CN1027215C - 改进的等离子弧起弧方法 - Google Patents

改进的等离子弧起弧方法 Download PDF

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CN1027215C
CN1027215C CN90107870A CN90107870A CN1027215C CN 1027215 C CN1027215 C CN 1027215C CN 90107870 A CN90107870 A CN 90107870A CN 90107870 A CN90107870 A CN 90107870A CN 1027215 C CN1027215 C CN 1027215C
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韦恩·斯坦利·赛弗伦斯
托米·扎克·特纳
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Abstract

一种等离子弧焊炬的起弧方法，减小了电极的氧化，从而延长了电极的寿命。首先在焊炬电极的放电端和焊炬的喷嘴组件间产生非氧化气体流，然后在电极放电端和喷嘴组件间发生一引弧。转移引弧并终止非氧化气体流，然后产生氧化气体流用来形成等离子气体流。

Description

本发明涉及等离子弧焊炬的起弧方法，更具体来说涉及具有金属电极和位于电极放电端附近的喷嘴组件的等离子弧焊炬的起弧方法。
等离子弧焊炬一般包括一个金属电极和位于电极放电端附近的一喷嘴组件。这种焊炬通常以转移弧的方式工作，弧从电极的放电端通过喷嘴转移至工件。在焊炬中一般使用一种氧化气体来产生等离子体，从而更快更有效地切割工件。
但是，由于起弧并使弧从电极转移至工件所需电压很高，某些现有技术焊炬起弧时一般用一种非氧化气体在电极的放电端和喷嘴组件间产生一引弧。如果在起弧过程中使用一种氧化气体，则所用高压会产生严重的氧化状况，并缩短电极的有效寿命。然后将产生的弧转移至工件。当转移弧时，减小非氧化气体流，并向非氧化气体流中加入氧化气体如氧气。
上述现有技术的方法一般要求对气流进行谨慎的控制和定时，而且在某些焊炬中，要求一种特殊的焊炬结构。例如在一种焊炬设计中，在最初的起弧过程中氩气流过位于两个喷嘴构件之间的多个环形气孔。当弧已转移时，气孔中的一些氩气流终止，由氧化气体流取代，因此在焊炬转移弧的作业中，减小的氩气流与氧化气体相混合。在焊炬中综合使用氩气和氧气或空气时要求对两种不同的气流进行同时的复杂的控制，从而维持气流的正常混合和焊炬的正常工作。另外，切割时，在转移的等离子弧焊炬工作中，当非氧化气体与氧气或空气相混合时，非氧化气体如氩气使焊渣的生成增多。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种上述类型等离子弧焊炬的起弧方法，这种方法在引弧生成过程中使用非氧化气体流，并且只在等离子弧焊炬的转移作业中才使用一种新颖的，替代的氧化气体流。
实现本发明的上述的和其它的目的和优点的等离子弧焊炬的起弧方法，所使用的焊炬具有一金属电极和位于电极放电端附近的喷嘴组件，这种方法减小了电极的氧化，因而延长了电极的寿命。
在电极放电端和喷嘴组件之间首先产生非氧化气体流。然后，在电极放电端和喷嘴组件之间产生引弧。使引弧转移以便产生从电极放电端延伸至位于与电极相对的喷嘴组件侧的工件的转移弧。同时终止非氧化气体流，在电极放电端和喷嘴间产生一氧化气体流，这样转移弧和氧化气体就在电极放电端和工件之间产生等离子气流。在推荐实施例中，非氧化气体基本由氮气组成，氧化气体基本由氧气组成。
在完成切割之后，转移弧与氧化气体流同时终止。另外，在电极放电端和喷嘴组件间产生非氧化气体流。
上面已经叙述了本发明的某些目的和优点，现 在对照以下附图详细描述本发明，本发明的其它目的和优点也会更加清楚。
图1是本发明方法中可以使用的等离子弧焊炬的纵剖视图;
图2是在本发明的方法中比较气流和时间以及弧流和时间的两曲线图;
图3所示的示意图表示本发明方法中等离子弧焊炬工作的基本零件及其电路关系。
