CN103069086A - 声学板 - Google Patents

声学板 Download PDF

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CN103069086A
CN103069086A CN2011800397951A CN201180039795A CN103069086A CN 103069086 A CN103069086 A CN 103069086A CN 2011800397951 A CN2011800397951 A CN 2011800397951A CN 201180039795 A CN201180039795 A CN 201180039795A CN 103069086 A CN103069086 A CN 103069086A
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acoustic panel
intermediate layer
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plate
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CN103069086B (zh
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马克·博罗尼
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Bellmax Acoustic Pty Ltd
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Abstract

一种多层声学板(1),包括:基本上不透气的外膜层(3);接合至膜层(3)的、下方的第二部分,该第二部分包括中间层(5);以及在第二部分下方的内层(7),该内层(7)中具有多个孔(6),所述孔(6)被第二部分的中间层(5)覆盖,其中,在膜层(3)覆盖孔(6)处膜层(3)和第二部分没有接合在一起,使得膜层(3)的覆盖孔(6)的那些部分响应于入射在膜层(3)上的声波独立于第二部分自由地振动。

Description

声学板
技术领域
本发明涉及一种多层声学板(acoustic panel),该多层声学板相对于常规不透气板例如石膏板或干式壁是吸声的。根据本发明的板尤其适于以与常规石膏板面板相同的方式来填衬建筑物的内壁。该声学板被设计成在刷上涂料之后保持噪声吸收。因此,方便的是关于这种示例性应用来描述本发明。然而,应当理解本发明同样适于填衬需要吸收噪声的其他结构,例如天花板。板的各种形式也适用于汽车应用和外部应用例如路旁的吸音屏障。
背景技术
建筑物例如住宅、办公室、餐馆、零售商店、医院等的内壁通常包括填衬有石膏板面板的框架。该壁的框架通常包括一系列通常被称为立柱的直立梁,石膏板面板安装至立柱。面板安装至立柱,使得邻接的面板的端部彼此抵接。然后,端部以湿石膏覆盖,随后当石膏变干时进行砂磨以提供连续的壁面。通常还对由石膏板面板建造的壁面刷以涂料以提供审美上美观的外观。
一般而言,与较软的透气材料相比,硬的固体材料例如石膏板面板更好地反射声音。在这方面,入射到以石膏板填衬的内壁上的声波易于被很好地反射。反射的声波也可以通过从其他壁和表面弹回而经历反射,即使在源停止发出声音后也如此。该现象被称为混响,并且混响声能量损耗60dB所需要的时间被称为混响时间。在封闭体例如房间中的混响时间会显著影响语音可懂度。在这方面,如果混响时间过长,则由于房间中的混响声作为背景噪声,所以可能会难以译出语音。
理想地,在建筑物的设计阶段考虑并解决混响问题。然而,在一些情况下,直至建筑物的建造完成时混响问题才可能变得明显。在这两种情况下,存在可以用来解决混响问题的各种选择。这些选择通常包括使用穿孔的吸声瓦、毯、窗帘、织物壁衬以及其他柔软的材料。令人遗憾地,许多这些选择可能无法与期望的有美感的外观恰当地调和。
