CN102918285B - 转子轴轴承润滑*** - Google Patents

转子轴轴承润滑*** Download PDF

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CN102918285B
CN102918285B CN201180028884.6A CN201180028884A CN102918285B CN 102918285 B CN102918285 B CN 102918285B CN 201180028884 A CN201180028884 A CN 201180028884A CN 102918285 B CN102918285 B CN 102918285B
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M.A.詹金斯
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Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/10—Construction relative to lubrication
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/12—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load
    • F16C17/24—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/12—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load
    • F16C17/20—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with emergency supports or bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/12—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load
    • F16C17/24—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety
    • F16C17/243—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety related to temperature and heat, e.g. for preventing overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/10—Construction relative to lubrication
    • F16C33/1025—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant
    • F16C33/103—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant retained in or near the bearing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/10—Construction relative to lubrication
    • F16C33/1025—Construction relative to lubrication with liquid, e.g. oil, as lubricant
    • F16C33/1045—Details of supply of the liquid to the bearing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2233/00—Monitoring condition, e.g. temperature, load, vibration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
    • F16C2360/23—Gas turbine engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
    • F16C2360/31—Wind motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2380/00—Electrical apparatus
    • F16C2380/26—Dynamo-electric machines or combinations therewith, e.g. electro-motors and generators

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

一种具有到转子轴承（21）的润滑剂管线（31）的加压后备润滑剂贮存器（36）。在所述后备润滑剂管线上的控制阀（43）是常闭的。监控器/控制器（44）监测所述轴承的多个参数并且在条件组合下开始紧急保护序列，所述条件包括当所述轴承的温度超过阈值并且主润滑剂的流速或压力处于正常范围之外且所述转子正在旋转时。所述紧急保护序列针对所述转子开始停机过程，并且打开和调节所述控制阀以便与所述转子的停转速率成比例地计量从所述后备贮存器到所述轴承的后备润滑剂（33），使得来自所述后备润滑剂贮存器的对所述轴承的润滑持续直到所述转子停止转动。保护序列还可以包括使对所述转子的制动与后备润滑剂流动相协调。

