CN102744516A - Ultrasonic vibration aided stir friction welding process and device - Google Patents
Ultrasonic vibration aided stir friction welding process and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN102744516A CN102744516A CN2012102441758A CN201210244175A CN102744516A CN 102744516 A CN102744516 A CN 102744516A CN 2012102441758 A CN2012102441758 A CN 2012102441758A CN 201210244175 A CN201210244175 A CN 201210244175A CN 102744516 A CN102744516 A CN 102744516A
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Abstract
The invention relates to an ultrasonic vibration aided stir friction welding process and a device. Power frequency alternating current is transformed into ultrasonic high frequency alternating current signals through an ultrasonic generator. Electric energy is transformed into ultrasonic mechanical vibration energy through a transducer. After the amplitude is further amplified through a variable amplitude bar, ultrasonic waves are conducted into materials through a toolhead from the welding areas around a stirring head for welding through the stirring head in a welding direction. Compared with the method that the variable amplitude bar of an ultrasonic transducer is coupled with the stirring head, after a system is integrated by utilizing a self designed positioning clamping appliance, the stability of a vibration system is efficiently guaranteed, two-dimensional adjustment in upper, lower, front and back directions is realized, and the distance between the toolhead and the stirring head is easily adjusted, so that the ultrasonic vibration aided stir friction welding process and the device are suitable for stirring heads with different specifications and have the advantage of wide adaptability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of material method of attachment, auxiliary friction stir welding technology of particularly a kind of ultrasonic vibration and device.
Background technology
Friction stir welding (Friction stir welding is called for short FSW) is a solid phase interconnection technique of Britain's institute of welding invention in 1991; Have that welding deformation is little, welding quality is high and advantage such as green non-pollution, be called as " the revolutionary interconnection technique of tool of 21 century ".But because in the welding process, stirring-head receives huge axial downforce and horizontal shear force, its speed of welding is limited, and the stirring-head serious wear has also proposed very high requirement to agitating friction soldering equipment and frock jig.Chinese scholars through adopt portable induction coil, resistance heat, laser can or the plasma arc method of additional auxiliary thermal source such as doing improve welding surroundings, but they have narrow application range, efficient is low or can use shortcomings such as technological parameter is few.
Ultrasonic wave is a kind of of sound wave, has characteristics such as frequency height, penetration capacity be strong.Experiment showed, when ultrasonic when putting on material, can change the constitutive relation of material, reduce its resistance of deformation, therefore have the people to propose to improve welding surroundings, thereby can improve speed of welding and welding quality through composite ultraphonic in the process of friction stir welding.Chinese patent CN 1836820A discloses a kind of welding method and device of metal; Stir friction welding process is introduced in the ultrasonic vibration of axial vibration or torsional oscillation; Agitating friction soldering tip with in the high-frequency mechanical vibration energy drives high speed rotating is made dither; Stirring-head is passed to the weld zone plastic metal with vibrational energy, forms the welding of seam organization realization metal with the method for ultrasonic vibration and friction stir compound action.Its major technique characteristic is to import to the weld seam deep layer to the energy that mixing needle and ultrasonic transducer horn are connected as a single entity ultrasonic vibration; Weld seam base material plastic fluidity in the hope of cause in low " funnel-form " temperature field of last relative superiority or inferiority of improving conventional friction stir welding formation is poor; The shortcoming that welding quality is low forms the welding of seam organization realization metal with the method for ultrasonic vibration and friction stir compound action.But this design; Downforce during welding seriously hinders the ultrasonic vibration of mixing needle, and bigger to original friction stir welding machine equipment change, and system makes complicated; And ultrasonic vibration system will reach resonant condition with mixing needle; Therefore for the different-thickness workpiece, need change the ultrasonic vibration system that is complementary with it, bad adaptability when changing mixing needle.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide the auxiliary friction stir welding technology of a kind of ultrasonic vibration; Under the prerequisite of not changing existing equipment; Directly ultrasonic vibration is applied to the new process on the mixing needle workpiece to be welded on every side through servicing unit; Utilize ultrasonic vibration to reduce the distortion of materials drag, thereby reach the raising speed of welding, improve welding quality.The welder that is used to realize this process is provided simultaneously.
