CN103190405B - 一种天然化合物作为农业杀菌剂及杀虫剂的用途 - Google Patents
一种天然化合物作为农业杀菌剂及杀虫剂的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种天然化合物Auraptenol作为农业杀菌剂或杀虫剂的用途。Auraptenol作为杀虫剂用于防治鳞翅目和同翅目昆虫，作为杀菌剂用于防治农业真菌病害，特别是对油菜菌核病、黄瓜枯萎病、水稻纹枯病、小麦赤霉病、辣椒炭疽病、水稻恶苗病、小麦纹枯病、番茄晚疫病、灰霉病等具有显著的防治效果。Auraptenol作为农业杀菌剂和杀虫剂具有效果好，广谱性及低毒、无残留、无污染、无公害的特点，特别有利于环境保护。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业技术领域，具体涉及一种天然化合物Auraptenol作为活性成分制备农业杀虫剂或杀菌剂的用途。
背景技术
农业害虫在我国许多地区大面积发生，并且频率呈上升趋势，危害加重。目前仍以化学农药防治为主要控制措施。由于长期使用化学农药防治，导致害虫对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯等多种化学杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗药性，防治效果显著下降，使得农民不得不加大用药量以提高防效，但是又降低了农产品的安全性。
另外，农业生产中，危害作物的病原物还有真菌、细菌、病毒等，其中真菌的影响最大，农作物减产明显，因植物病害尤其是由真菌引起的病害造成的经济损失已不容忽视。
Auraptenol，CAS号：1221-43-8，化学名称：(+)-8-(2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)-7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one，分子结构：
Auraptenol为无色针状结晶，溶于甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和氯仿等有机溶剂，对其活性研究很少，至今没有其作为杀菌剂或杀虫剂在农业上应用的相关文献或报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的是探索Auraptenol作为活性成分在制备农业杀虫剂或杀菌剂的应用。
本发明通过大量研究证明，Auraptenol作为活性成分制备得到的农业杀虫剂具有很好的杀虫活性，可用于防治各种作物上害虫，特别是用于防治鳞翅目和同翅目昆虫。鳞翅目昆虫可为夜蛾科、菜蛾科、粉蝶科昆虫；所述的夜蛾科昆虫优选为斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、粘虫；菜蛾科昆虫优选为小菜蛾；粉蝶科昆虫优选为菜青虫。所述的同翅目昆虫为蚜科昆虫，优选为桃蚜。
Auraptenol作为活性成分制备得到的农业杀菌剂还具有优异的杀菌活性，可应用在防治各种农作物上的病害，特别适合于防治农业真菌病害，如：油菜菌核病、黄瓜枯萎病、水稻纹枯病、小麦赤霉病、辣椒炭疽病、水稻恶苗病、小麦纹枯病、番茄晚疫病、灰霉病等。
Auraptenol是从天然植物中分离纯化得到或合成可得。Auraptenol作为活性成分和农药助剂、赋型剂配制成农药上允许的任意一种剂型。Auraptenol还可以和其它农药复配，与农药助剂、赋型剂混合制成农药上允许的任意一种剂型。所述的剂型可以是乳油、悬浮剂、水乳剂、可湿性粉剂、微乳剂或水分散颗粒剂等。所用的助剂可以采用十二烷基苯磺酸钙、吡咯烷酮、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙稀嵌段化合物、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚等，赋形剂可为环己酮、溶剂油、溶剂油、水、丙二醇、去离子水等。复配所用的其他农药为有机磷类，如：甲拌磷(3911)、内吸磷(1059、E1059)、对硫磷(1605、E605)、敌敌畏(DDV)、乐果、敌百虫等；拟除虫菊酯类，如：氯氰菊脂、溴氰菊脂、杀灭菌脂等；微生物源杀虫剂，如苏云金杆菌(Bt)、阿维菌素、白僵菌等。
与现有技术比较本发明的有益效果：Auraptenol作为杀虫剂或杀菌剂，杀虫谱、抑菌谱广，杀虫、抑菌时间短，持效期长，是农业上理想的杀虫剂、杀菌剂。与一般化学农药相比，对害虫具有触杀、胃毒作用，效果显著，而且Auraptenol来源于天然植物的提取物，对于各种粮食、瓜果、蔬菜等经济作物具有低毒、无残留、无污染、无公害的特点，更有利环境保护。
具体实施方式
以下通过具体实施方式对本发明效果做进一步说明：
实施例1：Auraptenol对农业真菌病害的防治
供试菌株禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium.graminearm)从小麦赤霉病穗上分离得到；尖孢镰孢菌(F.oxysporum)从黄瓜枯萎病病株上分离得到；立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)从水稻纹枯病叶上分离得到；禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)从小麦纹枯病叶上分离得到；核盘菌(Sclerotioia selerotiorum)从油菜菌核病菌株上分离得到；串珠镰孢菌(F.moniliform)从水稻恶苗病穗上分离；辣椒炭疽菌(Colletotrichum capsici)从辣椒病叶上分离；灰葡萄孢霉(Botrytis cinerea)从黄瓜上分离；茄链格孢菌(Alternariasolani)从番茄早疫病病叶上分离；辣椒疫霉(phytophthoracapsici)从辣椒病株上分离。供试药剂Auraptenol(从伞形科植物白芷中分离鉴定得到)，将其溶于丙酮制成1000μg/mL母液，4℃保存备用。PDA培养基：200g去皮马铃薯切成块，煮沸10min后，取汁，加入20g琼脂，加热至熔化，再加入20g葡萄糖，用水定容至1000mL。