在国际公开No.WO2009/023900中公开了一种声学板(在下文中称为“Bellmax板”),其内容通过引用合并到本文中;该Bellmax板寻求通过设置模仿常规石膏板面板的外形和触觉的吸收声音的声学板来解决有美感的外观的问题,Bellmax板可以像常规石膏板一样刷上涂料并仍保持吸音,并且使用与常规石膏板一样的安装方法进行安装。Bellmax板的主要部分为由纸或聚合物膜制成的膜层以及优选地由纤维聚酯材料制成的下穿孔吸音层。
虽然模仿了常规石膏板面板的外形和触觉的Bellmax板可以像常规石膏板一样刷上涂料,并使用与常规石膏板一样的安装方法进行安装,但是一旦刷上涂料,发现Bellmax板的吸收声波能量的能力受限于非常特定的频率。另外,易燃性问题使得Bellmax板难以充分地遵守严格的建筑业的规定。
附图的图1提供了示出了现有技术的刷上涂料的样品Bellmax板在一定频率范围上的吸收系数的曲线图。该样品Bellmax板包括由纸制成的膜层和由纤维聚酯制成的具有约1800g/m2的表面密度的吸音层(在没有孔的情况下)。吸音层具有延伸穿过其中的多个15mm的孔,所述孔向吸音层提供33%的开口区域。样品被安装至具有壁式立柱的框架结构,其中具有约800g/m2的表面密度的吸音材料位于样品之后的具有25mm的深度的壁腔中。
图1中的曲线图表明:样品Bellmax板具有在约300Hz和1700Hz处的两个突出的吸收峰,其中在其他频率处几乎没有提供吸收。300Hz处的吸收峰归因于与其后面的壁腔中所密封的空气容积相结合而用作板式吸音器的样品Bellmax板。在这方面,板式吸音器是谐振振荡质量-弹簧***的形式,因而板能够响应于入射在板上的声波而进行谐振,其中由所密封的空气容积提供减振。1700Hz处的吸收峰归因于膜层的覆盖15mm的孔的用作振动膜(diaphragm)的部分,该振动膜在被施加与其谐振频率相对应的频率的声波时以最大的幅值振动,从而降低声波能量。
鉴于上面的内容,期望的是提供一种声学板,该声学板能够吸收在广泛的频率范围内的声波能量,同时在刷涂料时模仿常规石膏板面板的外形和触觉并且足够地不易燃以符合建筑业的规定。
本说明书中的文献、设备、法案或知识的任何讨论均被包括来用于说明本发明的上下文。其不应当被认为承认任何材料构成本文的权利要求的优先权日当天或之前在澳大利亚或任何其他国家中的相关技术中的现有技术基础或公知常识的一部分。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供一种多层声学板,该多层声学板包括:
基本上不透气的外膜层;
接合至膜层的下方的第二部分,该第二部分包括中间层;以及
在第二部分下方的内层,该内层中具有多个孔,所述孔被第二部分的中间层覆盖。
其中,在膜层覆盖孔处膜层与第二部分没有接合在一起,以使得膜层的覆盖孔的那些部分响应于入射在膜层上的声波独立于第二部分自由地振动。
膜层的覆盖孔的每个部分限定能够响应于入射在膜层上的声波而振动的振动膜。在这方面,优选地在膜层与第二部分之间膜层的每个部分覆盖孔处限定有气隙。更具体地,可以在膜层与中间层之间膜层的每个部分覆盖孔处限定有气隙。为了增加气隙的深度,可以将中间层轻微地压入孔中。优选地,该气隙具有约1mm至4mm的最大深度。
在一个实施方案中,第二部分的中间层优选地接合至膜层但不接合至膜层的限定振动膜的那些部分。该第二部分还可以包括位于中间层与内层之间的粘合片层。该粘合层也可以是穿孔的。此外,内层优选地包括正面和背面,其中孔设置在所述正面中。在正面中的孔也可以延伸穿过内层到达背面以由此限定一系列通道。在另一实施方案中,中间层直接接合至内层的正面。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,该板尤其适于以与常规石膏板面板相同的方式填衬建筑物的内壁。在这方面,中间层可以由多孔材料例如纤维材料或泡沫材料制成,并且具有小于约400g/m2的表面密度。例如,纤维材料可以包括陶瓷纤维或全部由陶瓷纤维制成。膜层也可以由粘结的纤维材料例如纸制成。或者,膜层可以由聚合物膜制成。内层优选地为由纤维材料或泡沫材料制成的吸音层。