Description

转子轴轴承润滑***
技术领域
本发明涉及转子轴承（特别是轴颈型轴承）的紧急后备润滑。其还涉及旋转机器的自动保护和停机，具体指发电领域。
背景技术
带有转子的机器，例如发电机、蒸汽轮机和燃气轮机以及大型马达，通常由于其高载重能力而使用轴颈型主轴承。在轴颈轴承中，转子轴被支撑在油膜上，该油膜在轴颈和轴承内表面或巴氏合金轴承衬之间的间隙中。通过轴颈的旋转来维持油膜。油循环通过轴承并通过排放管线离开，之后再循环通过泵、过滤器、贮存器和冷却器。该循环维持油膜、冷却轴承并且去除污染物。如果油压降低，则轴颈落到巴氏合金轴承衬上并且摩擦过热，从而导致对轴、轴承和其他零件的重大损坏。
在发电设备中，在非制动停机期间转子会花费一小时来停转。即使使用制动，在丧失轴承润滑的情况下的停转仍会导致严重损坏。
发明内容
本发明的一方面涉及在主油***失效时将来自贮存箱的自动后备润滑提供给转子轴承。当润滑油***配备有辅助后备时，本发明用作润滑油***的三级后备。
本发明的另一方面涉及分析多个传感器输入，例如主润滑剂压力和/或流速、转子轴旋转速度以及轴承温度，以便确定何时和多少储备油被供应给轴承。
本发明的另一方面涉及在保护序列期间提供被动加压的贮存油箱而不需要泵送或发动机压缩机抽气。这增加了可靠性并减少了复杂性。
本发明的另一方面涉及提供比主油更耐火或阻燃的储备润滑剂。
本发明的又一方面涉及自动地制动转子以及使得后备润滑剂流速与转子停转速率相协调，以使备用润滑剂持续直到转子停止。
附图说明
现在将参考本发明的示例性和优选实施例的附图描述本发明的上述和其他原理。所述实施例旨在说明但不限制本发明。附图包含下述附图，其中在所有描述和附图中，同样的附图标记指代同样的零件，附图中：
图1是根据本发明各方面用于转子轴承的后备润滑***的示意图。
图2是根据本发明各方面的轴承的侧剖视图。
图3示出了用于保护序列的启动阈值。
图4示出了用于将主润滑剂管线和后备润滑剂管线连接到轴承的装配件。
具体实施方式
图1示意性示出了根据本发明各方面的轴承润滑***20。轴颈型轴承21具有在轴承壳24内旋转的轴颈22。壳可以具有所谓巴氏合金轴承衬26的内衬，且具有释放部分27，如本领域所公知的。主润滑剂28通过一个或更多个管线29被供应到轴颈和壳之间的间隙内的轴承中的出口30。巴氏合金轴承衬内的释放部分27允许润滑剂在被吸入轴颈和巴氏合金轴承衬之间之前轴向分布于轴颈表面来支撑轴颈。排放管线34将润滑剂28再循环到泵、过滤器、主贮存器以及可能地再循环到未示出的冷却器。
在主润滑***28、29、30失效的情况下，后备润滑剂管线31将储备润滑剂33经由轴承内的出口32供应给轴承21。后备润滑剂箱36可以具有过滤器开口38和被动加压装置，例如压缩空气或氮气40，或者弹性囊或隔膜，或者活塞和弹簧。“被动”意味着在保护序列中启动后备润滑***期间，不需要主动的原动力，例如泵或压缩机抽气。可以提供气体输入阀42来加压，其可以类似于轮胎气门。在后备润滑剂管线31上的一个或更多个控制阀43，例如电磁阀，是常闭的。如图所示，可以提供复式阀43以作备用，从而确保储备润滑剂33不会发生计划外的释放。
监控器/控制器44监控并分析多个参数，例如主润滑剂入口压力46、主润滑剂入口流速47、主润滑剂入口温度48、排放润滑剂温度和/或流速50、轴承温度51、轴旋转速度52和/或后备润滑剂箱液位58。传感器/变换器是已知的那些测量件，包括热电偶和电阻温度探测器、霍尔效应轴旋转传感器等。本发明人的美国专利4,848,926中描述了组合式流体温度和流速传感器。
监控器/控制器44包括逻辑和处理器，该处理器分析输入参数的组合以便确定是否以及何时启动后备润滑剂流动54。在达到这个判定时，监控器/控制器通过给控制阀43发信号56以便打开来开始保护序列。也可以给主控制器（未示出）发信号57来使得转子停机。监控器/控制器可以是独立的，或者其可以是主控制器的一部分且包括在主控制器内的一个或更多个软件模块和传感器接口电路。
图2是用于转子轴60的轴颈轴承的侧剖视图。可以提供一个或更多个主润滑剂入口管线29以及一个或更多个主润滑剂出口30。提供多个主出口30和/或后备出口32改进了润滑剂分布，不过并不是必要的。主出口和后备出口可以绕轴承的轴向中点以诸如30-32-30或30-32-30-32-30或32-30-32的次序对称设置。这会对称地分布主润滑剂和后备润滑剂二者。主输入管线29可以或可以不如图所示是成对的。单个管线29可以如后面所示经由装配件供应多个出口。
当轴承温度高于相应阈值（例如严重警报温度）并且主润滑剂压力或流速处于正常范围之外且轴正旋转时，监控器/控制器44可以开始紧急保护序列。当轴承温度高于阈值且轴承润滑剂排放具有低于阈值的流速并且轴正旋转时，也可以开始紧急保护序列。如果主润滑剂入口温度高于阈值也可以开始保护序列。
图3示出了上升的轴承温度62以及当轴承温度超过损坏阈值65之前的警报温度63和严重警报温度64时的启动阈值61。
后备润滑剂33可以是本领域已知的耐火油或油脂。一种示例是DupontTM Krytox®，这是液体含氟聚合物，类似于液体Teflon®。后备润滑剂可以不同于主润滑剂，并且可以针对高温低氧化性能被优化。其可以具有阻燃性质。耐火和阻燃润滑剂的进一步示例描述于美国专利4,436,654、6,326,336和6,326,336。
图4示意性示出了示例性装配件66，其使用轴承内的所有油出口作为主出口30和副出口32二者。这能够改装现有轴承以便安装本后备***。止回阀68阻止在另一管线启用时主润滑剂管线29和后备润滑剂管线31内的回流。在使用这种装配件66的情况下，仅需要一个出口30/32。
