CN103673598A - Refractory structure for preparing nickel powder and preparing method of nickel powder - Google Patents
Refractory structure for preparing nickel powder and preparing method of nickel powder Download PDFInfo
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- CN103673598A CN103673598A CN201210518424.8A CN201210518424A CN103673598A CN 103673598 A CN103673598 A CN 103673598A CN 201210518424 A CN201210518424 A CN 201210518424A CN 103673598 A CN103673598 A CN 103673598A
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- crucible
- preparation
- nickel powder
- nickel
- heat proof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/14—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes using electric discharge
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2202/00—Treatment under specific physical conditions
- B22F2202/13—Use of plasma
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/15—Nickel or cobalt
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/08—Details peculiar to crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/10—Crucibles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Abstract
The invention provides a refractory structure used for preparing nickel powder. The refractory structure comprises a first crucible made of graphite, a second crucible made of ceramic material and disposed in the first crucible, and refractory material arranged between the first crucible and the second crucible. The refractory structure used for preparing the nickel powder has high heat-shielding performance used for improving the fusion and evaporation of nickel, thereby being capable of increasing the yield of nickel powder. The impurity content can be controlled for preparation of high-purity nickel powder and the crack of the structure can be prevented.
Description
The cross reference of related application
The application requires to be submitted on September 4th, 2012 priority of the korean patent application No.10-2012-0097580 of Korea S Department of Intellectual Property, and the full content of this application is introduced in the application with for referencial use.
Technical field
The present invention relates to the preparation method of a kind of fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder (refractory structure) and a kind of nickel powder, more specifically, relate to the preparation method that can prevent producing crack in structure and prepare a kind of fireproof construction and a kind of nickel powder for the preparation of nickel powder of high-purity nickel powder.
Background technology
Conventionally, the preparation method of nickel powder comprises Wet-process metallurgy method (hydrometallurgy method), spray pyrolysis method and steam condensing method etc.
Wet-process metallurgy method and spray pyrolysis method are in preparation and process as during the poisonous and reluctant raw material of chloride and nitrate, be faced with and be difficult to meet gas and the release management requirement of liquid wastes environment and be difficult to the difficulty that generation has the particle of the mean size that is less than 100nm.
Because the steam condensing method based on heat plasma is used inert raw material (as simple metal, alloy, oxide, carbonate etc.) conventionally, thus can prepare fine-particle powder, and can there is not the problem producing in Wet-process metallurgy method and spray pyrolysis method.
By the steam condensing method of heat plasma, by the high-frequency discharge in inert gas environment, use arc plasma or heat plasma, so that nickel or slaine are heated and evaporate under superhigh temperature.
Thereby next under vapor state, reduce hydrogen to form the gas that comprises nickel element, thereby and the nickel element of evaporation is cooling and curing to prepare particulate nickel powder.
In this process, add heat plasma to immerse in ceramic fire resistant structure nickel raw material and make raw material fusing, wherein this ceramic fire resistant structure can be made higher than the material of nickel (1455 ℃) by the fusing point having.
The conventional constituent material of this refractory material can comprise as the materials with high melting point of graphite, carbide, oxide, nitride, eruption material (eruption material), or as refractory metals such as tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobiums.
In using the steam condensing method of heat plasma, because this ceramic refractory is for being dipped in structure by the nickel of fusing, a pith of the method is that this ceramic fire resistant structural requirement has corrosion resistance, resistance to spallation, resistance to sudden heating and heat conductivity etc.
By using the steam condensing method of heat plasma in the situation that produce in a large number in a continuous manner nickel powder in the ceramic fire resistant structure being formed by graphite, nickel and graphite are at high temperature interact with each other, have caused thus the increase of carbon content.
In order to prevent the generation of this defect, in the file of the correlation technique that the structure that a kind of wherein pottery is coated on the inside of the crucible being formed by high-melting-point graphite material is described below, introduced.
Yet, the in the situation that of correlation technique, in the situation that to surpass heating crucible under the high temperature of 2000 ℃, the volume of every kind of material in bi-material (graphite material of bottom and the ceramic material on top) significantly changes, this is the difference because of the thermal coefficient of expansion between graphite material and ceramic material, and produces thus crack.
The preparation method of high-purity nickel powder that therefore, can prevent the generation in crack in crucible and have low impurity content is still by demand.