根据本发明的另一实施方案(该实施方案尤其适合于其中板可能会经受来自发动机或排气***的热的车辆应用),中间层由非多孔材料例如金属箔制成,并且具有小于200g/m2的表面密度。对于机动车应用,膜层也可以由金属箔制成,并且内层可以由金属片材制成。中间层和膜层也可以被压纹成具有多个凹部。
根据本发明的另一实施方案(该实施方案尤其适合于外部应用例如路旁的吸音屏障),膜层由抗紫外线(UV)的材料例如含氟聚合物膜制成。
附图说明
另外,根据本发明的优选实施方案的以下描述,本发明的益处和优点将变得明显。描述不应当被认为是限制前面部分中的任何陈述。将参照以下附图描述优选实施方案,在附图中:
图1是示出现有技术的样品Bellmax板在一定频率范围上的吸收系数的曲线图;
图2是根据本发明一个实施方案的板的一部分的立体图,其示出了被从板部分去除的膜层和覆盖吸音内层的中间层,其中,中间层的一小部分被去除以暴露下层吸音内层的一部分;
图3是根据本发明一个实施方案的、结合有图2中示出的板的壁式结构的横截面图,其中板的中间层被轻微地压入吸音内层中的孔中以提供气隙;
图4是示出两种板在一定频率范围内的吸收系数的比较的曲线图,其中,两种板中的一种具有根据本发明一个实施方案的、由陶瓷纸制成的中间层,另一种板是根据现有技术的板;
图5是根据本发明一个实施方案的、应用于机动车辆的主体部分的板的横截面图,其中在主体部分与板的内层之间设置有绝缘层,该板具有压纹的中间层;
图6是根据本发明一个实施方案的、应用于机动车辆的主体部分的、具有压纹的膜层和压纹的中间层的板的横截面图,其中板与主体部分之间设置有绝缘层;
图7是施加于机动车辆的主体部分的图6所示的板的横截面图,其中,在板之上设置有穿孔的金属外部支持层;
图8是根据本发明的实施方案的、结合有在中间层与吸音内层之间具有粘合层的板的壁式结构的横截面图,所述层被轻微地压入吸音内层中的孔中以提供气隙;
图9是根据本发明的实施方案的、结合有在中间层与吸音内层之间具有粘合层的板的壁式结构的横截面图,该粘合层具有穿孔;
图10是根据本发明的实施方案的、结合有在中间层与吸音内层之间具有粘合层的板的壁式结构的横截面图,该粘合层是穿孔的。
具体实施方式
参照附图的图2,示出了根据本发明一个实施方案的多层声学板1。该板1包括基本上不透气的外膜层3以及接合至膜层3的下方的第二部分。板1的第二部分包括中间层5。膜层3被认为是板1的最外层或顶层,因为在使用中,板1被定向成使得膜层3最接近于噪声源。板1还包括在第二部分下方的内层7。内层7中具有多个孔6。孔6被第二部分的中间层5覆盖。
在图2中,已经将中间层5的一部分从板1去除,以便于能够更清楚地看到孔6。同样地,在图2中,已经将膜层3的一部分从板1去除,以便于能够更清楚地看到中间层5。在图2中,第二部分的中间层5直接接合至膜层3,并且类似地直接接合至内层7。然而,在膜层3覆盖孔6处膜层3没有接合至中间层5,以使得膜层3的覆盖孔6的那些部分响应于入射在膜层3上的声波独立于中间层5自由地振动。膜层3的这些部分各自限定振动膜。
振动膜响应于入射在膜层3上的声波而振动,从而吸收至少一部分声波能量。在这方面,每个振动膜都具有谐振频率,当振动膜被施加与其谐振频率相对应的频率的声波时,振动膜在该谐振频率处以最大的幅值振动,从而降低声波能量。
在附图中示出的板1的多个实施方案中,膜层3基本上不可透过气流,并且可以由聚合物膜例如聚酯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜(BOPP)、含氟聚合物、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)制成。或者,膜层3可以由金属箔或纸制成,优选地由一种通常称为白土涂布纸(clay coated paper)的纸制成。也可以使用其他类型的纸,例如壁纸、高湿强度的牛皮纸。膜层3也可以是多层的并且由上述材料的组合组成。在没有刷涂料的情况下,膜层3优选地具有不大于约0.05mm的厚度以及小于100g/m2的表面密度。当刷上两层涂料时,膜层3优选地具有小于200g/m2的表面密度,更优选地在约100g/m2与170g/m2之间。相应地,如果膜层3被刷上涂料,则干的涂料提供约60%至70%的振动膜表面密度。在施加涂料期间,当涂料变干时涂料易于收缩并且变平,这向振动膜提供张力。