The technical scheme that the present invention takes is:
Friction stir welding technology is assisted in ultrasonic vibration; Convert industrial-frequency alternating current into superaudible high frequency ac signal through supersonic generator; Through transducer electric energy is converted into ultrasonic mechanical vibrational energy again; After horn is further amplified amplitude, earlier ultrasonic wave is imported from the to-be-welded region around the stirring-head by tool heads, there is stirring-head to weld again along welding direction.
In the above-mentioned technology, the preferred vibration frequency 20 ~ 100kHz of described horn, amplitude 10 ~ 100 μ m, tool heads is apart from 10 ~ 50 millimeters in stirring-head axis, and is adjustable.
The preferred 300-1000r/min of stirring-head rotating speed, speed of welding 60-400mm/min, shaft shoulder volume under pressure 0.02-0.2mm.
Friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration, comprises friction stir welding machine, supersonic generator, transducer, horn, the tool heads of being with stirring-head, and back three forms vibration unit; Supersonic generator connects vibration unit through signal transmssion line; Transducer links to each other with horn, the horn tool heads of ining succession again, and the two all connects through studs; The ultrasonic vibration of tool heads imports the to-be-welded region of point in stirring-head the place ahead, and vibration unit is fixed through positioning fixture and friction stir welding machine.
Described positioning fixture has various ways, and its function is that vibration unit is fixed and had enough stability, can guarantee after fixing that tool heads is pressed on the workpiece to be welded around the mixing needle.Wherein a kind of positioning fixture structure is following: comprise cuboid framework, brace, cylinder anchor clamps; The cuboid framework comprises front plate, rear plate; It between front plate, the rear plate friction stir welding machine upper guard-plate; Former and later two clamping plate are through special type studs and friction stir welding machine upper guard-plate tight fit (face contacts), and a gear shaft is installed in position, front plate upper middle, and the front plate front hangs a connecting piece; Groove and locating slot that the band tooth bar is arranged on the brace; The groove of band tooth bar forms rack-and-pinion and cooperates on gear shaft and the brace, and cylinder anchor clamps and brace are integrally welded, and described brace is fixed through the fastening bolt that passes locating slot and front apron.
Positioning fixture also can adopt the mode of above-mentioned cuboid framework and leading screw combination, promptly substitutes the function that brace is realized up-down adjustment with leading screw.
Positioning fixture also can have slide block along welding direction horizontal fixed one guide rail above baffle plate on the guide rail, slide block makes up with vertical leading screw again, realizes the adjusting of all directions.
Positioning fixture also can make above-mentioned leading screw into pinion and rack.
Described tool heads can increase by a hinges mechanism and adjust angle horizontal by 30 ° of-70 ° of angles in positioning fixture, also can use different braces or leading screw instead and change angle.
Described transducer adopts the piezo-electric type ultrasonic transducer, and tool heads adopts not only antiwear heat resisting but also material with certain intensity such as tool steel, titanium alloy, carbide alloy, and end face is processed sphere.
The course of work of welder is following: at first convert the industrial-frequency alternating current of 50Hz into superaudible high frequency ac signal through supersonic generator; Through transducer electric energy is converted into ultrasonic mechanical vibrational energy again; After horn is further amplified amplitude, ultrasonic is gone into mixing needle to-be-welded region on every side by tool heads.With positioning fixture vibration unit and friction stir welding machine are fixed again, make its in welding process along with stirring-head slides forward along seam to be welded, thereby realized ultrasonic auxiliary friction stir welding technical process.The interaction energy of ultrasonic vibration and material reduces the distortion of materials drag, improves the plastic fluidity of material, reduces the welding resistance thereby reach, and improves welding efficiency and welding quality, reduces the purpose to the requirement of agitating friction soldering equipment.The drawback that adopts the split type design of stirring-head and transducer horn can avoid the ultrasonic vibration of integral type design mixing needle hindered by huge downforce simultaneously; And do not change existing equipment; Only needing to add auxiliary equipment can use; Vibrational system is applicable to all size stirring-head, and the different thicknesss of slab of different materials are all had good adaptability.
