CN103477921A - Method for comprehensive control of root knot nematode disease of potted ficus microcarpa - Google Patents
Method for comprehensive control of root knot nematode disease of potted ficus microcarpa Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for comprehensive control of the root knot nematode disease of potted ficus microcarpa and belongs to the field of disease control of horticultural plants. According to the method for comprehensive control of the root knot nematode disease of the potted ficus microcarpa, six control measures which are plant quarantine, illness monitoring, horticultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control are integrated in the field cultivation period and the greenhouse regulation and control period of the potted ficus microcarpa, and a comprehensive control measure which is suitable for each growth stage of the potted ficus microcarpa is provided. The method for comprehensive control of the root knot nematode disease of the potted ficus microcarpa has the advantages that the occurrence and harm of the root knot nematode disease of the potted ficus microcarpa are effectively controlled, the using frequency and using amount of chemical pesticide are effectively reduced, and the method has great significance for improving the ornamental value and economic value of the potted ficus microcarpa and environmental protection.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Comprehensive Preventing control method of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease, belong to gardening plant disease control field.
Background technology
Banyan (
ficus microcarpa) belong to the Moraceae ficus species, be usually used in the making of potted landscape after the pruning moulding.Potted plant banyan is Fujian Province's main exit plant product of earning foreign exchange, and now goes to the world, and is named as " China roots ".Its kind mainly comprises banyan
ficus microcarpalinn. f., banyan
f. benjaminalinn, floral leaf banyan
f. benjaminacv. Golden Princess, gold leaf banyan
f. microcarpacv. Golden Leaves, black leaf rubber banyan
f. elasticacv. Deocora Burgundy and variegated leaf rubber banyan
f. elasticavar. variegate etc., export volume accounts for more than 90% of international market share.
It is relatively ripe that potted plant banyan is planted in Fujian, is sown into finished product from seed and sells, and all needs to experience land for growing field crops nurturing period and canopy chamber regulation and control phase 2 vegetative stages.The land for growing field crops nurturing period: be sown into potted plant banyan from potted plant banyan seed and carry root and go out garden only, this phase is mainly the quick healthy growth of realizing potted plant banyan seedling and piece root; The canopy chamber regulation and control phase: advance on the canopy chamber dish and go out the canopy chamber to potted plant banyan finished product and sell and stop from going out the potted plant banyan in garden, this phase is mainly that the type body of realizing potted plant banyan is moulded and safe and efficient foster pipe.In recent years, along with intensive production-scale expansion and the drug-fast enhancing of root-knot nematode, all be vulnerable to root-knot nematode at 2 vegetative stages of potted plant banyan and cause harm, root knot nematode disease has become one of main disease in potted plant banyan planting process.
Root-knot nematode takes food and breeds at root after infecting basin and planting banyan, and the obvious enlargement of lateral root and feeding root forms root knot or root nodule, and the tool insect gall, cut the female worm of the visible white pyriform of root knot epidermis open; Serious susceptible root system, surface presents jelly, and root knot is the beads shape continuously, or several root knot healing formation root knot piece, root system atrophy deformity, lateral root and Gen Mao obviously reduce, and some formation is grown thickly or is filed short.The overground part Symptoms is not obvious, like fertilizer deficiency or lack of water symptom; Serious susceptible plant is short and small, grows weak, and the blade yellow, leaf margin is rolled up pleat or is dried up or come off, and branch is withered dead.Once potted plant banyan is infected by root-knot nematode, not only vine growth and development and quality are subject to very big impact, also can aggravate the generation of other disease.At present, there are reports in the correlative study of banyan root knot nematode disease, all concentrates in the use of cause of disease Identification of Species and individual event prevention and control measure.As Jiang Dinghuang, Xiao Shun etc. by the banyan Pathogen of Root-knot Disease be accredited as Meloidogyne incognita (
meloidogyne incognita); Pan Yonghong etc. have summarized pests occurrence rule and the prophylactico-therapeutic measures of Meloidogyne incognita on the ginseng banyan, but operability is not strong; Yang Fan etc. have measured 10% worm amine phosphorus GR and the 18% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate preventive effect to ginseng banyan seedling root knot nematode disease; Deng.We investigate discovery for many years, and root-knot nematode is subject to the impact of the factors such as production management, medicament kind, application method to produce stronger pesticide resistance, only depends on single chemical medication can't kill root-knot nematode fully; As processed with pharmacy fumigations such as Celfumes before merchandise sales, not only affect environment and process personal security with quarantine, also can affect the ornamental value of potted plant banyan, therefore existing fumigation medicament is progressively forbidden or limited use.According to upper known, on producing, potted plant banyan is badly in need of a set of very effective and workable root knot nematode disease comprehensive measures for the prevention and control, this comprehensive measures for the prevention and control is the effective integration assembling to each single measures such as plant quarantine, state of illness monitoring, gardening control, physical control, biological control and chemical control, can effectively be applicable to the root-knot nematode prevention and control of potted plant banyan land for growing field crops nurturing period and canopy chamber regulation and control phase 2 vegetative stages, improve the yield and quality of plant simultaneously.The present invention is on the basis that dissects potted plant banyan main root knot nematode disease generation situation of the harm and rule, each individual event prevention and control measure is effectively summed up also integrated, having built " strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion+chemoprevention " for the potted plant banyan land for growing field crops nurturing period is main prevention and control system, having built " quarantine+strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion " for the potted plant banyan canopy chamber regulation and control phase is main prevention and control system, after how, the multiple spot Demonstration And Extension is applied, effectively controlled the Infection and damage of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease, significantly reduce frequency of utilization and the usage amount of chemical pesticide, protected natural ecological environment, promoted viewing and admiring and economic worth of potted plant banyan.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of Comprehensive Preventing control method of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease; the method production application is effective; potted plant banyan root-knot nematode can be controlled in economic harm threshold value indication range, be significant to promoting viewing and admiring with economic worth and protection of the environment of potted plant banyan.