[correlation technique document]
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No.JP 2011-214915
Summary of the invention
One aspect of the present invention provides a kind of preparation method of fireproof construction and a kind of nickel powder for the preparation of nickel powder, can prevent the generation in crack in fireproof construction and prepare highly purified nickel powder.
According to an aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder, this fireproof construction comprises: the first crucible being formed by graphite; That by ceramic material, formed and be placed in the second crucible of described the first crucible inside; And be arranged on the heat proof material between described the first crucible and described the second crucible.
Described ceramic material can be zirconium dioxide (ZrO
2) or aluminium oxide (Al
2o
3).
Described heat proof material can be spherical.
Described heat proof material can be graphite.
Described the first crucible can have the hole of the insertion that is used to form the described heat proof material in this first crucible.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a kind of preparation method of nickel powder is provided, this preparation method comprises: nickel raw material is added in fireproof construction, described fireproof construction comprise the first crucible being formed by graphite, the second crucible that is placed in described the first crucible inside being formed by ceramic material and be arranged on described the first crucible and described the second crucible between heat proof material; Heating and evaporate described nickel raw material under inert gas environment; And the nickel raw material that condensation is evaporated is to form powder.
Described ceramic material can be zirconium dioxide (ZrO
2) or aluminium oxide (Al
2o
3).
Described heat proof material can be spherical.
Described heat proof material can be graphite.
Described the first crucible can have the hole of the insertion that is used to form the described heat proof material in this first crucible.
The heating of described nickel raw material and evaporation can be by carrying out with plasma.
Described powder can have 500ppm or lower impurity content.
Accompanying drawing explanation
From the detailed description below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, will more clearly understand above-mentioned and other side, feature and other advantages of the present invention, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the perspective view having schematically shown according to the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of one embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the preparation method's of nickel powder flow chart; And
Fig. 3 has schematically shown according to the present invention the perspective view of the multilayer ceramic capacitor of another embodiment.
The specific embodiment
Below, with reference to accompanying drawing, describe embodiments of the present invention in detail.Yet the present invention can be with multiple multi-form enforcement, and the present invention should not be construed as limited to the cited embodiment of the present invention.Or rather, provide these embodiments to disclose the present invention comprehensively and intactly, and scope of the present invention is conveyed to those skilled in the art fully.
In the accompanying drawings, for the clear shape and size that may exaggerate element, and use from start to finish identical reference number to represent same or similar element.
Fig. 1 is the perspective view having schematically shown according to the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of one embodiment of the present invention.
With reference to Fig. 1, according to the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of one embodiment of the present invention, can comprise the first crucible 1 being formed by graphite; By ceramic material, form and be placed in the second crucible 3 of the first crucible 1 inside; And the heat proof material 2 inserting between the first crucible 1 and the second crucible 3.
Described ceramic material can be zirconia (ZrO
2) or aluminium oxide (Al
2o
3).
Described heat proof material 2 can have spherical form.
In addition, described heat proof material 2 can be formed by graphite.
Described the first crucible 1 can have hole 4, and this hole 4 is used to form the insertion of the heat proof material 2 in this first crucible 1.
According to the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of embodiment of the present invention, can comprise the first crucible 1 being formed by graphite.
The material of described the first crucible 1 can be graphite; Yet, the invention is not restricted to this.For example, the crucible being formed by tungsten, the crucible being formed by niobium and crucible of being formed by tantalum etc., can use is the material of refractory metal.
Simultaneously, the material of described the first crucible 1 can be carbide, oxide, nitride or eruption material, more specifically, can be ramet, carborundum, titanium carbide, magnesia, aluminium oxide, zirconia, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, zirconium nitride, boron nitride, bifluoride titanium, bifluoride tantalum and zirconium difluoride etc.
Due to described the first crucible 1, at high temperature carrying out, prepare the process of nickel powder and stably to hold nickel molten material, so this crucible need to be formed and be had corrosion resistance and a resistance to sudden heating etc. by materials with high melting point.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, described the first crucible can be formed by graphite, stably carries out reaction when at high temperature preparing nickel powder.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, the second crucible 3 being formed by ceramic material can be placed in described the first crucible 1 inside.Described ceramic material can be zirconium dioxide (ZrO
2) or aluminium oxide (Al
2o
3), but be not to be distinguishingly defined in this.