The present invention is directed to the shortcoming that exists in the friction stir welding; Design directly ultrasonic wave is applied to the device on the material,, the distortion of materials drag is descended through the constitutive relation of ultrasonic wave change material; Thereby the welding resistance that stirring-head receives in the reduction welding process; Improve speed of welding and welding efficiency, improve welding quality, enlarge the applicable scope of welding parameter.With the ultrasonic transducer horn is compared with the stirring-head method of being coupled; The positioning fixture that uses design voluntarily with the system integration after; Not only can ensure the stability of vibrational system effectively, the two-dimensional adjustment about can also realizing on the fore-and-aft direction is easy to the distance between adjustment means head and the stirring-head; Be fit to the stirring-head of all size, have adaptability widely.
Compare with common friction stir welding, the effect of ultrasonic vibration is mainly reflected in three aspects in the friction stir welding:
(1) auxilliary adding, ultrasonicly can obtain good appearance of weld under less shaft shoulder pressure, thereby can reduce the requirement of friction stir welding to equipment.
(2) auxilliary adding, ultrasonicly can obtain good appearance of weld under the situation that improves speed of welding, helps to improve welding efficiency.
(3) auxilliary adding in the joint microstructure of ultrasonic back, welded nuclear district and all refinements to some extent of heating power influence district crystal grain, to improving seam organization certain positive impact arranged, and helps to improve the mechanical property of weld seam.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the auxiliary friction stir weld device structure chart of ultrasonic vibration of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the embodiment of the invention 1 a positioning fixture structural front view;
Fig. 3 is the embodiment of the invention 1 a positioning fixture structure left view;
Fig. 4 is the cuboid frame structure;
Fig. 5 is the cylinder clamp structure;
Fig. 6 is the embodiment of the invention 1 a face of weld pattern;
Fig. 7 is the embodiment of the invention 2 face of weld patterns;
Fig. 8 is the embodiment of the invention 1 welding material weldering nuclear district heterogeneous microstructure figure;
Fig. 9 is Comparative Examples 1 a face of weld pattern;
Figure 10 is Comparative Examples 2 face of weld patterns;
Figure 11 is Comparative Examples 1 welding material weldering nuclear district heterogeneous microstructure figure;
Figure 12 is the location drawing of friction stir welding machine baffle;
Wherein, 1. friction stir welding machine, 2. stirring-head, 3. positioning fixture, 4. horn, 5. tool heads; 6. butt-welded side seam, 7. supersonic generator, 8. transducer, 9. control panel, 10. cuboid framework; 11. brace, 12. cylinder anchor clamps, 13. front plates, 14. rear plates, the groove of 15. band tooth bars; 16. locating slot, 17. gear shafts, 18. fastening bolts, 19. studs, 20. baffle plates.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is further specified.
Friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration; Comprise friction stir welding machine 1, supersonic generator 7, transducer 8, horn 4, the tool heads 5 of being with stirring-head 2; Supersonic generator 7 connects vibration unit through signal transmssion line, and vibration unit comprises transducer 8, horn 4, tool heads 5, the transducer horn of ining succession; The horn tool heads of ining succession again; The two all connects through studs, and the ultrasonic vibration of tool heads imports the to-be-welded region of point in stirring-head the place ahead, and vibration unit is fixing with friction stir welding machine 1 through positioning fixture 3.
Described positioning fixture comprises cuboid framework 10, brace 11, cylinder anchor clamps 12; Cuboid framework 10 comprises front plate 13, rear plate 14; It between front plate 13, the rear plate 14 friction stir welding machine 1 upper guard-plate 20; Former and later two clamping plate closely cooperate (face contacts) with friction stir welding machine 1 upper guard-plate through special type studs 19, and a gear shaft 17 is installed in position, front plate 13 upper middle, and front plate 13 fronts hang a connecting piece 11; Groove 15 and locating slot 16 that the band tooth bar is arranged on the brace 11; The groove 15 formative gear tooth bars of band tooth bar cooperate on gear shaft 17 and the brace 11, and cylinder anchor clamps 12 are integrally welded with brace 11, and described brace 11 is fixed through the fastening bolt 18 that passes locating slot 16 and front apron 13.