The technical scheme that the present invention takes is as follows:
The present invention is directed to potted plant banyan land for growing field crops nurturing period and canopy chamber regulation and control phase 2 vegetative stages, build the Comprehensive Preventing control method that is applicable to each vegetative stage, concrete preventing control method comprises:
(1) the land for growing field crops nurturing period
In conjunction with gardening control, biological control and chemical control, building " strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion+chemoprevention " is main prevention and control system;
Wherein gardening control:
1. strong seedling is cultivated: select the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting to grow seedlings, or buy regular group of growing seedlings company's production and train seedling, when transplanting seedling, add approximately 10% living tea bran powder of weight accounting in cultivation matrix simultaneously, with the prevention root-knot nematode, grow and reach the root effect in strong sprout of urging;
2. efficent rotation: ground, garden planting pot banyan, after 2～3 years, answers 2～3 batches of the weak host plant-vegetables of crop rotation root-knot nematode;
Biological control: while arranging ground, garden, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields living tea bran powder approximately 50 kg and appropriate decomposed manure; To the seedling that grows 5～6 true leaves, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots, prevent and control the generation of root-knot nematode to after planting; Bag is planted to seedling, when finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect population reaches 1～2 head/plant, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots, filled with root 1 time every 5～7 days, to kill and to control the generation of root-knot nematode, use with the rotation of 10,000,000,000/gram spore Paecilomyces lilacinus alive microbial inoculum simultaneously, spread manuer in holes near the seedling root system, every mu of consumption is 1～2 kg;
Chemical control: when finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 3～5 head/plants, with 33.0～100.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ec sprayings, control the root-knot nematode breeding, every spray in 7 days 1 time; With 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma rotations, use simultaneously;
(2) the canopy chamber regulation and control phase
In conjunction with plant quarantine, gardening control and biological control, building " quarantine+strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion " is main prevention and control system;
Wherein plant quarantine: exchange the potted plant banyan plant of transporting into the canopy chamber and all wipe out fibrous root, rear use 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids soak 1～2 min, kill and control the generation of root-knot nematode, the root of wiping out is dried and burns processing simultaneously; When dish is planted on semi-finished product, should select the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting, add approximately 10% living tea bran powder of weight accounting in cultivation medium, with the generation of prevention root-knot nematode; In the breeding process and before finished product goes out canopy, to the inspection and quarantine of potted plant banyan strict implement; Simultaneously, in pathogenetic 2 peak periods of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode, take the circumstances into consideration to strengthen state of illness monitoring work, for the choice for use of comprehensive measures for the prevention and control provides decision data;
Gardening control: focus on the resistance seedling and cultivate, during potted plant study of plastic in Chinese banyan, should take into full account the resistant, susceptible of kind, carry out the moulding grafting on the rhizome of high resistance kind, improve the plant disease resistance, reduce causing harm of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode; During potted plant banyan breeding, should take liftoff cultivation step, use phreatic water or running water pouring, the monitoring of selection root nematode population is arranged, once find that root-knot nematode is killed line and process, avoid the infection once again of root-knot nematode; To strict countries of quarantine request such as European Union, the U.S., Canada, should again change the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting before outlet, guarantee not carry any pest that comprises root-knot nematode;
Biological control: filled with root with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids, the generation of prevention root-knot nematode, filled with 1 time every 15 days; When potted plant banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 1～2 head/plant if find, should strengthen Avermectin magma liquid irrigating root frequency, within 5～7 days, fill with 1 time, kill and control spreading of root-knot nematode; With the rotation of 10,000,000,000/gram spore Paecilomyces lilacinus alive microbial inoculum, use simultaneously.
Comprehensive Preventing control method of the present invention is according to as follows:
1, grasped the cause of disease kind of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease
To potted plant banyan cause the root-knot nematode kind caused harm mainly contain Meloidogyne incognita (
m. incognita) and peanut root-knot nematode (
m. arenaria).We are in the potted plant banyan production base in Zhangzhou, Fujian area, gathering potted plant banyan root system is separated with the cultivation matrix equal samples, separate the configuration feature of adult and 2 instar larvaes by observation, the sociales of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode are accredited as to Meloidogyne incognita.The female adult of this nematode lives in potted plant banyan root knot, and polypide is expanded rear globulate or pyriform, body wall softness, milky, long 0.44～1.59 mm of body, wide 0.26～0.81 mm of body; Neck is obvious, before porus excretorius is arranged in oesophageal bulb, usually near lancet base portion ball; Perineal pattern is closely square, and back of the body bow is higher, and the cutin membrane line is smooth to wavy, and failure crack and forked line are arranged.The male imago of this nematode is free on medium or is attached on egg capsule, worm shape, water white transparency, long 1.00～2.00 mm of body, wide 0.03～0.04 mm of body; The body ring is obvious, skull frame and lancet prosperity; The copulatory spicules prosperity, leader tape is crescent, without copulatory bursa.The ovum of this nematode produces in the colloid egg capsule of tail end secretion, oval or near kidney-shaped; 2 instar larvae polypides are very thin, worm shape, and water white transparency, lancet is elongated, middle oesophageal bulb prosperity, tail is taper, the caudal part contracting of often hanging, end has one section clear area clearly.