Described the second crucible 3 being formed by ceramic material can be placed in the first crucible 1 inside, because nickel and graphite at high temperature act on each other, produce defect, by using the steam condensing method of heat plasma in the situation that produce in a large number in a continuous manner nickel powder carbon content in the ceramic fire resistant structure being formed by graphite and increase.
Nickel and graphite that is to say, in the situation that by using the steam condensing of heat plasma to prepare nickel powder, can interact in the fireproof construction being formed by graphite.
As mentioned above, due to the interaction of nickel and graphite, carbon content increases (major defect in the process of preparation high-purity nickel powder).
Therefore, according to embodiment of the present invention, the second crucible 3 being formed by ceramic material is placed in described the first crucible 1 inside, so that nickel does not directly contact to prevent that with the first crucible being formed by graphite defect from occurring.
In the situation that according to preparing nickel powder in the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of embodiment of the present invention, high-purity nickel powder can be produced.
Yet, in the situation that the second crucible 3 being formed by ceramic material is placed in the first crucible 1 inside, at the thermal coefficient of expansion of the graphite material of bottom, may be different from the ceramic material that is coated in top.
That is to say, when described crucible is heated to more than 2000 ℃ high temperature, due to the graphite material in bottom and be coated between the ceramic material on top and have thermal expansion coefficient difference, the volume of every kind of material in this bi-material can significantly change and produce thus crack.
According to the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of embodiment of the present invention, can be included in the heat proof material 2 inserting between described the first crucible 1 and the second crucible 3.
As mentioned above, at described heat proof material 2 in the situation that inserting between described the first crucible 1 and the second crucible 3, the heat-proof quality of this fireproof construction can promote due to pore, and the volume variation with temperature of the first crucible being formed by graphite and the second crucible of being formed by ceramic material can be alleviated.
That is to say, described heat proof material 2 can be inserted between described the first crucible 1 and described the second crucible 3, thus when the first crucible contacts with the second crucible indirectly, the possibility by producing crack causing due to the difference of thermal coefficient of expansion can be considerably reduced.
Described heat proof material 2 can have spherical form.Yet its shape is not limited to this, but can there are various shapes.
Particularly, in the situation that described heat proof material 2 has spherical form, described in there is spherical form heat proof material can between the first crucible and the second crucible, freely move.
Therefore, the temperature that puts on the growth of described fireproof construction can be so that the position of described the first crucible and the second crucible changes up and down, and difference between the first crucible and the thermal coefficient of expansion of the second crucible can be cancelled.
In addition, described heat proof material 2 can be graphite; Yet the present invention is not distinguishingly defined in this.
The material of described heat proof material 2 can be the graphite of materials with high melting point, and heat-proof quality can further be improved to improve the productivity ratio of nickel powder thus.
According to embodiment of the present invention, in order to prevent the generation in crack in fireproof construction, described heat proof material 2 can be inserted between described the first crucible 1 and described the second crucible 3, and described the first crucible 1 can have hole 4, and this hole 4 is used to form the insertion of the heat proof material 2 in this first crucible 1.
The hole 4 that is used for the insertion of heat proof material 2 can be formed at the both sides of described the first crucible 1; Yet it forms position and is not distinguishingly defined in this.
Hereinafter, according to the preparation method of the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of embodiment of the present invention, will be described.
First, the first crucible 1 that preparation is formed by graphite.
Then, in the lower surface of the first crucible 1, fill heat proof material 2.
The process of filling heat proof material 2 in the lower surface of the first crucible 1 is not particularly limited.Here, as long as the second crucible is not contacted with the first crucible in ensuing process (wherein the second crucible 3 being placed in to the first crucible 1 inside), filling extent is exactly enough.
The material of described heat proof material 2 is not particularly limited; For example, yet its material can be identical with the material of the first crucible, graphite.
In addition, described heat proof material 2 can have the spherical form that can move freely between the first crucible and the second crucible; Yet its shape is not limited to this, but can there are various shapes.
Next, the second crucible 3 being formed by ceramic material can be placed in the first crucible 1 inside.
Finally, described heat proof material 2 can insert between the first crucible and the second crucible by hole 4, and wherein this hole 4 is used to form the insertion of the heat proof material 2 in described the first crucible 1.
Preparation method for the preparation of the fireproof construction of nickel powder is described by way of example, but it is not limited to this, but can prepare by the whole bag of tricks.