Described tool heads 5 is horizontal by 50 ° of angles.
Front plate 13, rear plate 14 and four special type studs 19 are formed a cuboid framework 10, with the baffle-plate-sleeve in the place ahead on the stirring-head on the friction stir welding machine 1 inside and form and closely cooperate.Move whole framework all around and realize the two-dimensional adjustment on the horizontal direction, move to pass with bolt respectively behind the correct position before and after two clamping plates withstand on the baffle plate, realize fixing.The gear shaft of installing on the front plate 13 17 cooperates with the groove 15 formative gear tooth bars of band tooth bar, through the gear on the turning gear wheel shaft (being installed on the front plate), can up-down adjustment cylinder anchor clamps 12, and the adjusting of the realization third dimension.After being adjusted to desired location, be tightened on the front plate after fastening bolt 18 passed locating slot, can compress the cylinder anchor clamps, thereby realize the fixing of vibration unit.
Friction stir welding technology is assisted in ultrasonic vibration, uses the present embodiment device, converts industrial-frequency alternating current into superaudible high frequency ac signal through supersonic generator; Through transducer electric energy is converted into ultrasonic mechanical vibrational energy again, after horn is further amplified amplitude, earlier ultrasonic wave is imported from the to-be-welded region around the stirring-head by tool heads; Adopt the 2A12 aluminium alloy welding material of 200 * 60 * 6mm, the vibration frequency 20kHz of horn, amplitude 40 μ m; Open friction stir welding machine stirring-head and supersonic generator, carry out butt welding along welding direction, stirring-head rotational speed omega=600r/min; Speed of welding v=80mm/min, shaft shoulder volume under pressure 0.05mm.
Friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration; Comprise friction stir welding machine 1, supersonic generator 7, transducer 8, the vibration unit of being with stirring-head 2; Supersonic generator 7 connects vibration units through transducer 8, and vibration unit comprises horn 4, the tool heads 5 of ining succession below the horn 4; The ultrasonic vibration of tool heads 5 imports the to-be-welded region of point in stirring-head the place ahead, and vibration unit is fixing with friction stir welding machine 1 through positioning fixture 3.
Described positioning fixture comprises cuboid framework 10, leading screw, cylinder anchor clamps 12; Cuboid framework 10 comprises front plate 13, rear plate 14; Be friction stir welding machine 1 upper guard-plate 20 between front plate 13, the rear plate 14, former and later two clamping plate are through special type studs 19 and friction stir welding machine 1 upper guard-plate tight fit (face contacts), and a rotor is installed in position, front plate 13 upper middle; Rotor cooperates with leading screw; Rotary rotor can be realized moving up and down of leading screw, and cylinder anchor clamps are welded in the leading screw lower end, and other parts are identical with embodiment 1.
With the auxiliary friction stir weld device of present embodiment ultrasonic vibration, adopt the 2A12 aluminium alloy welding material of 200 * 60 * 6mm, drive the horn vibration with supersonic generator; The vibration frequency 20kHz of horn, amplitude 40 μ m open friction stir welding machine stirring-head and supersonic generator; Weld along welding direction; Stirring-head rotational speed omega=600r/min, speed of welding v=100mm/min, shaft shoulder volume under pressure 0.05mm.
Comparative Examples 1
Adopt the 2A12 aluminium alloy welding material of 200 * 60 * 6mm, with existing friction stir welding machine, open the friction stir welding machine stirring-head, identical with embodiment 1 welding parameter along the welding direction welding, difference is not add ultrasonic.
Comparative Examples 2
Adopt the 2A12 aluminium alloy welding material of 200 * 60 * 6mm, with existing friction stir welding machine, open the friction stir welding machine stirring-head, identical with embodiment 2 welding parameters along the welding direction welding, difference is not add ultrasonic.