2, grasped the pests occurrence rule of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease
In the potted plant banyan production base in Zhangzhou, Fujian area, the root-knot nematode sociales are Meloidogyne incognita, and its distribution at potted plant banyan planting area is very inhomogeneous, and nematodiasis also has generation in various degree along with their uneven distribution.Investigation is found, this worm survives the winter in cultivation medium with ovum or 2 instar larvaes, and when next year, environmental condition was suitable, hatching larva and Overwintering Larvae wait for an opportunity to invade the banyan young root, move between the root cells without any differentiation, grow in the center pillar of last endoparasitism in root and cortex.This worm completes 1 life cycle only needs 20～25 d, can complete 5～10 generations every year, and generation overlap is serious.
Ambient temperature and humidity and cultivation medium are the pathogenetic Main Factors of the potted plant banyan root-knot nematode of impact.Throughout the year, along with the rise of spring temperature, root growth is active, and nematode breeds rapidly, and population quantity is and increases progressively trend, reaches peak-peak during to autumn; Afterwards, affected by the unsuitable environmental conditions such as winter low temperature, root growth slows down, and population quantity reduces rapidly.The cultivation medium temperature is in the time of 25～30 ℃, and the root-knot nematode growth is the suitableeest, and harm is maximum; Temperature is higher than 40 ℃ or during lower than 5 ℃, and the suppressed and larva energy of root-knot nematode egg hatching obviously weakens, and harm alleviates.
3, grasped the circulation way of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease
The mobility of root-knot nematode larva a little less than, self displacement only has 20～30 cm, it mainly relies on diseased plant, cultivation medium and waters to pour water and propagated.Investigation is found, manufacturing enterprise and plantation peasant household do not consider comprehensive control measures from the angle of cutting off route of transmission substantially, just when disease increases the weight of, kill the linearize medicament by a large amount of use and carry out causing harm of prevention and control root knot nematode disease, therefore, the problems such as " 3R " and poisoning are serious, greatly affected viewing and admiring and economic worth of potted plant banyan, also destroyed plantation ecological natural environment.
4, Comprehensive Preventing control method
The Comprehensive Preventing control method of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease, should follow the plant protection policy of " putting prevention first; integrated control ", in the land for growing field crops of potted plant banyan, cultivate and 2 vegetative stages of canopy chamber regulation and control, the prevention and control technical measures such as the quarantine of integrated assembling appliable plant, state of illness monitoring, gardening control, physical control, biological control and chemical control, build take accordingly " strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion+chemoprevention " and " quarantine+strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion " be master's prevention and control system.
Main prevention and control measure:
(1) plant quarantine
Root-knot nematode generally survives between the soil of 5～30 cm, maximum with the quantity of 10～20 cm degree of depth.Root-knot nematode is retained in soil or cultivation medium and survives the winter with invalid body with ovum or larva, and survival period is generally 1～3 year.Root-knot nematode is mainly propagated by cultivation medium, sick seedling and irrigation water, between peasant household, all for the propagation of root knot nematode disease, provides approach with the cross-reference of seedling and farm implements mutually.Therefore, should consider comprehensive control measures from the angle of cutting off route of transmission, can't blindly use and kill the linearize medicament in a large number, tackle it while not going here and there between canopy and peasant household mutually with nursery stock as far as possible and cleaned, wipe out the measures such as fibrous root, medicament immersion when farming operates, planted again, reduce artificial expansion and distribute.Simultaneously, root-knot nematode is easily with the long-distance communications of carrying out of nursery stock and soil etc., exchange the potted plant banyan plant of transporting into the canopy chamber and should all wipe out fibrous root, rear use 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids soak 1～2 min, kill and control the generation of root-knot nematode, the root of wiping out is dried and burns processing simultaneously; When dish is planted on semi-finished product, should select the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting, add approximately 10% living tea bran powder of weight accounting in cultivation medium, with the generation of prevention root-knot nematode; In the breeding process and before finished product goes out canopy, to the inspection and quarantine of potted plant banyan strict implement; Simultaneously, in pathogenetic 2 peak periods of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode, take the circumstances into consideration to strengthen state of illness monitoring work, for the choice for use of comprehensive measures for the prevention and control provides decision data.
(2) state of illness monitoring
Throughout the year, along with the rise of spring temperature, potted plant banyan root growth is active, and root-knot nematode breeds rapidly, and population quantity is and increases progressively trend, reaches peak-peak during to autumn; Afterwards, affected by the unsuitable environmental conditions such as winter low temperature, root growth slows down, and population quantity reduces rapidly.The cultivation medium temperature is in the time of 25～30 ℃, and the root-knot nematode growth is the suitableeest, and harm is maximum; Temperature is higher than 40 ℃ or during lower than 5 ℃, and the suppressed and larva energy of root-knot nematode egg hatching obviously weakens, and harm alleviates.Therefore, in spring and autumn, should, in conjunction with local weather conditions and potted plant banyan growth and development state, conscientiously carry out the monitoring of root knot nematode disease.
