CN103715430B - Three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material and preparation and application - Google Patents
Three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material and preparation and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN103715430B CN103715430B CN201310715311.1A CN201310715311A CN103715430B CN 103715430 B CN103715430 B CN 103715430B CN 201310715311 A CN201310715311 A CN 201310715311A CN 103715430 B CN103715430 B CN 103715430B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material and preparation and application.This material is made up of to three-dimensional grapheme network carbon covered stannum rice grain uniform load, and its preparation process comprises: adopt NaCl as dispersant and template, it fully dissolved with metallic tin source and carbon source and mix, freeze drying porphyrize, obtain mixture; Mixture is put into tube furnace, calcines under hydrogen catalytic, obtain calcined product; Calcined product is washed, obtains three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material.The invention has the advantages that, safe preparation process is harmless, simple to operate, and output is large, and prepared three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material has higher reversible capacity and cyclical stability as lithium ion battery negative material.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material and preparation and application, belong to electrode material of secondary lithium ion battery field.
Background technology
Lithium ion battery has the advantages such as energy density is large, working range is wide, discharge voltage is high, non-environmental-pollution, memory-less effect as a kind of secondary cell, compares, it has extended cycle life, security performance is good with NI-G with Ni-MH battery.Thus, current lithium ion battery has been widely used in the portable sets such as mobile phone, video camera, camera, notebook computer, more in hybrid vehicle of new generation (HEV) and pure electric automobile (EV), serve as one of important energy source, future also will be applied in the military field such as satellite and space flight.
The carbon negative pole material of extensive use in current lithium ion battery is graphite, its theoretical capacity is 372 mA h/g, capacity is lower, be difficult to the demand meeting high power and energy density electric motor car, so, exploitation has high discharge voltage, and the new type lithium ion battery in high power capacity and longer life-span is most important task.Tin base cathode material because possess high theoretical specific capacity (992mAh/g) (
j. Am. Chem. Soc,
2003,
1255652-5653), good conductivity, safety and environmental protection, the advantage such as cheap and be subject to focus, but its fatal weakness be exactly tin-based material in charge and discharge process due to the embedding of lithium ion with deviate from, the violent expansion (being about 340%) of volume own can be caused, thus be easy to cause active material, in cyclic process, efflorescence occurs, and then cause its cycle performance and high rate performance poor.
In order to improve this shortcoming of tin base cathode material, solution main at present has three: one to be that active material is made nanometer, optimizes its particle dispersion, makes its not efflorescence as far as possible in expansion process, not broken; Two is take operator guards, mainly with material with carbon element compound, prepares carbon clad structure, and restriction active material volume expands; Three is carry out alloy protecting in material, mainly tin copper, tin iron, and tin nickel, tin-cobalt alloy etc., similar alloy alleviates volumetric expansion when volumetric expansion owing to there being adding of non-active material.Wherein second point, hot research is subject to because material with carbon element also has certain storage lithium performance, wherein, carbon nanosheet is as a kind of carbon nanomaterial of two-dimensional structure, due to comparatively other zero dimensions, one dimension, three-dimensional structure has more active reaction sites, is assembled into three-dimensional grapheme structure and then more can be formed with the stereochemical structure being beneficial to lithium ion and electric transmission between lamella, its as lithium ion battery negative material have clear superiority (
adv. Mater., 2012, 24:4097).
And current three-dimensional grapheme material with carbon element preparation method mainly template pyrolysismethod, chemical vapour deposition technique etc.Wherein, template pyrolysismethod is with low cost, and preparation technology is simple, and coefficient of safety is high, is applicable to volume production.After template pyrolysismethod refers to and source metal, carbon source and template fully mixed, pyrolysis charring in an inert atmosphere, obtains embedding or the nano-metal particle material of area load in carbon base body through subsequent treatment.Li etc. (
adv. Mater. 2013, 25,2474 – 2480) and utilize template pyrolysismethod to prepare three-dimensional grapheme carbon plate structure, lamellar spacing is about 5 nanometers, and three-dimensional grapheme network diameter is at about 10um, and surface is without Metal Supported.
Utilize the template pyrolysismethod of improvement herein, prepare lamella very thin, be self-assembled into three-dimensional grapheme shape, and the novel tin carbon composite of area load tin nanoparticles, the rare report of its structure, preparation technology is simple, and has excellent properties as lithium ion battery negative material.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material and preparation and application.This material is made up of to three-dimensional grapheme network carbon covered stannum rice grain uniform load, its preparation method process is simple, can volume production, this material has good charge-discharge performance, high rate performance and stability as lithium ion battery negative material, has a extensive future.
Technical scheme of the present invention is realized by following steps, a kind of three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material, it is characterized in that, this material is that the carbon covered stannum rice grain uniform load of uniform particle diameter is on three-dimensional grapheme network, wherein carbon covered stannum rice grain particle diameter is at 5-100nm, carbon coating layer thickness is 1-5nm, three-dimensional grapheme thickness is 1-10nm, three-dimensional grapheme network radius is at 1-10 μm, and in this material, the mass percent of tin and total carbon is: (0.4-0.8): (0.6-0.2).