第二部分的中间层5位于膜层3与内层7之间,并且覆盖内层7的正面,使得所有孔6优选地被中间层5覆盖。中间层5向内层7和位于板1后面的任意组件提供一定程度的保护,例如使其免受火、热量或流体。在图2中示出的板1的实施方案中,第二部分仅包括中间层5。在其他实施方案中,第二部分可以包括在中间层5的任一侧的一个或更多个另外的层。
对于将板1作为建筑物中的房间的内壁的衬料的应用,中间层5优选地是多孔的并且由纤维材料或泡沫材料制成,并且优选地具有小于400g/m2的表面密度。例如,中间层5可以由纤维状聚合物片、开孔泡沫或泡沫橡胶片制成。也可以使用其他材料例如纤维陶瓷纸、非制造玻璃/矿物纤维以及聚合物。中间层5向下方的内层7提供一定程度的保护,并且优选地耐燃烧以及能够耐受极端温度而基本上不被损坏。另外,通过阻止从板1后面的反射声音反射回房间内,中间层5改进了板1的声学特性。此外,通过设置纤维材料的中间层5,中间层5遮盖并缓和了孔6的边缘,这导致了当板1的膜层3被刷上涂料时得到平滑得多的表面光洁度(surface finish)。
如果中间层5由具有陶瓷纤维的纸制成,则陶瓷纸优选地具有约1mm至2mm的厚度以及最高达约400g/m2的表面密度。由于陶瓷纸的耐燃烧性以及耐高温的能力,所以陶瓷纸可以有利地用作防火屏障。
内层7提供了板1的主体,并且优选地具有在约1000g/m2与3000g/m2之间的表面密度(在没有孔6的情况下)。内层7中的孔6可以在约10mm的直径与80mm的直径之间变化。孔6设置在内层7的正面中,并且优选地垂直延伸穿过内层7达到背面。孔6的数目和大小优选地选择为向内层7的每个表面提供在约20%与55%之间的开口区域。孔6也可以布置成簇以进一步提高板1的吸音能力。在澳大利亚临时专利申请No.2009905120中公开了具有布置成簇的孔的板,其内容通过引用合并到本文中。
可以通过冲压或切削形成孔6,或者可以在制造板1时形成孔6。取决于所使用的材料和制造方法,可连同内层7一起形成中间层5。或者,可以将中间层5置于内层7的模具中并在形成过程期间接合。为了将中间层5接合至内层7,可以将粉末状的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)置于内层7上,接着进行加热以熔化LDPE粉末从而将内层7接合至中间层5。这优选地通过使用带式层合机在高于150℃的温度下实现。代替使用粉末状的LDPE,可以使用粘合片材层10,例如LDPE膜。
内层7可以由压缩纤维材料例如粘结聚酯、聚酯共混物、石棉、玻璃纤维或其他纤维状聚合物制成。也可以使用其他材料,例如开孔泡沫或闭孔泡沫、地质聚合物泡沫、纤维增强泡沫、酚醛泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫或纸板。如果使用泡沫或泡沫纤维共混物,则可以模制复杂的形状,以使得板1可以用在汽车应用中,例如在需要复杂的三维形状的车身底板应用或发动机舱应用中。
在图2、图3、图8、图9和图10中示出的板1的实施方案尤其适于将板1作为建筑物的内壁的衬里的应用。内层7优选地为由可压缩纤维材料例如非织造的聚酯材料制成的吸音层的形式。在该具体应用中内层7的厚度为约9mm至11.5mm,优选地为11mm,以使得板1的总厚度与13mm厚的传统石膏板大致相匹配。
膜层3可以使用合适的接合剂接合至中间层5。在这方面,膜层3例如聚合物膜可以是双层的,因为膜层3可以具有下方的层例如LDPE层,所述下方的层可以使用带式层合机熔化以将膜层3接合至中间层5。由于在膜层3覆盖孔6处膜层3没有接合至中间层5,所以在中间层5与膜层3之间有效地提供了小的气穴或气隙17。
图3是结合有图2中示出的板1的壁式结构的横截面图。壁式结构例如建筑物的内壁通常包括以石膏板面板填衬的框架。壁的框架通常包括一系列的通常称为立柱的直立梁,石膏板面板安装至立柱。在立柱之间,在板后建造有一系列的壁腔。在图3中,示出了板1,其中在板1后面的壁腔中具有绝缘材料11。
为了增加中间层5与膜层3之间的气隙17的深度,可以在制造期间将中间层5轻微地压入内层7中的孔6内,或者照这样执行,使得设置有优选地具有约1mm至4mm深度的一系列的凹进或凹陷9。