Claims (8)
1. friction stir welding technology is assisted in ultrasonic vibration; It is characterized in that; Convert industrial-frequency alternating current into superaudible high frequency ac signal through supersonic generator, through transducer electric energy is converted into ultrasonic mechanical vibrational energy again, after horn is further amplified amplitude; Earlier ultrasonic wave is imported from the to-be-welded region around the stirring-head by tool heads, have stirring-head to weld again along welding direction.
2. friction stir welding technology is assisted in ultrasonic vibration according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described horn vibration frequency 20 ~ 100kHz, and amplitude 10 ~ 100 μ m, tool heads is apart from 10 ~ 50 millimeters in stirring-head axis.
3. friction stir welding technology is assisted in ultrasonic vibration according to claim 1, it is characterized in that optional process parameters range: stirring-head rotating speed 300-1000r/min, speed of welding 60-400mm/min, shaft shoulder volume under pressure 0.02-0.2mm.
4. friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration; It is characterized in that comprise friction stir welding machine, supersonic generator, transducer, horn, the tool heads of being with stirring-head, back three forms vibration unit; Supersonic generator connects vibration unit through signal transmssion line; Transducer links to each other with horn, the horn tool heads of ining succession again, and the two all connects through studs; The ultrasonic vibration of tool heads imports the to-be-welded region of point in stirring-head the place ahead, and vibration unit is fixed through positioning fixture and friction stir welding machine.
5. friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration according to claim 4; It is characterized in that described positioning fixture comprises cuboid framework, brace, cylinder anchor clamps, the cuboid framework comprises front plate, rear plate; It between front plate, the rear plate friction stir welding machine upper guard-plate; Former and later two clamping plate are through special type studs and friction stir welding machine upper guard-plate tight fit, and a gear shaft is installed in position, front plate upper middle, and the front plate front hangs a connecting piece; Groove and locating slot that the band tooth bar is arranged on the brace; The groove of band tooth bar forms rack-and-pinion and cooperates on gear shaft and the brace, and cylinder anchor clamps and brace are integrally welded, and described brace is fixed through the fastening bolt that passes locating slot and front apron.
6. friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, described tool heads is horizontal by 30 ° of-70 ° of angles.
7. friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, described tool heads end face is processed sphere.
8. friction stir weld device is assisted in ultrasonic vibration according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, described tool heads is tool steel, titanium alloy or carbide alloy.
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| CN201210244175.8A CN102744516B (en) | 2012-07-13 | 2012-07-13 | Ultrasonic vibration aided stir friction welding process and device |
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Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103121145A (en) * | 2013-02-07 | 2013-05-29 | 沈阳航空航天大学 | Method for manufacturing ultra-fine grain/nanocrystalline board and based on ultrasonic wave assistance semi-solid state stirring friction processing technology |
| CN103801815A (en) * | 2012-11-07 | 2014-05-21 | 上海航天设备制造总厂 | Power-ultrasound-assisted friction stir spot welding device and welding method |
| CN103894721A (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2014-07-02 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Stirring friction welding method with pre-welding and post-welding dual ultrasonic synchronous vibration assisting |
| CN105108361A (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2015-12-02 | 昆山斯格威电子科技有限公司 | Keyhole-less friction stir welding spot welding device and method |
| CN105364297A (en) * | 2015-12-09 | 2016-03-02 | 温州大学 | Vibratory welding device |
| CN105397277A (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2016-03-16 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Friction stir welding device and method by applying ultrasonic vibration from bottom |
| CN106238901A (en) * | 2016-08-22 | 2016-12-21 | 上海航天设备制造总厂 | A kind of ultrasonic wave added agitating friction weldering soldering appliance and welding method |
