CN103260939A - 用于感应式地传输电能的设备 - Google Patents
用于感应式地传输电能的设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于将电能从具有供电装置和与供电装置连接的初级电感的静止单元感应式地传输到在静止单元邻近的、具有次级电感的车辆的设备,其中,车辆具有用于调节由所述次级电感提取出的次级功率的次级调控器,该次级调控器包含开关装置,借助开关装置可逐级地改变所提取的次级功率。静止单元具有用于调节可馈给到初级电感中的初级功率的初级调控器,该初级调控器包含第一测量装置,借助第一测量装置可测量受次级功率影响的供电装置运行参数。初级调控器根据由第一测量装置测得的运行参数的改变而调节可馈给的初级功率。次级功率通过开关装置优选在两个级之间可切换并且在所述级之一中至少近似具有数值零。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分所述的用于感应式地传输电能的设备。
背景技术
在给电动车辆的电池充电时,需要根据电池的规格以及根据其当前的充电状态/电荷状态随时将充电电流调节到一个合适的值。为此必要的充电电子装置可以选择性地设置在车辆上或充电站中。在从充电站到车辆的感应式的能量传输中,在整个充电电子装置布置在车辆中的情况下充电站必须不断地提供最大可能的充电功率并且该功率必须然后在车辆中下调到目前需要的值。这不仅在初级侧而且在次级侧上导致相对较高的功率损耗并且要求次级侧的充电电子装置的相应鲁棒并因此昂贵的设计。
为了避免这一点,可以根据次级侧的功率需求调节在初级侧提供的功率,然而为此需要从次级侧至初级侧的相应的通信。该通信可以要么经由完全独立的通信通道例如通过一个无线连接来进行,要么可以将数据信号调制到为感应式的能量传输而设置的传输路径/传输链上。但是这两种解决方案都需要在初级侧和次级侧上的特定的通信技术上的硬件,这牵扯到相应的成本费用。
由DE69602739T2已知一种具有感应耦合装置的牵引用电池充电***,其中充电站可由在车辆侧的电池充电控制模块来控制。为了在该电池充电控制模块与充电站之间进行通信,设有一数据通信机构,其可以是数据电缆、光导体或无线传输路径/无线传输链。
DE10158794B4在一种用于小件仪器例如移动电话和电动牙刷的感应式的无接触的功率传输器中教导了通过一初级侧的控制单元根据次级侧的功率需求对初级侧的功率进行调节,该初级控制单元在次级侧的功率需求低时通过占空因数的变化来控制功率传输,而在次级侧的功率需求高时通过初级侧的电压控制的振荡发生器的频率的变化来控制功率传输。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,对于电动车在充电站的感应充电,阐明一种用于调节充电过程的简单和低成本的技术方案。
按照本发明,该目的通过具有权利要求1的特征的设备来实现。本发明的有利的设计方案在各从属权利要求中给出。
按照本发明,在一所述类型的用于感应式地传输电能的设备中,车辆具有用于对由次级电感提取出的次级功率进行调节的次级调控器,该次级调控器包含一开关装置/切换装置,借助所述开关装置,所提取出的次级功率可逐级地改变。静止单元具有用于对可馈给到初级电感中的初级功率进行调节的初级调控器,该初级调控器包含第一测量装置,借助所述第一测量装置可对受所述次级功率影响的供电装置电气运行参数进行测量并且所述初级调控器根据由所述第一测量装置测得的运行参数的改变而调节所述可馈给的初级功率。在此初级功率和次级功率总是指有效功率,并且定语“可馈给的”的意思是:所述初级功率不是被施加而是被提供并且实际上流入到初级线圈中的功率还依赖于由次级线圈提取出的功率。