因为凹陷9略低于中间层5的剩余部分,可以例如通过使用辊将粘结剂施加至中间层5,而不将粘结剂施加至凹陷9。因此,膜层3可以接合至中间层5上但不接合至凹陷9。
不同于膜层3直接接合至中间层5,板1的第二部分可以包括在膜层3与中间层5之间的另外的层(在附图中未示出),例如金属箔层,膜层3可以直接接合至该另外的层。同样地,不同于如图2和图3所示的内层7直接接合至中间层5,板1的第二部分可以包括可以与内层7直接接合的另外的层,如图8、图9和图10所示。因此,中间层5可以夹在第二部分的另外的层之间。
图8是结合有板1的壁式结构的横截面图,该板1类似于图2中示出的板1。然而,图8中的板1的第二部分包括在中间层5与内层7之间的粘合层10,例如LDPE膜或酚醛树脂浸渍纸。该粘合层10具有约0.05mm至0.15mm的厚度以及约50g/m2至150g/m2的表面密度。可以加热粘合层10以将该层接合至中间层5和内层7。粘合层10也可以有利地协助保护下方的内层7以使其免受火、热和流体。如图9所示,为了改进板1的声学特性,粘合层10可以在层10覆盖内层7中的孔6处具有在层10中冲压而成的洞。类似地,如图10所示,作为替代,可以将粘合层10穿孔以改进板1的声学特性。
对于将板1作为壁衬的应用,板1优选地具有约2400mm的长度、约1200mm的宽度和斜切边以与常规石膏板面板的边缘部分相匹配。板1的总厚度优选地与常规石膏板相同。然而,板1的边缘附近的厚度可以通过内层7的压缩而减小。结果,板1的厚度可以朝向边缘部分逐渐减小,其类似于常规石膏板面板的边缘。因此,通过使用常规的湿石膏接合技术,可以在边缘部分上设置石膏填充物,使得板1能够无缝地结合到壁式结构中,其中膜层3提供具有石膏填充物与石膏板面板的外面的连续壁表面。一旦刷上涂料,所述连续的壁表面具有与单独由石膏板面板制成的壁式结构相同的外观。
图4中的曲线图示出了两种板在一定频率范围内的吸收系数的比较。在曲线图中以“Bellmax SP1”标识的样品是根据本发明一个实施方案的板,并且以“现有技术样品”标识的样品是与图1中所参照的现有技术Bellmax板类似的现有技术的板。在图4中标识的样品两者都具有聚合物膜形式的膜层3以及具有1800g/m2的表面密度的聚酯材料内层7(没有孔)。两种样品的内层7还包括具有15mm、20mm和25mm直径的多个孔6,所述多个孔6向内层7的面提供约42%的开口区域。两种样品板的膜层3还刷有两层涂料。Bellmax SP1板类似于图2和图3中示出的板,并且包括由陶瓷纸制成的中间层5。聚合物膜接合至陶瓷纸,其中在聚合物膜覆盖内层7中的孔6处没有提供接合。图4中的曲线图表明:在250Hz与约1000Hz之间的频率处,具有中间层5的Bellmax SP1板提供了比不具有中间层的“现有技术样品”显著地更好的声音吸收。尽管中间层5覆盖孔6,但是膜层3的覆盖孔6的那些部分响应于入射在膜层3上的声波保持独立于中间层5自由地振动,从而吸收至少一部分声波能量。具有中间层5的最终结果是在250Hz与约1000Hz之间的频率处具有显著更好的并且基本上均一的声音吸收。
在附图的图5、图6和图7中,示出了尤其适合于汽车应用的多层声学板1的多个其他实施方案的横截面图。在这些图中,使用相似的附图标记表示等同的特征。在这些具体实施方案中,示出了应用于机动车辆的主体部分15的板1,其中在主体部分15与板1的内层7之间设置有绝缘层11。
对于汽车应用,膜层3可以由金属箔形成。板1的下方的第二部分包括也可以由非多孔材料例如铝形成的中间层5。第二部分还可以包括在膜层3与中间层5之间的附加金属层和/或纤维层。由于这些实施方案中的中间层5是非多孔的,所以中间层5优选地具有小于约200g/m2的表面密度以及高至2.5mm的厚度。这些实施方案中的内层7也可以由具有在约1000g/m2与3000g/m2之间的表面密度的金属片如铝片构成。在图7示出的实施方案中,板1位于纤维聚酯或泡沫绝缘层11与穿孔的外部金属层13之间。绝缘层11压靠主体部分15,主体部分15例如为在机动车辆的发动机舱中或在传动通道的下侧上的车辆底盘的下方的防火壁。外部金属层13设置在板1上以对下层板1提供保护使其免受过热、路面碎片和水。