The preparation method of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material of said structure, is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
(1). be mixed into carbon source with one or more in sucrose, glucose, citric acid, starch, take stannous chloride as Xi Yuan, be (50 ~ 10) with the tin mol ratio in the carbon in carbon source and tin source: 1, be (0.01-0.1) in the mass ratio of the tin in tin source and NaCl: 1, carbon source, Xi Yuan and NaCl are added in deionized water and dissolves, stir wiring solution-forming, ultrasonicly again mix that to be placed on refrigerator freezing, treat that solution freeze over is placed on freeze drier and carries out vacuumize in-50 DEG C, obtain mixture;
(2). the mixture grind into powder obtained by step (1), is laid in Noah's ark, is placed in tube furnace flat-temperature zone and calcines: with N
2, the one of He or Ar or mixing as inert gas source, be first that 200 ~ 400 ml/min pass into inert gas 30-60 minute with deaeration with flow; Again with H
2as carrier gas, carrier gas flux is fixed as 50 ~ 200ml/min, with programming rate intensification tube furnace to 650 ~ 800 DEG C of 1 ~ 10 DEG C/min, insulation 1-8h carries out carbonization, is cooled to room temperature, obtains calcined product after reaction terminates;
(3). collect the calcined product that step (2) is obtained, porphyrize, is washed to till not having NaCl in calcined product, dries, obtain three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material at temperature is 60 ~ 120 DEG C.
This three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice materials application is in lithium ion battery negative.
The present invention has the following advantages: the present invention utilizes raw material cheap and easy to get to prepare three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material, and with low cost, course of reaction is simple, controllability is strong, and tin nanoparticles is better dispersed.This material structure is homogeneous simultaneously, pattern is excellent, excellent performance, for lithium ion battery negative, there is very high specific capacity and fabulous cycle performance, under the current density of 200mA/g, circulation still can keep the specific capacity of more than 1000mAh/g for 100 times, and under the high current density of 10A/g, still keep the specific capacity of 270mAh/g.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the SEM photo of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.From this view it is apparent that three-dimensional grapheme network morphology.
Fig. 2 is the SEM photo of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.From this view it is apparent that three-dimensional grapheme sheet thickness.
Fig. 3 is the SEM photo of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.From the carbon covered stannum rice grain that this view it is apparent that three-dimensional grapheme load on the surface.
Fig. 4 is the TEM photo of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.From the high dispersion that this view it is apparent that carbon covered stannum rice grain.
Fig. 5 is the TEM photo of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.From this view it is apparent that carbon covered stannum rice grain even particle size distribution.
Fig. 6 is the HRTEM photo of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.From the carbon coating layer that this view it is apparent that carbon covered stannum rice grain surface.
Fig. 7 is the XRD collection of illustrative plates of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.
Fig. 8 is the nitrogen constant temperature adsorption desorption collection of illustrative plates of the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains.
Fig. 9 is the charge-discharge performance figure of the lithium ion battery negative that the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material adopting the embodiment of the present invention 1 to obtain obtains, in figure :-■-be discharge curve,-●-be charging curve,---be efficiency curve.
Figure 10 is the charge-discharge magnification performance map of the lithium ion battery negative that the three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material adopting the embodiment of the present invention 1 to obtain obtains, in figure :-■-and be discharge curve ,-●-be charging curve.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, particular content of the present invention is described as follows:
Embodiment 1:
Take 2.5g citric acid, 0.384g stannous chloride and 14.7g NaCl, mixture is dissolved in the deionized water of 50ml, with the magnetic stirring apparatus of mixing speed 300r/min, stirring and dissolving wiring solution-forming, and then take power as the ultrasonic 15min of ultrasonic device of 400W, mix.The solution mixed is put into refrigerator overnight freeze, be placed on-50 DEG C of vacuumizes in freeze drier, obtain mixture until dry.Milled mixtures, the mixed-powder getting 10g is placed in Noah's ark, Noah's ark is put into tube furnace, passes into the Ar inert gas 30min deaeration of 200ml/min, then with the H of 200ml/min
2be warming up to temperature 750 DEG C for carrier gas with the programming rate of 10 DEG C/min, insulation 2h carries out carburizing reagent, is cooled to room temperature, obtains calcined product after reaction terminates under Ar atmosphere protection.Collect calcined product, porphyrize, be washed to till there is no NaCl in product, dry at 80 DEG C, obtain three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material, its three-dimensional grapheme thickness is < 3nm, and carbon covered stannum rice grain particle diameter is 5 ~ 30 nm, and carbon coating layer thickness is 1 nm.
With obtained material, PVDF, conductive carbon black mass ratio is that 8:1:1 meter is applied to copper sheet as negative pole, with the LiPF of 1M
6as electrolyte, using lithium sheet as positive pole, obtained half-cell, its 100 circles that circulate under the current density of 200mA/g still keep the specific capacity of more than 1000mAh/g, as shown in Figure 9, and there is excellent circulation performance, still there is the specific capacity of 270mAh/g under the current density of 10A/g, as shown in Figure 10.