由此开启了这样的可能性,即从次级侧符合需要地调节所供应的初级功率,而不必为此设立一单独的与相应的硬件的通信通道。在次级侧仅需要一用于逐级调节次级功率、优选用于接通和切断的开关装置。一个这样的开关装置总归必须存在,以便可以在需要时在次级侧结束能量传输,特别是当车辆电池在充电时被完全充满时或者当出现某一类型的错误时。因此按照本发明的技术方案在次级侧不会产生附加的硬件花费。这在原理上也适用于初级侧,因为能量传输在那儿总归必须在测量技术上进行监控并且通常反正也存在用于调节可馈给的初级功率的装置。为了传输关于次级侧的功率需求的信息,共同使用已存在的感应式的传输路径,确切地说没有频率多路复用地、也就是不必调制和解调地共同使用已存在的感应式的传输路径。
本发明的优选的应用是车辆电池的充电。在这种情况下在次级侧设有充电电流的测量并且在电池电流的测量值与其理论值具有偏差时该开关装置执行切换过程/开关过程的同所述理论值与测量值之间的关系/比例有关的在时间上的变化历程。根据这个切换模式随后调节所述可馈给的初级功率,该切换模式反作用于初级侧并且在那儿可借助电气运行参数被检测。
在本发明的一优选的变型中,在所述充电电流的所述测量值超过理论值时以一预定的时间节拍执行次级功率在两个级之间的周期性的切换,其中该切换的占空因数/占空比对应于所述充电电流的理论值与测量值之间的比例。由此初级调控器直接获得与初级功率所需减小的大小有关的信息并且可以相应地对其进行调节。如果次级功率的两个级之一对应于切断,那么所接收的次级功率的平均值在初级调控器反应并且相应地减小初级功率之前就已经事先减小到所需的大小/程度。
在本发明的另一优选的变型中,在所述充电电流的所述测量值超过理论值时切换到两个级中较低的那个上,优选切断,所述切断一直持续到次级侧的一在所述较低的级中与初级功率有关的电气运行参数达到这样一个值为止,在该值情况下切换到所述较高的级将导致充电电流与其理论值一致。在这种情况下,初级调控器以一预定的在时间上的比率如此长时间地减小初级功率的值,直至在初级侧检测到在次级侧又切换到较高的级。通过这种方式在初级调控器反应之前便已事先禁止了过大次级功率的接收。在此可以持续稍微长一些时间,直至达到初级功率的正确的值,这是因为初级调控器通过次级侧的切换没有获得与目标变量亦即充电电流的实际值与理论值之间的次级侧偏差的大小有关的信息。
本发明并不局限于在一个方向上的功率调节,亦即不局限于初级功率的减小,而是如果需要也包含初级功率的提高,其方法是:以在次级侧实现的并且在初级侧检测的切换过程的在时间上的模式也可以对次级侧的目标变量的实际值与理论值之间的偏差的方向进行编码。基于所接收到的相应的代码也可以使初级功率提高一个预定的级或以一个预定的时间上的比率提高初级功率。
附图说明
下文中根据附图对实施例的描述公开了本发明的另外的细节和优点。
其中:
图1示出按照本发明的设备的次级侧的框图;以及
图2示出按照本发明的设备的初级侧的框图。
具体实施方式
如图1的框图所示出的,按照本发明的用于感应式的能量传输的设备的设置在一未示出的电驱动的车辆上的次级侧具有一次级线圈1、一作为次级调控器的充电调控器2以及一电池3。电池3在该设备的运行中以一直流电流IB充电,该直流电流由一在次级线圈1中感生出的交流电流IS通过一换流器4变换得到。该换流器4包含一整流器并且可以附加地包含一电压互感器——如果该整流器的输出电压为了给电池3充电还需要减小的话。因为这整个布置结构连同随后还要根据图2阐明的初级侧在谐振下运行,所以在次级线圈1与换流器4之间连接有一平衡网络5。通过与该平衡网络5的电路连接,确保了在期望的运行频率下满足谐振条件。
充电调控器2包含一测量装置,借助于该测量装置,充电调控器可以测量电池3的电池电压UB和充电电流IB。由这些量可以确定电池3的目前的充电状态/电荷状态。由该充电状态得到了对于充电电流IB的理论值I0,该理论值在充电过程中发生改变、特别是下降。除此之外充电调控器2还设置成用于测量在次级线圈1中流动的次级电流IS。为了通过充电调控器2影响充电电流IB,与次级线圈1并联地设有一个可由充电调控器2控制的开关6,通过该开关可以将次级线圈1短路。
