraminous die plate.In the present invention, the temperature of hot pressing is that 90-240 DEG C, pressure are 0.1-10Mpa, and atmosphere is nitrogen protection atmosphere, heat-insulation pressure keeping 1-48h; In technical process of the present invention, ionic polymer membranes is on its vitrification point, and the energy that polymer obtains enough makes the whole strand can free movement, thus become can be mobile viscous state.And oxide template directly contacts with two ends flat heated, temperature on template tube wall is higher than the temperature of hole inside, under the pressure-acting at two ends, the ionomer macromolecule of flowable state can be adsorbed on the tube wall of template and to far-end and flow, and forms ionomer nano-tube array.This process is the constantly process of absorption deposition on foraminous die plate hole wall of polymer molecule, and the wall thickness of ionomer nanotube is directly proportional to sedimentation time, can regulate and control by hot pressing temperature, pressure and time.
In step (4), the mode of removing described foraminous die plate can form according to the material of described foraminous die plate, as available etching process is removed.In following embodiment, described foraminous die plate is alumina formwork, can remove by the mode of dissolved oxygen aluminium.Specifically can flood described stepped construction to erode described alumina formwork with sodium hydrate aqueous solution or phosphate aqueous solution.
In step (5), because of remove foraminous die plate can stay foreign ion and with ordering ion conductor generation ion-exchange, may in ion conductor, introduce like this foreign ion, therefore be necessary order ion conductor to carry out ion-exchange, remove the foreign ion being combined in ordering ion conductor.As ordering cationic conductor adopts dilute acid pretreatment, and ordering anion conductor adopts sig water processing.
In step (6), described male or female catalyst can be has high catalytic activity metal material, the eelctro-catalyst as for oxygen molecule reduction and oxonium ion oxidation: as Pt, RuO
2, IrO
2, MnO
2, Ag and the alloy that contains them or composite catalyst; For eelctro-catalyst Pt, Ru, Ni and the alloy that contains them or the composite catalyst of fuel molecule oxidation and reduction.The particle diameter of this catalyst granules is nanosized.This catalyst granules is attached on ion-exchange polymer nanotube equably, and is closely connected between each catalyst granules, even forms catalyst film, realizes electronic conduction.Preparation method is the methods such as wet chemical method, ion sputtering, chemical plating, Vacuum Deposition, vapour deposition.
Embodiment 1 is for proton exchange membrane electricity fuel cell
Use 1%(mass fraction) sodium dodecyl sulfate solution cleans up the AAO foraminous die plate of 5cm*5cm size (hole diameter is 400 nanometers, 50 microns of thickness), puts into culture dish, and culture dish is put into vacuum drying oven.Oven temperature is decided to be 50 DEG C, is evacuated down to after 0.1 atmospheric pressure 1h, stand-by.The fixing aluminium oxide foraminous die plate of Cu sheet that adopts alcohol to clean and the Nafion film of 150 micron thick, form aluminum oxide porous template | Nafion film | and aluminum oxide porous template three-in-one component.Above-mentioned three-in-one component is positioned in hot press, and Temperature Setting is 90 DEG C, and pressure setting is 10Mpa, pressure-maintaining and heat-preservation 1 hour.After hot pressing, take out three-in-one component, then put into the NaOH solution of 5mol/L, 60 DEG C of insulations in insulating box, took out after 1 hour, after cleaning up, obtained ordering Nafion nano-tube array with deionized water.As shown in Figure 4, as can be seen from the figure, the distribution situation of Nafion nano-tube array is consistent with the situation in alumina formwork hole, and average diameter is 300nm left and right, and length is 50 μ m.Above-mentioned ordering ion conductor be impregnated in dilute sulfuric acid and carries out ion-exchange, remove the metal cation in ordering ion conductor, and for subsequent use after cleaning.
Finally adopt wet chemical method Pt catalyst in above-mentioned order ion conductor one side preparation, the upper Pt catalyst of opposite side preparation, the ordering polymer membrane electrode of formation Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.Be 0.1mg/cm in Pt carrying capacity
2, not under the condition of the empty reacting gas of humidification, hydrogen, the maximum power density of this membrane electrode can reach 1W/cm
2.
As Pt-Ru alloy catalyst in a side preparation of ordering ion conductor, opposite side is prepared upper Pt catalyst, is formed for the ordering membrane electrode of methanol fuel.Be 0.15mg/cm in Pt family element carrying capacity
2, not under humidification, air oxidant condition, the maximum power density of this membrane electrode can reach 200mW/cm
2.
Embodiment 2 is for alkaline membrane cell
Use 1%(mass fraction) sodium dodecyl sulfate solution cleans up the aluminum oxide porous template of 5cm*5cm size (aperture is 50 nanometers, 1 micron of thickness), puts into culture dish, and culture dish is put into vacuum drying oven.Oven temperature is decided to be 50 DEG C, is evacuated down to after 0.1 atmospheric pressure 1h, stand-by.The fixing aluminium oxide foraminous die plate of stainless steel substrates that adopts acetone to clean and the quaternized polysulfone membrane of 5 micron thick, form aluminum oxide porous template | quaternized polysulfone membrane | and aluminum oxide porous template three-in-one component.Above-mentioned three-in-one component is positioned in hot press, and Temperature Setting is 240 DEG C, and pressure setting is 10Mpa, pressure-maintaining and heat-preservation 1 hour.After hot pressing, take out three-in-one component and put into the NaOH solution of 5mol/L, 60 DEG C of insulations in insulating box, took out after 1 hour.After cleaning up with deionized water, obtain quaternized polysulfones nano-tube array.Above-mentioned ordering ion conductor be impregnated in dilute NaOH solution and carries out ion-exchange, remove the halide anion in ordering ion conductor, and for subsequent use after cleaning.