控制器/监控器44可以开始对转子的制动。其可以调节制动速率和/或后备润滑剂流速以使后备润滑持续直到转子停止转动，并且其可以利用后备润滑剂箱液位信号58来作为该逻辑的一部分。已知各种类型的转子制动。例如，可以通过使叶片顺桨、使叶片失速、使用机械盘式或鼓式制动器以及/或者经由电阻使用发动机作为制动器来制动风力涡轮机。
在使用旋转轴上的轴承的润滑的背景下公开本发明，特别是针对发电设备的转子上的主轴颈轴承。
虽然以特定优选实施例及其推荐的可能改型的方式描述了本发明，不过本领域技术人员显而易见到的其他实施例和改型也落入本发明范围内而不背离本发明的精神和范围。因此，应该基于所附权利要求及其法定等价物，而不是上述具体实施例，来确定本发明的范围。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于转子轴的轴承的后备润滑***，包括：
后备润滑剂贮存器，其被动地加压并且独立于所述轴承的主润滑***；
从所述后备润滑剂贮存器到所述轴承的后备润滑剂管线；
在所述后备润滑剂管线上的常闭的控制阀；
监控器/控制器，其监测所述轴承的多个参数并且当所述轴承的温度超过相应阈值且主润滑剂的流速或压力处于正常范围之外且所述轴的旋转速度高于相应阈值时开始紧急保护序列；
其中所述紧急保护序列针对所述转子轴开始停机过程，并且打开并调节所述控制阀以便与所述转子轴的停转速率成比例地计量从所述后备润滑剂贮存器到所述轴承的后备润滑剂，使得来自所述后备润滑剂贮存器的对所述轴承的润滑持续直到所述转子轴停止转动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的后备润滑***，还包括在所述监控器/控制器内的逻辑，其协调所述转子轴的制动以使得对所述轴承的后备润滑持续直到所述转子轴停止转动。
3.根据权利要求1所述的后备润滑***，其中所述监控器/控制器包括逻辑处理器，当轴承温度高于严重警报阈值并且低于损坏阈值且主润滑剂压力或流速处于正常范围之外且所述轴正在旋转时该逻辑处理器开始所述紧急保护序列。
4.根据权利要求3所述的后备润滑***，其中当所述轴承温度高于所述严重警报阈值且轴承润滑剂排放流速低于相应阈值且所述轴正在旋转时所述逻辑处理器开始所述紧急保护序列。
5.根据权利要求4所述的后备润滑***，其中当所述主润滑剂的温度高于相应阈值且所述轴正在旋转时所述逻辑处理器开始所述紧急保护序列。
6.根据权利要求1所述的后备润滑***，其中所述后备润滑剂比所述主润滑剂更耐火。
7.一种转子轴轴承润滑***，包括主润滑***，该主润滑***供应主润滑剂通过管线到达旋转设备内的转子的轴上的轴承，并且该转子轴轴承润滑***的特征在于：
后备贮存器，其容纳后备润滑剂、被动地加压并且独立于所述主润滑***；
从所述后备贮存器到所述轴承的后备润滑剂管线；
在所述后备润滑剂管线上的常闭的控制阀；
监控器/控制器，其监测并分析所述轴承的多个参数，并且当所述轴承的温度超过相应阈值且所述主润滑剂的流速或压力处于正常范围之外且所述轴的旋转速度超过相应阈值时开始紧急保护序列，该紧急保护序列打开所述控制阀；
其中所述紧急保护序列还针对所述旋转设备开始停机过程，并且调节所述控制阀以便与所述转子的停转速率成比例地计量后备润滑剂，使得对所述轴承的后备润滑持续直到所述转子停止转动。
8.根据权利要求7所述的轴承润滑***，还包括在所述监控器/控制器内的逻辑，其协调对所述转子的制动以使得对所述轴承的所述后备润滑持续直到所述转子停止转动。
9.根据权利要求7所述的轴承润滑***，其中所述监控器/控制器包括逻辑处理器，当轴承温度高于严重警报阈值并且低于损坏阈值且主润滑剂压力或流速处于正常范围之外且所述轴正在旋转时该逻辑处理器开始所述紧急保护序列。
10.根据权利要求9所述的轴承润滑***，其中当所述轴承温度高于所述严重警报阈值且轴承润滑剂排放具有低于相应阈值的流速且所述轴正在旋转时所述逻辑处理器开始所述紧急保护序列。
11.根据权利要求10所述的轴承润滑***，其中当所述主润滑剂的温度高于相应阈值且所述轴正在旋转时所述逻辑处理器开始所述紧急保护序列。
12.根据权利要求7所述的轴承润滑***，其中所述后备润滑剂比所述主润滑剂更耐火。
13.一种用于转子轴的轴承的后备润滑***，包括：
加压后备润滑剂贮存器；
从后备贮存器到所述轴承的后备润滑剂管线；
在所述后备润滑剂管线上的常闭的控制阀；
监控器/控制器，其监测所述轴承的多个参数、分析所述参数并且在至少下述条件中的任何条件下开始紧急保护序列：
a）当所述轴承的温度超过第一阈值并且主润滑剂的流速或压力处于正常范围之外且所述轴正在旋转时；
b）当轴承温度高于所述第一阈值并且轴承润滑剂排放具有低于第二阈值的流速并且所述轴正在旋转时；‘
c）当所述主润滑剂的温度高于第三阈值并且所述轴正在旋转时；
其中所述紧急保护序列还针对所述转子轴上的转子开始停机过程，并且打开并调节所述控制阀以便与所述转子的停转速率成比例地计量从所述后备润滑剂贮存器到所述轴承的后备润滑剂，使得来自所述后备润滑剂贮存器的对所述轴承的润滑持续直到所述转子停止转动。
14.根据权利要求13所述的后备润滑***，还包括在所述监控器/控制器内的逻辑，其协调对所述转子的制动以使得对所述轴承的后备润滑持续直到所述转子停止转动。
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