代替测量次级电流IS,还可以测量平衡网络5的输出电流I1或换流器4的输出电流I2。代替开关6,也可以设置有用于将换流器4的输入端和输出端短路的开关7或8。换流器4的输出电流I2的测量仅在与换流器4的输出端的开关8的组合中是有意义的,这是因为电流I2在别的情况下总是与充电电流IB相同。此外,代替开关6,也可以在平衡网络5内设置有用于短路或隔开电路支路的开关9。很显然,通过开关6至9中的每一个能够影响也就是有效地切断充电电流IB。开关9的作用基于,通过操作开关9可取消平衡网络5的功能并且通常在谐振下运行的***由此不再处于谐振,这导致了充电电流IB的显著的下降。
如由图2的框图可看到的,本发明设备的初级侧包括一初级线圈10以及初级调控器12,该初级线圈由具有初级电流IP的供电装置11馈电。该初级调控器包含一测量装置,借助该测量装置,初级调控器可以测量初级电流IP。供电装置11包括:一整流器13,该整流器13的输入端连接到一供电电网;一与整流器13的输出端连接的中间电路14,该中间电路由该整流器13的输出电压生成一具有预定大小的直流电压;以及一逆变器15,该逆变器从中间电路14的直流电压(用该直流电压为该逆变器供电)生成一具有预定的频率和幅值的交流电压,该交流电压被供应给初级线圈10。
因为这整个布置结构连同前面根据图1阐明的次级侧应该在谐振下运行,所以在逆变器15与初级线圈10之间还连接有一平衡网络16。通过与该平衡网络16的电路连接,确保了在期望的运行频率下满足谐振条件。如在图2中类似于图1虚线地示出的,在初级侧代替测量初级电流IP也可以测量逆变器15的输出电流I3或输入电流I4或输入电压U4或整流器13的来自供电电网的输入电流IN。
本发明能够根据由充电电流IB的理论值得到的次级侧的功率需求,在无需在次级侧与初级侧之间提供单独的通信通道的情况下,对在初级侧可馈给的功率、亦即初级功率进行调节,该初级功率可以在次级侧功率提取最大的情况下被供应给初级线圈10。显然,实际上流入到初级线圈10中的功率总是依赖于次级线圈1的电路连接。这里只要谈及初级功率的调节,就总是将其理解为最大提供的初级功率。下面阐明按照本发明的设备的工作方式。
在启动本设备之后(该启动在车辆停靠在充电站之后在使次级线圈1与初级线圈2适当地定向的情况下通过在此不感兴趣的开始信号实现),初级调控器12将逆变器15调节到最大的功率,其中,这可以依赖于次级侧的额定功率数据,次级侧的额定功率数据对于初级调控器12在这种情况下必须是已知的。由此得到初级电流IP的相应最大值和次级电流IS和电池3的充电电流IB的相应的最大值。
如果充电电流IB的值对于电池3的当前的充电状态而言过大,那么充电调控器2通过闭合开关6将次级线圈1短路,由此次级侧除了在次级线圈1自身中的损耗之外不再接收功率。该次级侧的短路反作用于初级侧并且导致由初级线圈10从供电装置11接收的初级功率的跳跃式的变化。这个变化通过初级调控器12借助初级电流IP和初级电压UP来检测并且将“减小所提供的初级功率”这个次级侧需求发信号给该初级调控器。
根据本发明的第一实施例,一包含在充电调控器2中的计算装置由充电电流IB的测量值及其当前的理论值I0求出充电电流IB所需减少的大小,其通过比例I0/IB给出。充电调控器以打开时间T0相对于总的周期时间TP的占空因数周期性地闭合和打开短路开关6,该占空因数对应于比例I0/IB。由初级调控器12测得的初级功率的时间变化曲线也具有相同的占空因数T0/TP,该时间变化曲线作为开关6的操作结果同样周期性地在两个值之间交替。
一包含在初级调控器12中的计算装置由占空因数T0/TP计算出对于充电电流IB与其理论值I0的匹配所必要的、初级电流IP的幅值的改变并且通过一控制线执行逆变器15的调节的相应的改变。为此逆变器15包含例如一H电桥电路。其开关相角被改变到一个值上,该值导致了具有需要的值的初级电流IP。在最简单的情况下可以将初级电流IP的幅值减小一个因子,该因子通过比例T0/TP与一校正因数的相乘计算得出。然而也可以存在并且在计算上考虑较复杂的关系。