Finally adopt ion sputtering method Ag catalyst in above-mentioned order ion conductor one side preparation, opposite side is prepared upper Ni catalyst, forms the ordering polymer membrane electrode of alkaline membrane cell.Be 0.3mg/cm at Ag and Ni dead weight capacity
2, not under the empty reacting gas condition of humidification, hydrogen, the maximum power density of this membrane electrode can reach 300mW/cm
2.
Embodiment 3 is for SPE(acidity) electrolysis
Use 1%(mass fraction) sodium dodecyl sulfate solution cleans up the aluminum oxide porous template of 10cm*10cm size (aperture is 10 microns, and thickness is 100 microns), puts into culture dish, and culture dish is put into vacuum drying oven.Oven temperature is decided to be 50 DEG C, is evacuated down to after 0.1 atmospheric pressure 1h, stand-by.The fixing aluminium oxide foraminous die plate of titanium sheet that adopts washed with methanol to cross and the sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone film of 25 micron thick, form aluminum oxide porous template | sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone film | and aluminum oxide porous template three-in-one component.Above-mentioned three-in-one component is positioned in hot press, and Temperature Setting is 150 DEG C, and pressure setting is 5Mpa, pressure-maintaining and heat-preservation 30 minutes.After hot pressing, take out three-in-one component, then put into dilute phosphoric acid solution, 60 DEG C of insulations in insulating box, took out after 1 hour.After cleaning up with deionized water, obtain ordering sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone nano-tube array.Above-mentioned ordering ion conductor be impregnated in dilute sulfuric acid and carries out ion-exchange, remove the metal cation in ordering ion conductor, and for subsequent use after cleaning.
Finally adopt Vacuum Deposition method Pt catalyst in above-mentioned order ion conductor one side preparation, the upper RuO2-IrO2 catalyst of opposite side preparation, forms SPE electrolysis order fluidized polymer membrane electrode.Be 0.4mg/cm in Pt family element carrying capacity
2, negative electrode is under the condition of humidification, the high yield hydrogen speed of this membrane electrode reaches 15mL/cm
2(now decomposition voltage is 1.6V).
Embodiment 4 is for SPE(alkalescence) electrolysis
Use 1%(mass fraction) sodium dodecyl sulfate solution cleans up the aluminum oxide porous template of 25cm*25cm size (aperture is 500 nanometers, and thickness is 20 microns), puts into culture dish, and culture dish is put into vacuum drying oven.Oven temperature is decided to be 50 DEG C, is evacuated down to after 0.1 atmospheric pressure 1h, stand-by.The fixing aluminium oxide foraminous die plate of stainless steel substrates that adopts acetone to clean and the quaternized polyphenylene oxide film of 30 micron thick, form aluminum oxide porous template | quaternized polyphenylene oxide film | and aluminum oxide porous template three-in-one component.Above-mentioned three-in-one component is positioned in hot press, and Temperature Setting is 120 DEG C, and pressure setting is 3Mpa, pressure-maintaining and heat-preservation 10 hours.After hot pressing, take out three-in-one component and put into the NaOH solution of 5mol/L, 60 DEG C of insulations in insulating box, took out after 2 hours.After cleaning up with deionized water, obtain quaternized polyphenylene oxide nano-tube array.Above-mentioned ordering ion conductor be impregnated in dilute NaOH solution and carries out ion-exchange, remove the halide anion in ordering ion conductor, and for subsequent use after cleaning.
Finally adopt CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method MnO2 catalyst in above-mentioned order ion conductor one side preparation, the upper Ni catalyst of opposite side preparation, forms SPE alkalescence film electrolysis ordering polymer membrane electrode.At MnO
2with Ni dead weight capacity be 0.4mg/cm
2, anode is under the condition of humidification, the high yield hydrogen speed of this membrane electrode reaches 12mL/cm
2(now decomposition voltage is 1.55V).
Claims (8)
1. the ordering polymer membrane electrode from humidification, mainly formed by ion conductor, anode and negative electrode, it is characterized in that, described ion conductor is by amberplex and be directionally grown in order two lip-deep ion-exchange polymer nano-tube array and form.
2. ordering polymer membrane electrode according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described male or female by covering on ion-exchange polymer nanotube, mutual close-connected male or female catalyst nano particle forms.
3. ordering polymer membrane electrode according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described male or female catalyst is for the eelctro-catalyst of oxygen molecule reduction and oxonium ion oxidation or the eelctro-catalyst that reduces and be oxidized for fuel molecule.
4. ordering polymer membrane electrode according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described male or female catalyst is Pt, RuO
2, IrO
2, MnO
2, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ni with and alloy in more than one.
5. ordering polymer membrane electrode according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the thickness of described amberplex is 5 microns～150 microns.
6. ordering polymer membrane electrode according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the external diameter of described ion-exchange polymer nanotube is 50 nanometer～1 micron, and internal diameter is 1 nanometer～900 nanometer, and length is 10 nanometer～100 micron.
7. ordering polymer membrane electrode according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described ion conductor is prepared from by the ion-exchange polymer with ionicconductive function, and described ion-exchange polymer is cation exchange polymer and anion exchange polymer.
8. ordering polymer membrane electrode according to claim 7, it is characterized in that, described cation exchange polymer is perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer, partially fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer, non-perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer, sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone polymer, sulfonated polystyrene polymer, sulfonated polyphenyl imidazoles polymer, sulfonated polyimide polymer, SPSF polymer or sulfonated polyether sulfone polymer; Described anion exchange polymer is more than one in quaternized polysulfone polymer, quaternized polyphenylene ether polymer, quaternized polystyrene.
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