(3) gardening control
1. focus on seedling fostering
Strong seedling is cultivated: select the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting to grow seedlings, or buy regular group of growing seedlings company's production and train seedling, when transplanting seedling, add approximately 10% living tea bran powder of weight accounting in cultivation matrix simultaneously, with the prevention root-knot nematode, grow and reach the root effect in strong sprout of urging;
The resistance seedling is cultivated: during potted plant study of plastic in Chinese banyan, should take into full account the resistant, susceptible of kind, carry out as far as possible the moulding grafting on the rhizome of high resistance kind, improve the disease resistance of plant, reduce causing harm of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode; During potted plant banyan breeding, should take liftoff cultivation step, use phreatic water or running water pouring, the monitoring of selection root nematode population is arranged, once find that root-knot nematode is killed line and process, avoid the infection once again of root-knot nematode; To strict countries of quarantine request such as European Union, the U.S., Canada, should again change the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting before outlet, guarantee not carry any pest that comprises root-knot nematode.
2. efficent rotation
Ground, garden planting pot banyan, after 2～3 years, answers 2～3 batches of the weak host plant-vegetables of crop rotation root-knot nematode, as rape, capsicum, green onion, garlic etc., to improve the diversity of soil organisms, alleviates root-knot nematode and causes harm.
(4) physical control
1. strengthen the management of Ji Peng chamber, field
Carry out sanitation and hygiene, the weed control of seedling growth greenhouse, nursery lot, canopy chamber and kill nematode work, clean in time dry branches and fallen leaves and weeds, and, in conjunction with pruning, wipe out in time overstocked branch, deadwood, sick branch, to improve the ventilation illumination condition, reduce pathogeny.
2. soil and matrix sterilization
When summer temp is higher, after nursery is clean, dig nursery soil or cultivation matrix, the degree of depth 30 cm left and right, rear every even living tea bran powder approximately 50 kg and appropriate decomposed manure of spreading fertilizer over the fields per mu, fill with and execute appropriate fungal bio-nematicide-Avermectin virgin pulp liquid etc. again, last plowed soils or cultivation matrix, fully mix itself and tea bran powder, fertilizer and Avermectin virgin pulp liquid; Then start bedding, the length of furrow and wide size by potted plant banyan seedling and determine; After use again mulch film mulching soil or cultivation matrix, it is sealed fully; Afterwards from mulch film toward filling with phreatic water or running water between furrow, to the furrow face, moistening and soil or water content of substrate only reach 70% left and right; After sealing 20 d, open the mulch film airing, ventilate or airing 2 d, sterilization completes, and can sow or transplant seedlings.
(5) biological control
Mainly to carry out the prevention and control root-knot nematode with the biological control nematode killing agent, as Avermectin, Paecilomyces lilacinus, tea bran cake etc. kill the line biocontrol agent.While arranging ground, garden, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields living tea bran powder approximately 50 kg and appropriate decomposed manure; To the seedling that grows 5～6 true leaves, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots, prevent and control the generation of root-knot nematode to after planting; Ground, garden bag is planted to seedling, when finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect population reaches 1～2 head/plant, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots, filled with root 1 time every 5～7 days, to kill and to control the generation of root-knot nematode, use with the rotation of 10,000,000,000/gram spore Paecilomyces lilacinus alive microbial inoculum simultaneously, spread manuer in holes near the seedling root system, every mu of consumption is 1～2 kg; To the potted plant banyan in canopy chamber, filled with root with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids, the generation of prevention root-knot nematode, filled with 1 time every 15 days; When potted plant banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 1～2 head/plant if find, should strengthen Avermectin magma liquid irrigating root frequency, within 5～7 days, fill with 1 time, kill and control spreading of root-knot nematode; With the rotation of 10,000,000,000/gram spore Paecilomyces lilacinus alive microbial inoculum, use simultaneously.
(6) chemical control
Root knot nematode disease is the main aspect of the potted plant banyan outlet of restriction, nearly all country all classifies it as the object that needs the emphasis quarantine, once detect the live body nematode, processes light requirement and all fumigates processing, heavy just destroys immediately then and there, causes heavy losses to outlet enterprise and flower-grower.But chemical control should be limit as far as possible in field and use, in field, when finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 3～5 head/plants, with 33.0～100.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ec sprayings, control the root-knot nematode breeding, every spray in 7 days 1 time, as far as possible few with or without granules such as ethoprophos and carbofurans; The frequency occurred due to the chlopyrifos Resistant Individuals is still higher, avoid continuous administration, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma Avermectin, is used alternatingly as far as possible, to delay the generation of high resistance medicine individuality.
Remarkable advantage of the present invention is: the present invention can effectively control potted plant banyan root-knot nematode causes harm, and significantly reduces access times and the usage amount of agricultural chemicals, to promoting viewing and admiring with economic worth and protection of the environment of potted plant banyan, is significant.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the banyan root knot nematode disease figure of causing harm.
Fig. 2 is that difference is killed the control effect of linearize medicament to the matrix root-knot nematode.
Fig. 3 is that difference is killed the control effect of linearize medicament to the root system root-knot nematode.
Embodiment
Below will by example, the invention will be further described, these descriptions are not that content of the present invention is further limited.One skilled in the art will understand that the replacement that is equal to that content of the present invention is done, or corresponding the improvement, within still belonging to protection scope of the present invention.