通过上述方式可以仅减小初级侧的功率,这在电池充电时也是正常情况,因为需要的充电电流IB随着电池3的电荷增加而减小。然而也可以存在的是:必须在充电过程的变化历程中提高充电电流IB,例如如果车辆的重量在充电过程期间由于人员下车或物品从行李箱或货仓卸下而减小的话。由于底盘向上弹起,导致了在装配在车辆底侧上的次级线圈1与设置在充电站的地面上的初级线圈10之间的气隙的变大,由此造成了感应式地传输的功率的降低。
为了由次级侧发送“提高所提供的初级功率”的需求的信号,充电调控器2以短路开关6执行一个或多个切换过程,其在时间上的变化历程显著地偏离于为发送减小需求的信号而定义的模式。例如可以设置使开关闭合一显著超过周期时间TP的时间段,或者以一偏离于周期时间TP的、明显更短的周期时间和一特征化的占空因数周期性地闭合和打开(开关)。一个这样的信号模式被初级调控器解释为功率提高的要求并且导致对逆变器15的相应的控制。
初级功率所需提高的大小可以由充电调控器2类似于所需减小的大小同样通过开关6的周期性操作的占空因数来发信号,或者可以在不了解所需大小的情况下使初级功率提高一具有预定高度的级或连续地以一预定的在时间上的比率来提高初级功率。如果提高了一个级还不足够,那么充电调控器2可以以相同的方式要求如此长时间的继续提高,直至充电电流IB达到或超过理论值I0为止。在超过时可以又以前述的方式要求减少或连续提高的结束。在每种情况下有意义的是,充电调控器2总是仅当充电电流IB与其理论值I0的偏差超过一公差阈值时才要求初级功率的改变,以便避免围绕理论值I0不断地脉动。
根据本发明的一更简单的第二实施形式,省去了通过周期性地对次级功率取样将功率所需减小的大小发信号给初级侧,而是在超过充电电流IB的理论值I0时通过充电调控器2闭合次级侧的短路开关6并且初级调控器12借助初级功率确定这一点并且接着减小所提供的初级功率,也就是说逐级地或连续地以一预定的在时间上的比率减小初级电流IP的值。
因为在闭合短路开关6之后充电电流IB下降到零,所以这不再可用作为测量量,从而在次级侧需要其他标准用于达到***的正确的工作点。在这种情况下考虑次级电流IS作为标准,该次级电流即便在通过开关6使次级线圈1短路时也不为零。为此,在短路时的次级电流IS与在开关6打开时的充电电流IB之间的关系自然必须是已知的。该关系可以预先通过试验获得并且存储在充电调控器2的存储器中。IS与IB之间的关系可以近似地通过一常数因子给出,但是其也可能涉及非线性的特性曲线,该特性曲线可以作为公式或表格被存储。
如果初级调控器12在充电过程开始时以一预定的在时间上的比率提高初级电流IP,那么近似地也可以在运行中获得并且存储IS与IB之间的关系。在这种情况下开关6自然是打开的,也就是说随后测量的电流IS不是次级线圈1的短路电流,从而次级电流IS的改变由于开关6是打开的而不被考虑,亦即正常运行与次级线圈2的短路之间的差异不被考虑。
在最简单的情况下可以由紧接在闭合开关6之后亦即在初级调控器12还没有反应之前的次级电流IS与紧接在闭合开关6之前的充电电流IB之间的比例求出一比例因子并且通过在短路时的充电电流的理论值I0与该比例因子的相乘计算出次级电流IS的理论值。
亦即充电调控器2在所述第二实施形式中在开关6闭合之后测量次级电流IS,而初级调控器12以一恒定的比率减小在初级侧提供的功率也就是初级电流IP,并且对测得的次级电流IS与一理论值IS0进行比较,该理论值IS0已经由充电电流IB的当前的理论值I0和所存储的IS与IB之间的关系被确定出。如果次级电流IS已经达到其理论值IS0,那么充电调控器2又重新打开开关6。该切换过程反作用于初级侧并且由初级调控器12的测量装置借助初级功率来检测,紧接着初级调控器12在当前达到的值的情况下结束初级电流IP的减小。
对提高初级功率的需求可以在所述第二实施形式中通过按照一预定的在时间上的模式操作开关6、例如通过一个或多个非常短的脉冲来发信号。在这种情况下可以通过初级调控器12以一预定的在时间上的比率提高初级功率并且由充电调控器2的测量装置直接检测充电电流IB的由此引起的提高。如果充电电流IB达到其理论值,则这可以由充电调控器2通过按照一预定的在时间上的模式重新操作开关6而发信号给初级调控器12。例如为此可以使用与发送提高功率需求的信号相同的模式,因为初级调控器12那时已经位于功率提高的运行模式下并且相同的信号的再次接收那时可作另外的解释。