Embodiment 2:
Take 2.5g citric acid, 0.384g stannous chloride and 14.7gNaCl, mixture is dissolved in the deionized water of 50ml, with the magnetic stirring apparatus of mixing speed 300r/min, stirring and dissolving wiring solution-forming, and then take power as the ultrasonic 15min of ultrasonic device of 400W, mix.The solution mixed is put into refrigerator overnight freeze, be placed on-50 DEG C of vacuumizes in freeze drier, obtain mixture until dry.Milled mixtures, the mixed-powder getting 6g is placed in Noah's ark, Noah's ark is put into tube furnace, passes into the Ar inert gas 30min deaeration of 200ml/min, then with the H of 200ml/min
2be warming up to temperature 700 DEG C for carrier gas with the programming rate of 10 DEG C/min, insulation 6h carries out carburizing reagent, is cooled to room temperature, obtains calcined product after reaction terminates under Ar atmosphere protection.Collect calcined product, porphyrize, is washed to till not having NaCl in product, dries, obtain three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material at 80 DEG C.
Embodiment 3:
Take 2.5g citric acid, 0.768g stannous chloride and 14.7gNaCl, mixture is dissolved in the deionized water of 50ml, with the magnetic stirring apparatus of mixing speed 300r/min, stirring and dissolving wiring solution-forming, and then take power as the ultrasonic 15min of ultrasonic device of 400W, mix.The solution mixed is put into refrigerator overnight freeze, be placed on-50 DEG C of vacuumizes in freeze drier, obtain mixture until dry.Milled mixtures, the mixed-powder getting 6g is placed in Noah's ark, Noah's ark is put into tube furnace, passes into the Ar inert gas 30min deaeration of 200ml/min, then with the H of 200ml/min
2be warming up to temperature 800 DEG C for carrier gas with the programming rate of 10 DEG C/min, insulation 6h carries out carburizing reagent, is cooled to room temperature, obtains calcined product after reaction terminates under Ar atmosphere protection.Collect calcined product, porphyrize, is washed to till not having NaCl in product, dries, obtain three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material at 80 DEG C.
Embodiment 4:
Take 5g citric acid, 0.384g stannous chloride and 14.7gNaCl, mixture is dissolved in the deionized water of 50ml, with the magnetic stirring apparatus of mixing speed 300r/min, stirring and dissolving wiring solution-forming, and then take power as the ultrasonic 15min of ultrasonic device of 400W, mix.The solution mixed is put into refrigerator overnight freeze, be placed on-50 DEG C of vacuumizes in freeze drier, obtain mixture until dry.Milled mixtures, the mixed-powder getting 6g is placed in Noah's ark, Noah's ark is put into tube furnace, passes into the Ar inert gas 30min deaeration of 200ml/min, then with the H of 200ml/min
2be warming up to temperature 800 DEG C for carrier gas with the programming rate of 10 DEG C/min, insulation 8h carries out carburizing reagent, is cooled to room temperature, obtains calcined product after reaction terminates under Ar atmosphere protection.Collect calcined product, porphyrize, is washed to till not having NaCl in product, dries, obtain three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material at 80 DEG C.
Claims (1)
1. the preparation method of a three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material, this material is that the carbon covered stannum rice grain uniform load of uniform particle diameter is on three-dimensional grapheme network, wherein carbon covered stannum rice grain particle diameter is at 5-100nm, carbon coating layer thickness is 1-5nm, three-dimensional grapheme thickness is 1-10nm, three-dimensional grapheme network radius is at 1-10um, and in this material, the mass percent of tin and total carbon is 0.4-0.8:0.6-0.2, it is characterized in that comprising the following steps:
(1). take citric acid as carbon source, take stannous chloride as Xi Yuan, with the tin mol ratio in the carbon in carbon source and tin source for 50 ~ 10:1, in the mass ratio of the tin in tin source and NaCl for 0.01-0.1:1, carbon source, Xi Yuan and NaCl are added in deionized water and dissolves, stir wiring solution-forming, more ultrasonicly to mix; Be placed on refrigerator freezing, treat that solution freeze over is placed on freeze drier and carries out vacuumize in-50 DEG C, obtain mixture;
(2). the mixture grind into powder obtained by step (1), is laid in Noah's ark, is placed in tube furnace flat-temperature zone and calcines: with N
2, the one of He or Ar or mixing as inert gas source, be first that 200 ~ 400 ml/min pass into inert gas 30-60 minute with deaeration with flow; Again with H
2as carrier gas, carrier gas flux is fixed as 50 ~ 200ml/min, with programming rate intensification tube furnace to 650 ~ 800 DEG C of 1 ~ 10 DEG C/min, insulation 5-8h carries out carbonization, is cooled to room temperature, obtains calcined product after reaction terminates;
(3). collect the calcined product that step (2) is obtained, porphyrize, is washed to till not having NaCl in calcined product, dries, obtain three-dimensional grapheme network structure load carbon covered stannum rice material at temperature is 60 ~ 120 DEG C.
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