Fig. 2 is the preparation method's of nickel powder flow chart.
With reference to Fig. 2, according to the present invention, the preparation method of the nickel powder of another embodiment can comprise: nickel raw material is added to (insert) to fireproof construction, this fireproof construction comprise the first crucible being formed by graphite, the second crucible that is placed in the first crucible inside being formed by ceramic material and be arranged on the first crucible and the second crucible between heat proof material; By heat described nickel raw material under inert gas environment, make described nickel raw materials evaporate; And the nickel raw material that condensation is evaporated forms powder.
In the preparation method of the nickel powder of another embodiment according to the present invention, described nickel raw material can be added in described fireproof construction, this fireproof construction comprise the first crucible being formed by graphite, the second crucible that is placed in the first crucible inside being formed by ceramic material and be arranged on the first crucible and the second crucible between heat proof material.
Therefore described fireproof construction is identical with the above-mentioned fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder according to one embodiment of the present invention, and will the descriptions thereof are omitted avoids repeat specification.
Nickel raw material can be added in the fireproof construction with various shapes, for example spherical; Yet it is not limited to this.
Next, under inert gas environment by described nickel heating raw materials to being evaporated.
Particularly, under inert gas environment, the arc plasma by high-frequency discharge or heat plasma etc. can be used to superhigh temperature heating and evaporate described nickel raw material.
Next, the nickel raw material being evaporated is condensed to form powder, prepares thus nickel powder.
In above-mentioned process, thereby under vapor state, reduce nitrogen to form the gas that comprises nickel element, thus then that the nickel element being evaporated is cooling and curing to prepare particulate nickel powder.
The nickel powder of preparing in the preparation method of the nickel powder of another embodiment according to the present invention can have low impurity content, produces thus high purity powdered form.
In addition, for the preparation of the fireproof construction of nickel powder, there is the high heat-proof quality of the fusing and the evaporation that improve nickel, can increase thus the output of nickel powder.
In addition, described fireproof construction can comprise the first crucible being formed by graphite, that by ceramic material, formed and be placed in the second crucible of described the first crucible inside, and be arranged on the heat proof material between the first crucible and the second crucible, to prevent the crack of fireproof construction.
Fig. 3 has schematically shown according to the present invention the perspective view of the multilayer ceramic capacitor of another embodiment.
Fig. 3 schematically shows multilayer ceramic capacitor, and this multilayer ceramic capacitor is prepared by nickel powder prepared by the preparation method by using by the nickel powder of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Except nickel powder prepared by the preparation method by using by the nickel powder of another embodiment according to the present invention, prepare multilayer ceramic capacitor, this multilayer ceramic capacitor can be prepared by conventional preparation method.
Because described multilayer ceramic capacitor comprises internal electrode prepared by nickel powder prepared by the preparation method by using by the nickel powder of another embodiment according to the present invention, so the impurity content being included in described internal electrode can significantly reduce.
Therefore, described multilayer ceramic capacitor can be applied to high capacitance product.
Described multilayer ceramic capacitor can comprise ceramic main body 10, is formed on the internal electrode in described ceramic main body 10, and is formed on described ceramic main body 10 outer surfaces and the outer electrode 31 and 32 being electrically connected to described internal electrode.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, as long as the raw material of formation ceramic main body 10 can access enough electric capacity, be not just particularly limited, but can be for example barium titanate (BaTiO
3) powder.
According to object of the present invention, in forming the material of ceramic main body 10, various ceramic additives, organic solvent, plasticiser, binding agent and dispersant etc. can be applied to as barium titanate (BaTiO
3) powder of powder etc.
The material that is used to form the first and second electrodes is not particularly limited, but can be the conducting resinl that for example comprises at least one material in silver (Ag), plumbous (Pg), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu).
In addition, described internal electrode can comprise pottery, and wherein this pottery can be barium titanate (BaTiO
3), yet it is not particularly limited in this.
Another embodiment according to the present invention, described internal electrode can comprise that the conducting resinl of nickel (Ni) forms by use.
Described outer electrode 31 and 32 can be formed on the outer surface of described ceramic main body 10, and is electrically connected to described internal electrode and forms electric capacity.
Described outer electrode 31 and 32 can be identical by the material with described internal electrode conductive material form; Such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni) etc., but be not limited to this.