1, solve the selection problem of part prevention and control measure
(1) root-knot nematode pests occurrence rule monitoring
Potted plant banyan production process be subject to Meloidogyne incognita (
meloidogyne incognita) and peanut root-knot nematode (
m. arenaria) cause harm, have a strong impact on growth cycle, the presentation quality of potted plant banyan, and then affect potted plant banyan outlet.For this reason, we take Zhangzhou, Fujian, and to export potted plant banyan plantation Demonstration Base be observation station, and to potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease, a situation arises and rule is studied or monitors, and experiment gathers as follows:
experiment material:test plant is 250 g left and right outlet potted plant banyans (Zhangzhou, Fujian).
experimental technique:
investigation that a situation arises:at potted plant banyan main product ground Zhangzhou, Fujian, choose the plantation concentration zones and carry out the investigation of root-knot nematode disease, record analysis damage symptom, occurrence regularity, propagation control etc.
pathogen separation is identified:gather the root system of morbidity banyan, root system is cut into to the long segment of 0.5 cm, separates with the improvement modified Baermann funnel method after the double gauze parcel, the female worm in root tissue separates by post-mortem method again, the nematode of separation is collected in the small test tube that fills a small amount of water, divides 2 groups and lay in the refrigerator of 4 ℃ stand-by.One group is used for preparing worm source soil, 6 root-knot nematodes of every gram worm source soil inoculation, and tieback is for the nematode efficiency test; Another group heats 2～3 min in 65 ℃ of waters bath with thermostatic control, nematode kill in backward test tube add with nematode suspension equivalent doubly measure TAF or the FAG fixer is fixed and preserves, by the B203LEDTR biology microscope sem observation root-knot nematode adult of Chongqing difficult to understand special optical instrument Co., Ltd and the morphological feature of 2 instar larvaes, identify the cause of disease kind.
experimental result
the generation of root knot nematode disease
damage symptom:potted plant banyan root-knot nematode takes food and breeds at root, and after root is killed, the obvious enlargement of lateral root and feeding root, form root knot, and the tool insect gall, cut the female worm of the visible white pyriform of root knot epidermis open; Serious susceptible root system, surface presents jelly, and root knot is the beads shape continuously, or several root knot healing formation root knot piece, root system atrophy deformity, lateral root and Gen Mao obviously reduce, and some formation is grown thickly or is filed short.The overground part Symptoms is not obvious, like fertilizer deficiency or lack of water symptom; Serious susceptible plant is short and small, grows weak, and the blade yellow, leaf margin is rolled up pleat or is dried up or come off, and branch is withered dead.
occurrence regularity:root-knot nematode is very inhomogeneous in the distribution of potted plant banyan planting area, and nematodiasis also occurs along with this inhomogeneous distribution.Investigation is found, this worm survives the winter in cultivation medium with ovum or 2 instar larvaes, and when next year, environmental condition was suitable, hatching larva and Overwintering Larvae wait for an opportunity to invade the banyan young root, move between the root cells without any differentiation, finally settle down in the center pillar of endoparasitism in root and cortex and grow.Root-knot nematode completes 1 life cycle only needs 20～25 d, can complete 5～10 generations every year, and generation overlap is serious.
Ambient temperature and humidity and cultivation medium are the pathogenetic Main Factors of the potted plant banyan root-knot nematode of impact.Throughout the year, along with the rise of spring temperature, root growth is active, and nematode breeds rapidly, and population quantity is and increases progressively trend, reaches peak-peak during to autumn; Afterwards, affected by the unsuitable environmental conditions such as winter low temperature, root growth slows down, and population quantity reduces rapidly.The cultivation medium temperature is in the time of 25～30 ℃, and the root-knot nematode growth is the suitableeest, and harm is maximum; Temperature is higher than 40 ℃ or during lower than 5 ℃, and the suppressed and larva energy of root-knot nematode egg hatching obviously weakens, and harm alleviates.
propagate and control:investigation finds, the mobility of root-knot nematode 2 instar larvaes a little less than, self displacement only has 20～30 cm, potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease mainly relies on diseased plant, cultivation medium and waters to pour water and propagated; Manufacturing enterprise and plantation peasant household do not consider comprehensive control measures from the angle of cutting off route of transmission substantially, just when disease increases the weight of, kill the linearize medicament by a large amount of use and carry out causing harm of prevention and control root knot nematode disease, " 3R " and drug injury problem are serious, have affected potted plant banyan outlet.
the separation of pathogenic nematode is identified
Observe the configuration feature of separating adult and 2 instar larvaes, the root-knot nematode sociales of the potted plant banyan in Zhangzhou, Fujian area are Meloidogyne incognita.Female adult lives in root knot, and polypide enlarges into spherical or pyriform, body wall softness, milky, long 0.44～1.59 mm of body, wide 0.26～0.81 mm; Neck is obvious, before porus excretorius is arranged in oesophageal bulb, usually near lancet base portion ball; Perineal pattern is closely square, and back of the body bow is higher, and the cutin membrane line is smooth to wavy, and failure crack and forked line are arranged.Male imago is free on medium or is attached on egg capsule, worm shape, water white transparency, long 1.00～2.00 mm of body, wide 0.03～0.04 mm; The body ring is obvious, skull frame and lancet prosperity; The copulatory spicules prosperity, leader tape is crescent, without copulatory bursa.Ovum produces in the colloid egg capsule of tail end secretion, oval or near kidney-shaped, and long 0.07～0.13 mm, wide 0.03～0.05 mm, have 100～300 ovum in an egg capsule.2 instar larvae polypides are very thin, worm shape, and water white transparency, lancet is elongated, middle oesophageal bulb prosperity, tail is taper, the caudal part contracting of often hanging; End has one section clear area clearly; 3～4 instar larvae tails expand and are cryptomere, have the tail folder prominent, parasitize in root knot.
brief summary
The sociales of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode are mainly Meloidogyne incognita.This worm is very inhomogeneous in the distribution of planting area, with ovum or 2 instar larvaes, in cultivation medium, survive the winter, root takes food and breeds, can complete 5～10 generations every year, overlapping serious, can directly affect growing of plant, also can aggravate the generation of other diseases such as fusarium wilt, this and domestic report are basically identical.
Potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease mainly relies on diseased plant, cultivation medium and waters to pour water and propagated, and should consider comprehensive control measures from the angle of cutting off route of transmission, can't blindly use and kill the linearize medicament in a large number.Suggestion: exchange the potted plant banyan plant of transporting into the canopy chamber and all wipe out fibrous root, rear use 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma are soaked 1～2 min, generation and the propagation of prevention and control root-knot nematode, dried the root of wiping out to be burnt processing simultaneously; When on semi-finished product, dish is planted, should select the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting, effectively reduce the root-knot nematode population quantity of potted plant banyan in planting process.Potted plant banyan recovers growing period, should take liftoff cultivation step, uses phreatic water or running water to be watered, and the monitoring of selection root nematode population is arranged voluntarily, is just killed line and process when reaching a thresholding, avoids as far as possible the infection once again of root-knot nematode.To strict countries of quarantine request such as European Union, the U.S., Canada, before outlet, strict implement quarantine system, change to the cultivation medium after sterilization treatment again, guarantees not carry any pest.
(2) biocontrol agent and chemical prevention and control Chemicals
Large tracts of land development and plantation continuously due to greenhouse and booth, the Occurrence of root-knot nematode presents ascendant trend year by year in recent years, become at present the difficult disease of the potted plant banyan product safety of impact that generation is the most general, the harm loss is the most serious, the generation of isochrone parasitosis has aggravated again the harm of the soil-borne diseases such as fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, damping off.Although nematocide has control efficiency preferably, but have that cost is high, a problem such as potentially contaminated, holding effect are short, pesticide resistance, therefore, adopt non-chemically means control root-knot nematode to become gradually the hot issue that the researcher pays close attention to, wherein the biopesticide technology has been applied and has obtained certain effect in agricultural production.Now the medicaments such as GR and nematocide are estimated the effect of control root-knot nematode, to providing desirable medicament to select for producing upper control root-knot nematode.
test material:reagent agent comprises Avermectin magma (Avermectins, U.S. peace Nordson Corp. product), 40% chlorpyrifos ec (Chlorpyrifos, Jiangsu Baoling Chemical Co., Ltd's product), 10% ethoprophos granule (Mocap, Bayer A.G's product), 5% carbofuran granule (Carbofuran, Hunan Haili Chemical Co., Ltd.'s product).Test plant is about 250 potted plant banyans in g left and right (Zhangzhou, Fujian).
test method:
matrix is killed thread test
Choose the potted plant banyan of cultivation condition and growth tendency uniformity, by table 1, establish 6 groups of processing, wherein 4 groups is different chemicals treatment, and 2 groups is the blank of adding medicine not; Process 9 basin banyans for every group, repeat 3 times.Before dispenser, select 1 group of blank to survey the root-knot nematode insect amount of cultivation matrix.Afterwards, carry out the pouring test of different medicaments, irrigation amount 150 mL/ basins, dispenser is 2 times continuously, interval 3 d; Equivalent clear water pouring for another 1 group of blank.Pouring is placed on above cement plate, detects the root-knot nematode insect amount of each potted plant banyan cultivation matrix after 15d.Root-knot nematode adopts the improvement modified Baermann funnel method to separate, and after separating, with the SZ-760 stereomicroscope observation insect amount of Chongqing difficult to understand special optical instrument Co., Ltd, by DPS 6.55 statistical software statistical analysis control efficiency, estimates susceptibility.
the nematode efficiency test
Choose the potted plant banyan without root-knot nematode and growth tendency uniformity, again be colonizated in the plastic basin of diameter 15 cm after washing root, mix 250 g worm source soil in every basin field planting soil, field planting is placed on above cement plate and cultivates.Choose morbidity potted plant, establish different drug concentrations by table 2 and process and blank, every processing 3 basin banyans, repeat 3 times.Afterwards, carry out the pouring test of different medicaments, irrigation amount 150 mL/ basins, dispenser is 2 times continuously, interval 3 d; Routine Management after medicine, 45 d " Invest, Then Investigate " disease indexs, by DPS 6.55 statistical software statistical analysis control efficiency, estimate susceptibility.The severity Scaling standard is as follows: 1 grade without root nodule; 1～2 root nodule is arranged on 2 grades of root systems; 3～30 root nodules are arranged on 3 grades of root systems; 31～100 root nodules are arranged on 4 grades of root systems; 5 grades of root nodule number>100.
result of the test: 1. difference is killed the control effects of linearize medicament to the matrix root-knot nematode.matrix is killed thread test and be the results are shown in Figure 2.Known, Avermectin magma is best to the control effect of potted plant banyan matrix root-knot nematode, and the control effect of 3 concentration for the treatment of all reaches more than 90.0%, does not have utmost point significant difference; Next is chlorpyrifos ec, and the control effect of 3 concentration for the treatment of all reaches more than 80.0%, does not also have utmost point significant difference; 20.0 it is only 82.0% that the control effect of mg/kg Avermectin magma reaches the control effect of 90.4%, 20.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ec, reach equal control effect, more than working concentration need reach 100.0 mg/kg.The control effect of ethoprophos granule is not good, and the control effect of 4.0g/ basin also only has 56.5%.The control effect of carbofuran granule is the poorest, and the control effect of 4.0 g/ basins is only 20.7%.Sensitivity assessment shows (table 1), and the matrix root-knot nematode is to Avermectin magma and chlorpyrifos ec sensitivity, LD
50be respectively 0.2154 mg/kg and 0.2155 mg/kg, no significant difference; The LD of carbofuran
50being 21.6729 g/ basins, is 6.08 times of ethoprophos.