第一实施形式的优点在于,其不需要标定充电电流IB与次级电流IS之间的关系,而第二实施形式的优点在于,在其少得多的切换过程中出现相对较大的被切换的功率,该被切换的功率可能是电磁干扰的潜在的来源并且需要相应的对应措施。
如在图1中以在换流器4的输入端或输出端处的开关7和8以及在平衡网络5处的开关9所示出的,不必直接在次级线圈1上进行充电电流IB进而次级功率的切断,而是也可以另选地在次级侧的其他位置上实施。与之相应地在第二实施形式中也不一定非得测量由次级线圈引导的电流IS,而是也可以在应用在平衡网络5或换流器4的输出端处的开关7或8时分别测量在那儿的电流I1或I2,如其在图1中以虚线表示的那样。在这种情况下必须事先标定在闭合开关7或8时测得的电流I1或I2与在打开开关7或8时的充电电流IB之间的关系。在借助于在平衡网络5上的开关9切断充电电流IB时同样必须如应用开关6那样测量次级电流IS。
如在图2中所示出的,不必非得借助直接流入到初级线圈10中的功率来实现在初级侧对在次级侧上通过开关6至9之一执行的功率切断的检测,而是这也可以另选地借助其他的初级侧的电气参量例如特别是逆变器15的输出电流I3或输入电流I4或由供电装置11从供电电网提取的电流IN来实现,如在图2中以虚线表示的那样。所有的这些参量都受到次级侧的功率切断的影响并因此原则上可考虑作为用于检测这样的功率切断的测量量。
对于本领域内技术人员,由上述对各实施例的描述得到用于实现本发明的变型可能性。重点不在于充电电流IB在次级侧被完全切断,而是仅必须确保,由于次级侧的切换过程而造成的充电电流的变化这样被清楚显示出来,使得借助初级侧的运行参数可容易地确定该变化。此外,次级侧的切换原则上也可以在多于两个的级之间进行,尽管在仅两个级之间的切换可特别简单地实现并因此是优选的。至于初级侧的调节,代替逆变器15的开关相角也可以改变开关频率并继而初级电流IP的频率,这是因为由此传输的功率由于传输***针对谐振运行的设计而发生改变。这样的和相当的改型在本领域内技术人员的认识之内并且应该包括在权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (12)
1.一种用于将电能从具有供电装置(11)和与该供电装置连接的初级电感(10)的静止单元感应式地传输到在所述静止单元附近的、具有次级电感(1)的车辆的设备,其特征在于,所述车辆具有用于调节由所述次级电感(1)提取出的次级功率的次级调控器(2),该次级调控器包含开关装置(6、7、8、9),借助所述开关装置能逐级地改变所提取出的次级功率,所述静止单元具有用于对可馈给到初级电感(10)中的初级功率进行调节的初级调控器(12),该初级调控器包含第一测量装置,借助所述第一测量装置能测量所述供电装置(11)的受所述次级功率影响的电气运行参数,所述初级调控器(12)根据由所述第一测量装置测得的运行参数的改变而调节所述可馈给的初级功率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其特征在于,所述次级功率能通过所述开关装置(6、7、8、9)在两个级之间切换,所述次级功率在所述级之一中至少近似地具有数值零。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其特征在于,在所述车辆中具有电池(3),所述电池在所述设备的运行中用从所述次级线圈(1)的电流(IS)生成的充电电流(IB)进行充电,所述次级调控器(2)包含第二测量装置,借助所述第二测量装置能测量所述充电电流(IB),所述次级调控器(2)包含计算装置,该计算装置在由所述第二测量装置测得的充电电流(IB)的值与一理论值之间存在偏差时确定出切换过程的与在所述充电电流(IB)的理论值与测量值之间的关系有关的、在时间上的变化历程,该变化历程由所述开关装置(6、7、8、9)执行。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其特征在于,所述切换过程的在时间上的变化历程包含一代码,该代码指示出所述充电电流(IB)的测量值与其理论值之间的偏差是正的还是负的。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的设备,其特征在于,初级调控器(12)在由所述第一测量装置测量的运行参数出现跳跃式的改变时根据所述运行参数的所述改变在时间上的变化曲线而改变所述可馈给的初级功率的值。