Described outer electrode 31 and 32 can form by applying by adding glass dust (glass frit) to the conducting resinl of metal powder preparation and carrying out sintering process thereon.
As mentioned above, according to the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder of embodiment of the present invention, there is the high heat-proof quality of the fusing and the evaporation that improve nickel, thereby can increase productivity, and can control impurity content with preparation high-purity nickel powder and the crack that prevents structure.
Although the present invention is shown and describes in conjunction with the relevant embodiment of the present invention, but for a person skilled in the art, in the situation that do not deviate from the spirit and scope of the present invention that limited by the claim of enclosing, modification and the modification of making will be apparent.
Claims (12)
1. for the preparation of a fireproof construction for nickel powder, this fireproof construction comprises:
The first crucible being formed by graphite;
That by ceramic material, formed and be placed in the second crucible of described the first crucible inside; And
Be arranged on the heat proof material between described the first crucible and described the second crucible.
2. the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder according to claim 1, wherein said ceramic material is zirconium dioxide (ZrO
2) or aluminium oxide (Al
2o
3).
3. the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder according to claim 1, wherein said heat proof material is spherical.
4. the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder according to claim 1, wherein said heat proof material is graphite.
5. the fireproof construction for the preparation of nickel powder according to claim 1, wherein said the first crucible has the hole of the insertion that is used to form the heat proof material in this first crucible.
6. a preparation method for nickel powder, this preparation method comprises:
Nickel raw material is added in fireproof construction, described fireproof construction comprise the first crucible being formed by graphite, the second crucible that is placed in described the first crucible inside being formed by ceramic material and be arranged on described the first crucible and described the second crucible between heat proof material;
Heating and evaporate described nickel raw material under inert gas environment; And
The nickel raw material that condensation is evaporated is to form powder.
7. preparation method according to claim 6, wherein said ceramic material is zirconium dioxide (ZrO
2) or aluminium oxide (Al
2o
3).
8. preparation method according to claim 6, wherein said heat proof material is spherical.
9. preparation method according to claim 6, wherein said heat proof material is graphite.
10. preparation method according to claim 6, wherein said the first crucible has the hole of the insertion that is used to form the described heat proof material in this first crucible.
11. preparation methods according to claim 6, the heating of wherein said nickel raw material and evaporation are by being used plasma to carry out.
12. preparation methods according to claim 6, wherein said powder packets is containing 500ppm or lower impurity content.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR10-2012-0097580 | 2012-09-04 | ||
| KR1020120097580A KR102004760B1 (en) | 2012-09-04 | 2012-09-04 | Refractory structure for manufacturing nickel powder and manufacturing method of nickel powder |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103673598A true CN103673598A (en) | 2014-03-26 |
| CN103673598B CN103673598B (en) | 2018-05-04 |
Family
ID=50311898
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210518424.8A Active CN103673598B (en) | 2012-09-04 | 2012-12-05 | It is used to prepare the fireproof construction of nickel powder and the preparation method of nickel powder |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP6180727B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR102004760B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN103673598B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105806082A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-07-27 | 基准精密工业（惠州）有限公司 | Crucible |
| CN106007339A (en) * | 2016-05-11 | 2016-10-12 | 蔡春祥 | Inductive electric crucible made of composite material |
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| CN102211197A (en) * | 2011-05-06 | 2011-10-12 | 宁波广博纳米新材料股份有限公司 | Metal evaporating device and method for preparing ultrafine metal powder by using same |
| CN202246997U (en) * | 2011-09-19 | 2012-05-30 | 浙江思博恩新材料科技有限公司 | Double-layer crucible |
| CN202347126U (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2012-07-25 | 重庆四联光电科技有限公司 | Double-crucible induction heating furnace |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105806082A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-07-27 | 基准精密工业（惠州）有限公司 | Crucible |
| CN106007339A (en) * | 2016-05-11 | 2016-10-12 | 蔡春祥 | Inductive electric crucible made of composite material |
| CN106007339B (en) * | 2016-05-11 | 2018-08-28 | 蔡春祥 | A kind of composite material induction electrical crucible |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2014052172A (en) | 2014-03-20 |
| KR102004760B1 (en) | 2019-07-29 |
| JP6180727B2 (en) | 2017-08-16 |
| KR20140030871A (en) | 2014-03-12 |
| CN103673598B (en) | 2018-05-04 |
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