| CN106925883A (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2017-07-07 | 西安交通大学 | The radially superimposed formula agitating friction welding of large thick-wall ring increases material forming technology |
| CN106925884A (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2017-07-07 | 西安交通大学 | The axially stacked formula agitating friction welding of large thin-wall ring increases material forming technology |
| CN108637467A (en) * | 2018-05-21 | 2018-10-12 | 山东大学 | A kind of ultrasonic energy combined based on roller and stirring-head is laterally applied to device and method |
| CN113894406A (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2022-01-07 | 中车洛阳机车有限公司 | Double-vibration-source ultrasonic friction stir welding processing system and welding method thereof |
| CN114535774A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-05-27 | 江苏嘉一北科光学科技有限公司 | Dynamically adjustable friction stir welding device and welding method |
| CN115121932A (en) * | 2022-06-29 | 2022-09-30 | 广东铭利达科技有限公司 | Aluminum alloy ultrasonic vibration assisted stirring friction welding method |
| CN116100138A (en) * | 2022-12-28 | 2023-05-12 | 广东省科学院中乌焊接研究所 | Ultrasonic-assisted backfill type friction stir spot welding device and welding method |
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| CN103801815A (en) * | 2012-11-07 | 2014-05-21 | 上海航天设备制造总厂 | Power-ultrasound-assisted friction stir spot welding device and welding method |
| CN103121145A (en) * | 2013-02-07 | 2013-05-29 | 沈阳航空航天大学 | Method for manufacturing ultra-fine grain/nanocrystalline board and based on ultrasonic wave assistance semi-solid state stirring friction processing technology |
| CN103121145B (en) * | 2013-02-07 | 2015-08-26 | 沈阳航空航天大学 | A kind of method preparing Ultra-fine Grained/nanocrystalline sheet material based on ultrasonic wave added Semi-solid Stirring friction processing technology |
| CN103894721A (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2014-07-02 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Stirring friction welding method with pre-welding and post-welding dual ultrasonic synchronous vibration assisting |
| CN105108361A (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2015-12-02 | 昆山斯格威电子科技有限公司 | Keyhole-less friction stir welding spot welding device and method |
| CN105364297A (en) * | 2015-12-09 | 2016-03-02 | 温州大学 | Vibratory welding device |
| CN105397277A (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2016-03-16 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Friction stir welding device and method by applying ultrasonic vibration from bottom |
| CN106238901A (en) * | 2016-08-22 | 2016-12-21 | 上海航天设备制造总厂 | A kind of ultrasonic wave added agitating friction weldering soldering appliance and welding method |
| CN106925883A (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2017-07-07 | 西安交通大学 | The radially superimposed formula agitating friction welding of large thick-wall ring increases material forming technology |
| CN106925884A (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2017-07-07 | 西安交通大学 | The axially stacked formula agitating friction welding of large thin-wall ring increases material forming technology |
| CN106925883B (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2018-11-23 | 西安交通大学 | The radially superimposed formula Friction Stir Welding of large thick-wall ring increases material forming technology |
| CN108637467A (en) * | 2018-05-21 | 2018-10-12 | 山东大学 | A kind of ultrasonic energy combined based on roller and stirring-head is laterally applied to device and method |
| CN108637467B (en) * | 2018-05-21 | 2019-11-12 | 山东大学 | A kind of ultrasonic energy combined based on roller and stirring-head is laterally applied to device and method |
| CN113894406A (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2022-01-07 | 中车洛阳机车有限公司 | Double-vibration-source ultrasonic friction stir welding processing system and welding method thereof |
| CN114535774A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-05-27 | 江苏嘉一北科光学科技有限公司 | Dynamically adjustable friction stir welding device and welding method |
| CN114535774B (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2023-03-07 | 江苏嘉一北科光学科技有限公司 | Dynamically adjustable friction stir welding device and welding method |
| CN115121932A (en) * | 2022-06-29 | 2022-09-30 | 广东铭利达科技有限公司 | Aluminum alloy ultrasonic vibration assisted stirring friction welding method |
| CN116100138A (en) * | 2022-12-28 | 2023-05-12 | 广东省科学院中乌焊接研究所 | Ultrasonic-assisted backfill type friction stir spot welding device and welding method |
| CN116100138B (en) * | 2022-12-28 | 2023-07-28 | 广东省科学院中乌焊接研究所 | Ultrasonic-assisted backfill type friction stir spot welding device and welding method |
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