2. difference is killed the control effects of linearize medicament to the root system root-knot nematode.the nematode efficiency test the results are shown in Figure 3.Known, Avermectin magma and chlorpyrifos ec are comparatively desirable to the control effect of potted plant banyan root system root-knot nematode, and the control effect of 100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma reaches 95.7%, extremely significantly is better than other 5 processing; 33.3, all more than 73.8%, there is not utmost point significant difference in the control effect of mg/kg and 20.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma and 100 mg/kg and 33.3 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ecs between processing, but extremely significantly is better than 20.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ecs.Ethoprophos granule and carbofuran granule are not very good to the control effect of potted plant banyan root system root-knot nematode, the control effect that two medicament 4.0 g/ basins are processed is suitable with the control effect of 20.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ecs, between 60.1%～66.2%, there do not is utmost point significant difference; The control effect of two kinds of medicaments all promotes with the increase of using dosage, but there is not utmost point significant difference in the control effect between same dosage.4 kinds of medicaments all do not produce harmful effect to exporting potted plant banyan, and plant strain growth is normal.Sensitivity assessment shows (table 1), the LD of root system root-knot nematode to Avermectin magma
50being 8.6480 mg/kg, is 3.10 times of chlopyrifos; The LD of carbofuran
50being 2.1279 g/ basins, is 1.35 times of ethoprophos.Analyze the slope b value of virulence regression equation, the minimum of chlopyrifos, the Resistant Individuals frequency of occurrences is higher, avoid continuous administration, with Avermectin, is used alternatingly as far as possible, to delay the generation of high resistance medicine individuality.
Table 1 root-knot nematode kills the susceptibility of linearize medicament to difference
Annotate: the same column the result of multiple comparisons, alphabetical identical table differential is different not remarkable, the alphabetical different significant differences that mean, capitalization means difference extremely significantly (P=0.01), lowercase alphabet differential different significantly (P=0.05) is lower same.
Conclusion: 1. Avermectin magma, chlorpyrifos ec have comparatively ideal control effect and, without poisoning, obviously are better than two granule ethoprophos and carbofurans exporting potted plant banyan matrix and root system root-knot nematode.Matrix and root system root-knot nematode are all more responsive to Avermectin magma and chlorpyrifos ec, and LD50 is respectively 0.2154 mg/kg, 0.2155 mg/kg and 8.6480 mg/kg, 2.7927 mg/kg.Prevention and control export the generation of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease, and recommendation 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma or 33.0～100.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ecs are used the granules such as ethoprophos and carbofuran as far as possible less; Because the chlopyrifos Resistant Individuals frequency of occurrences is higher, avoid continuous administration, with Avermectin, be used alternatingly as far as possible, to delay the generation of high resistance medicine individuality.The use of 2. killing the linearize medicament is still controls the most effectively means of root-knot nematode, but the increase of consumption and access times, " 3R " and drug injury problem increase the weight of, and will reduce the use of chemical pesticide.Therefore should strengthen the seed selection of the potted plant banyan kind of resistance, strengthen the research and development of the biological anti-nematode preparation of fungus and bacterium class, strengthen the research and development of the phytochemical of the higher and easy degraded of those activity, the control for nematode by gene engineering, molecular biotechnology etc. conscientiously.
2, the application of each stage prevention and control measure
(1) the land for growing field crops nurturing period
1. before the sowing, management of weeds, clean nursery, to soil soaked, dug, sterilization and whole furrow; Accompany by the fertilizer that spreads fertilizer over the fields tea bran powder and become thoroughly decomposed simultaneously;
2. strict implement plant quarantine system, avoid cross-infection, processes in time seedling in spite of illness;
3. when seedling grows into 5～6 leaves, execute weekly bacterial manure 1 time, take liquid manure as main, and with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots;
4. carry out state of illness monitoring;
5. bag is planted to seedling, when finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect population reaches 1～2 head/plant, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots, every 5～7 days, fill with root 1 time; When finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 3～5 head/plants, with 33.0～100.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ec sprayings, every spray in 7 days 1 time; With 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma rotations, use simultaneously.
By above Comprehensive Preventing control method, can make the diseased plant rate of kind of potted plant banyan be controlled in 5%, greatly reduced primary source of infection.
(2) the canopy chamber regulation and control phase
1. clean booth chamber, management of weeds;
2. exchange the potted plant banyan plant of transporting into the canopy chamber and all wipe out fibrous root, rear use 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids soak 1～2 min, the root of wiping out are dried and burn processing simultaneously; Between planting season and go out strict implement inspection and quarantine system before canopy, take the circumstances into consideration to strengthen state of illness monitoring work;
3. during potted plant study of plastic in Chinese banyan, carry out the moulding grafting on the rhizome of high resistance kind, improve the plant disease resistance; Water phreatic water or running water and fertilising in good time, accompany by the fertilizer that spreads fertilizer over the fields living tea bran powder and become thoroughly decomposed simultaneously, and prune in time;
4. carry out state of illness monitoring;
5. filled with root with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids, filled with 1 time every 15 days; When potted plant banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 1～2 head/plant if find, strengthen Avermectin magma liquid irrigating root frequency, filled with 1 time every 5～7 days; With the rotation of 10,000,000,000/gram spore Paecilomyces lilacinus alive microbial inoculum, use simultaneously.