采用菌丝生长速率测定法对真菌菌丝生长的抑制测定，从PDA平板上预培养的真菌边缘打取菌碟(直径5mm)，将供试药剂母液与培养基均匀混合，使供试药剂最终浓度分别为0、1、2.5、5、10ppm，混合液分别倾入直径为9cm的灭菌培养皿中制成平板，每皿接种一菌碟，菌丝面朝上，每处理重复3次。25℃培养至对照菌落布满培养皿三分之二以上时，十字交叉法测量菌落增长直径。由菌落直径平均值(mm)计算生长抑制率。对所得的数据用DPS V3.01专业版软件分析处理，得出标准曲线和EC50值。阳性对照品为蛇床子素(购自中国药品生物制品检定所)，用同样浓度同样方法计算真菌生长抑制率。
从结果中可以看出Auraptenol可有效地防治油菜菌核病、黄瓜枯萎病、水稻纹枯病、小麦赤霉病、辣椒炭疽病、水稻恶苗病、小麦纹枯病、番茄晚疫病、灰霉病等，对这几种真菌病害抑制中浓度EC50为2.84～18.46ppm，具体实验结果见表1；而阳性对照品蛇床子素对油菜菌核病、黄瓜枯萎病、水稻纹枯病、小麦赤霉病、小麦纹枯病这5种真菌病害抑制中浓度EC50分别为43.33、41.82、26.84、56.94、39.96ppm，通过对比实验充分体现了本发明农药的显著效果。
表1Auraptenol对农业真菌毒力测定结果
实施例2：Auraptenol作为活性成分对农业害虫的防治
供试虫源为采集的田间种群3～6龄幼虫在室内用人工饲料饲养至化蛹产卵，挑选室内F1和F2代大小基本一致的幼虫供毒力测定用(其中，菜青虫为田间采集种群)。准确称取Auraptenol(从伞形科植物白芷中分离鉴定得到)，将其溶于丙酮，制成浓度为2.000mg/ml的供试母液，然后用1‰TritonX-100水乳液稀释成6个不同的浓度作为供试药液备用。用打叶器将新鲜干净的甘蓝叶片(其中，粘虫用小麦叶片、茶尺蠖为新鲜茶叶)制成直径为1.5cm的叶碟，然后将其在供试药液中浸10秒后取出，后取出晾干置于含有1％水琼脂或保湿滤纸的培养皿中，接入饥饿3h的试虫，置于人工气候室内[(25±1)℃，L/D＝14/10，RH75％]，每个浓度的药液处理30头虫。空白对照组用丙酮加1‰Triton100水乳液浸渍叶片，阳性对照品为蛇床子素(购自中国药品生物制品检定所)，用同样浓度同样浸叶法处理试虫。48h检查死亡率，计算各处理的死虫数、活虫数，计算幼虫死亡率。
结果显示：48h内，供试药剂对斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、小菜蛾、菜青虫、粘虫、桃蚜有效，具体死亡率见表2，另外测试了对铜绿金龟子成虫的毒力活性，结果显示对金龟子无效；而阳性对照组，浓度为1.000mg/ml蛇床子素处理的试虫斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、粘虫、桃蚜触杀的死亡率均小于40％。通过对比试验显示，Auraptenol作为农用杀虫剂，具有杀虫时间短、杀虫范围广的优势。
表2Auraptenol对昆虫的毒力测试结果
实施例3：
称取Auraptenol与木质素、硅藻土等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为2％的可湿性粉剂。
实施例4：
称取Auraptenol与十二烷基苯磺酸钙、苯乙基酚聚氧乙烯醚、溶剂油等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为2％的乳油。
实施例5：
称Auraptenol与木质磺酸钠、高岭土等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为2％的水分散粒剂。
实施例6：
称取Auraptenol与溶剂油、吡咯烷酮，黄原胶等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为1％的水乳剂。
实施例7：
称取Auraptenol与十二烷基苯磺酸钙、吡咯烷酮等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为1％的微乳剂。
实施例8：
按照重量比1∶5的比例称取Auraptenol和甲拌磷，与溶剂油、吡咯烷酮，黄原胶等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为12％的水乳剂。
实施例9：
按照重量比6∶1的比例称取Auraptenol和溴氰菊脂，与溶剂油、吡咯烷酮，黄原胶等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为21％的水乳剂。
实施例10：
按照重量比1∶3的比例称取Auraptenol和阿维菌素，与溶剂油、吡咯烷酮，黄原胶等常规辅料按照常规工艺，制成有效成分浓度为4％的水乳剂。
Claims (8)
1.Auraptenol作为活性成分在制备农业杀虫剂的用途。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途，其特征在于Auraptenol作为活性成分和农药助剂、赋型剂配制成农药上允许的任意一种剂型；或者Auraptenol作为活性成分和其他农药以及农药助剂、赋型剂配制成农药上允许的任意一种剂型。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用途，其特征在于所述的剂型是乳油、悬浮剂、水乳剂、可湿性粉剂、微乳剂或水分散颗粒剂；所述的其他农药为有机磷类农药、拟除虫菊酯类农药或微生物源杀虫剂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用途，其特征在于所述的杀虫剂用于防治鳞翅目和同翅目昆虫。
5.根据权利要求4所述的用途，其特征在于所述的鳞翅目昆虫为夜蛾科昆虫、菜蛾科昆虫、粉蝶科昆虫。
6.根据权利要求5所述的用途，其特征在于所述的夜蛾科昆虫为斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、粘虫；所述的菜蛾科昆虫为小菜蛾；所述的粉蝶科昆虫为菜青虫。
7.根据权利要求4所述的用途，其特征在于所述的同翅目昆虫为蚜科昆虫。
8.根据权利要求7所述的用途，其特征在于所述的蚜科昆虫为桃蚜。
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