如图5、图6和图7所示,这些实施方案中的中间层5可以被压纹以为该层提供一系列凹部。类似地,如在图6和图7描述的板1的实施方案中所示,膜层3的金属箔也可以被压纹以提供一系列相似的凹部。所述凹部有助于阻止热传送至下方的绝缘层11。
根据本发明的板1能够有利地在广泛的频率范围内提供优异的声音吸收。此外,板的中间层5提供在孔6上的保护层,并且在建筑应用中降低反射回房间的声波能量。
因为本发明可以在不脱离本发明的本质特征的情况下以多种形式实施,所以应当理解,上述实施方案不应当被认为是限制本发明,而应该被广泛地解释。各种修改和等同布置意在包括在本发明的精神和范围内。

Claims (22)

1.一种多层声学板,包括:
基本上不透气的外膜层;
接合至所述膜层的、下方的第二部分,所述第二部分包括中间层;以及
在所述第二部分下方的内层,所述内层中具有多个孔,所述孔被所述第二部分的所述中间层覆盖,
其中,在所述膜层覆盖所述孔处所述膜层和所述第二部分没有接合在一起,使得所述膜层的覆盖所述孔的那些部分响应于入射在所述膜层上的声波独立于所述第二部分自由地振动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多层声学板,其中,所述膜层的覆盖所述孔的每个部分限定能够响应于入射在所述膜层上的声波而振动的振动膜。
3.根据权利要求2所述的多层声学板,其中,在所述膜层与所述第二部分之间在所述膜层的每个部分覆盖所述孔处限定有气隙。
4.根据权利要求3所述的多层声学板,其中,在所述膜层与所述中间层之间在所述膜层的每个部分覆盖所述孔处限定有气隙。
5.根据权利要求4所述的多层声学板,其中,所述中间层被轻微地压入所述孔中以由此提供所述气隙。
6.根据权利要求5所述的多层声学板,其中,所述气隙具有约1mm至4mm的最大深度。
7.根据权利要求2至6中任一项所述的多层声学板,其中,所述第二部分的所述中间层接合至所述膜层,但不接合至所述膜层的限定所述振动膜的那些部分。
8.根据权利要求7所述的多层声学板,其中,所述第二部分还包括位于所述中间层和所述内层之间的粘合层。
9.根据权利要求8所述的多层声学板,其中,所述粘合层是穿孔的。
10.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的多层声学板,其中,所述内层包括正面和背面,所述中间层接合至所述正面。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述中间层由纤维材料或泡沫材料制成。
12.根据权利要求11所述的声学板,其中,所述中间层具有小于400g/m2的表面密度。
13.根据权利要求12所述的声学板,其中,所述中间层包括陶瓷纤维。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述膜层由粘结的纤维材料制成。
15.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述膜层由聚合物膜制成。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述内层是由纤维材料或泡沫材料制成的吸音层。
17.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述中间层由非多孔材料制成。
18.根据权利要求17所述的声学板,其中,所述中间层具有小于200g/m2的表面密度。
19.根据权利要求18所述的声学板,其中,所述中间层由金属箔制成。
20.根据权利要求17至19中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述膜层由金属箔制成。
21.根据权利要求17至20中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述内层由金属片材制成。
22.根据权利要求17至21中任一项所述的声学板,其中,所述中间层被压纹成有多个凹部。
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