By above Comprehensive Preventing control method, can reduce the use 1～2 time of agricultural chemicals, the potted plant banyan of sale is substantially without the generation of root knot nematode disease.
3, integrated application
From 2011 so far, use the method for integrated control of potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease of the present invention in the potted plant banyan planting base of Zhangzhou, Fujian, root knot nematode disease to 2 vegetative stages of potted plant banyan is carried out comprehensive prevention and control, significantly improved the ecotope of potted plant banyan planting base, poisoning and residue of pesticide have been reduced, form the benign cycle of root-knot nematode ecology regulation and control, there are ecological benefits preferably; The diseased plant rate of the potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease in field can be controlled in 5%, and the potted plant banyan of selling is substantially without the generation of root knot nematode disease, saving of work and time, the mu new profit, more than 2000 yuan, has economic benefit preferably; , fan out from point to area simultaneously, promoted prevention and control consciousness and the level of flower-grower to potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease, make potted plant banyan meet to a greater degree quarantine request, improve product quality and export volume, further promote health and the sustainable development of this industry, there is social benefit preferably.
Claims (1)
1. the Comprehensive Preventing control method of a potted plant banyan root knot nematode disease, is characterized in that: for potted plant banyan land for growing field crops nurturing period and canopy chamber regulation and control phase 2 vegetative stages, build the Comprehensive Preventing control method that is applicable to each vegetative stage; Concrete preventing control method comprises:
(1) the land for growing field crops nurturing period
In conjunction with gardening control, biological control and chemical control, building " strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion+chemoprevention " is main prevention and control system;
Wherein gardening control:
1. strong seedling is cultivated: select the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting to grow seedlings, or buy regular group of growing seedlings company's production and train seedling, when transplanting seedling, add the living tea bran powder of weight accounting 10% in cultivation matrix simultaneously, with the prevention root-knot nematode, grow and reach the root effect in strong sprout of urging;
2. efficent rotation: ground, garden planting pot banyan, after 2～3 years, answers 2～3 batches of the weak host plant-vegetables of crop rotation root-knot nematode;
Biological control: while arranging ground, garden, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields living tea bran powder 50 kg and appropriate decomposed manure; To the seedling that grows 5～6 true leaves, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots, prevent and control the generation of root-knot nematode to after planting; Bag is planted to seedling, when finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect population reaches 1～2 head/plant, with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma liquid irrigating roots, filled with root 1 time every 5～7 days, to kill and to control the generation of root-knot nematode, use with the rotation of 10,000,000,000/gram spore Paecilomyces lilacinus alive microbial inoculum simultaneously, spread manuer in holes near the seedling root system, every mu of consumption is 1～2 kg;
Chemical control: when finding that banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 3～5 head/plants, with 33.0～100.0 mg/kg chlorpyrifos ec sprayings, control the root-knot nematode breeding, every spray in 7 days 1 time; With 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin magma rotations, use simultaneously;
(2) the canopy chamber regulation and control phase
In conjunction with plant quarantine, gardening control and biological control, building " quarantine+strong seedling+biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion " is main prevention and control system;
Wherein plant quarantine: exchange the potted plant banyan plant of transporting into the canopy chamber and all wipe out fibrous root, rear use 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids soak 1～2 min, kill and control the generation of root-knot nematode, the root of wiping out is dried and burns processing simultaneously; When dish is planted on semi-finished product, should select the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting, add the living tea bran powder of weight accounting 10% in cultivation medium, with the generation of prevention root-knot nematode; In the breeding process and before finished product goes out canopy, to the inspection and quarantine of potted plant banyan strict implement; Simultaneously, in pathogenetic 2 peak periods of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode, take the circumstances into consideration to strengthen state of illness monitoring work, for the choice for use of comprehensive measures for the prevention and control provides decision data;
Gardening control: focus on the resistance seedling and cultivate, during potted plant study of plastic in Chinese banyan, should take into full account the resistant, susceptible of kind, carry out the moulding grafting on the rhizome of high resistance kind, improve the plant disease resistance, reduce causing harm of potted plant banyan root-knot nematode; During potted plant banyan breeding, should take liftoff cultivation step, use phreatic water or running water pouring, the monitoring of selection root nematode population is arranged, once find that root-knot nematode is killed line and process, avoid the infection once again of root-knot nematode; To strict countries of quarantine request such as European Union, the U.S., Canada, should again change the cultivation medium through quarantining, disinfecting before outlet, guarantee not carry any pest that comprises root-knot nematode;
Biological control: filled with root with 20.0～100.0 mg/kg Avermectin virgin pulp liquids, the generation of prevention root-knot nematode, filled with 1 time every 15 days; When potted plant banyan root-knot nematode insect amount reaches 1～2 head/plant if find, should strengthen Avermectin magma liquid irrigating root frequency, within 5～7 days, fill with 1 time, kill and control spreading of root-knot nematode; With the rotation of 10,000,000,000/gram spore Paecilomyces lilacinus alive microbial inoculum, use simultaneously.
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