6.根据权利要求3至5中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述次级功率能通过所述开关装置(6、7、8、9)在两个级之间进行切换,在所述充电电流(IB)的测量值超过理论值时以一预定的时间节拍实现在所述级之间的周期性的切换,其中,在所述级之间的所述切换的占空因数对应于所述充电电流(IB)的理论值与测量值之间的比例,初级调控器(12)在由所述第一测量装置测量的运行参数出现跳跃式的改变时根据所述运行参数的所述改变的占空因数而改变所述可馈给的初级功率的值。
7.根据权利要求3至5中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述次级功率能通过所述开关装置(6、7、8、9)在两个级之间进行切换,该开关装置在所述充电电流(IB)的由所述第二测量装置测得的值超过理论值时一直由较高的级切换到较低的级,直至所述次级电感(1)的或一使次级电感与电池(3)相连接的电路(4、5)的一在较低的级中依赖于可馈给的初级功率并且能由所述第二测量装置测量的电气运行参数达到一值,在该值下切换到较高的级导致了充电电流(IB)与其理论值的一致,所述初级调控器(12)在由第一测量装置测量的运行参数出现跳跃式的改变时以一预定的在时间上的比率一直减小可馈给的初级功率的值,直至该由第一测量装置测量的运行参数出现另一跳跃式的改变。
8.根据权利要求7所述的设备,其特征在于,能由所述第二测量装置测量的运行参数是由次级电感(1)引导的电流(IS)或者设置在次级电感(1)下游的平衡网络(5)的输出电流(I1)或设置在所述电池(3)上游的换流器(4)的输出电流(I2)。
9.根据权利要求4至8中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,当存在指示出所述充电电流(IB)的测量值低于理论值的代码时,通过所述初级调控器(12)使所述可馈给的初级功率提高一预定的级或以一预定的时间上的比率提高所述可馈给的初级功率。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述供电装置(11)的由所述第一测量装置测量的运行参数是初级线圈(10)上的电压(UP)或包含在供电装置中的换流器(15)的输出电流(I3)或输入电流(I4)或由供电装置(11)从供电电网接收的电流(IN)。
11.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述开关装置(6、7、8、9)是双极开关,该双极开关与次级电感(1)并联或与设置在次级线圈(1)下游的平衡网络(5)的输出端并联或与设置在所述电池(3)上游的换流器(4)的输出端(I2)并联。
12.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述开关装置(6、7、8、9)是一双极开关,该双极开关与设置在次级线圈(1)下游的平衡网络(5)的至少一个元件并联或串联,从而使平衡网络(5)的功能依赖于开关位置。
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US9315110B2 (en) | 2016-04-19 |
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