现在对照这些附图，特别是图1，图中画出本发明起弧方法可使用的一种等离子弧焊炬。等离子弧焊炬10包括一个喷嘴组件12和一管状电极14。电极14最好用铜或铜合金制成，它由上部管形件15和下部杯形件16构成。更具体来说，上部管形件15是长的，畅通的管状结构，它限定了焊炬的纵轴。管形件15也包括一个带内螺纹的下端部17。杯形件16也是管状结构，它包括一个下部前端和一个上部后端。横向端壁18封闭杯形件16的前端，横向端部18限定了一外端的前面20，杯形件的后端上有外螺纹，与上部的管形件的下端部17上的内螺纹接合。
在端壁18的前面20内形成一沿纵轴向后延伸的空腔24。一插块组件26装在该空腔中，该组件具有一基本呈圆柱形的发射插块28，插块28沿纵轴同轴安置。发射插块28由较低工作性能的金属材料制成，因此适于在作用其上电势时稳定地发射电子。适当的这种金属材料是铪，锆，钨及其合金。
一种相对来说非发射性的套筒32放置在空腔24内，同轴地套在发射插块28上，套筒32有一周壁和一封闭的底壁34，与两壁冶金粘贴在空腔的壁上。另外，套筒32包括一环形凸缘35，因而形成一外环面，该外环面位于杯形件前面20的平面内。套筒32的进一步描述见1990年1月17日提交的共同的未决美国专利申请07/466，205号。
在图示实施例中，电极14装在等离子弧焊炬本体38内，本体38具有气体通道40和液体通道42。焊炬本体38由一绝缘外套44包围。
一条管46悬挂在电极14的中心孔48内，用于液体介质如水的循环使其通过电极14的结构。管46的直径小于孔48的直径以便形成一空间49，当水从管46放出时容水流动。水从水源（未画出）流过管46，再通过空间49回流至焊炬本体38上的开口52，再流向一条排水软管（未画出）。
通道42使水喷入喷嘴组件12，在其中水形成包围等离子弧的旋涡。气体通道40从适当气源（未画出）接受气体，按照本发明该气源包括一个非氧化气体源，最好是氮气源，以及一个氧化气体源，最好是氧气源。也可以使用空气，分别控制非氧化气流和氧化气流的装置（未画出）控制气流进入通道，通过任何适当的耐高温瓷材料制成的普通气流挡板将公知的旋流状态的气体导入一通风室56。气流通过限制弧的喷嘴组件12的共轴孔60和62从通风室56中流出。电极14将瓷的气流挡板和一耐高温塑料绝缘件55固定在位。绝缘件55使喷嘴组件12和电极14之间绝缘。喷嘴组件12具有一个上喷嘴件63和一个下喷嘴件64，件63和64分别具有一个第一和第二孔60和62。虽然上、下喷嘴件可以都是金属的，但是下喷嘴件最好是瓷材料如氧化铝的。通过塑料衬垫65和水旋流环66使下喷嘴件64与上喷嘴件63隔开。上喷嘴件63和下喷嘴件64之间的空间形成一水室67。上喷嘴件63的孔63与焊炬电极14的纵轴是轴向对准的。孔60是圆孔，邻近通风室56有大约45°倒角的坡口。
下喷嘴件64具有一圆柱形部分70，它形成向前（即向下）的端部和一向后（即向上）的端部，并具有与部分70共轴的孔62。在后端部有一环形凸缘71，在前端部之外形成一截锥面72，与第二孔62共轴。环形凸缘71下部受杯形件74下端内凸缘73支承，杯形件74靠连接螺纹可卸式装在外壳44上，在两凸缘71和73之间也有一垫片75。
下喷嘴件64上的限制弧的孔62是圆孔，靠适当塑料制成定心套78与上喷嘴件63上限制弧的孔60保持轴向对准。定心套78下端有一个凸出部，可锁入上喷嘴件63的环形凹口中。定心套78从上喷嘴延伸与下喷嘴件64偏动接合。在下喷嘴件64***定心套78之前，先组装旋流环66和衬垫65。水从通道42通过定心套78的开口85流到旋流环66的喷口87，将水喷入水室67。喷口87沿旋流环切向设置，使水在水室67中形成旋涡状。水从水室67流出。通过下喷嘴件64上的限 制弧的孔62。
如图3所示，一引弧电源90以串联关系与电极13和焊炬本体相连。开关装置（图中未画）可以控制最初的引弧，开关装置可以为肘节开关，位于焊炬上的适合操作者使用的部位。一个主电源91连接于焊炬电极14，与一接地的金属工件成串联关系。
现在描述操作方法，为了按照本发明的方法使上述等离子弧焊炬起弧，使非氧化气体流，最好是氮气流进入气体通道40，这一气流受普通的气流挡板54导向，以旋流方式进行通风室56并从通风室56向外流，通过喷嘴组件12的限制弧的共轴孔60，62。然后在电极放电端和喷嘴组件12（图2）之间瞬间产生一引弧。引弧分别通过限制弧的孔66和62被转移至工件。当引弧转移时，基本同时地终止非氧化气体流，一个新的氧化气体流被引入通道40，并通过气流挡板进入通风室56，接着通过喷嘴组件12的限制弧的共轴孔60，62。被转移的弧和氧化气体在电极和工件W间通过喷嘴组件12产生等离子气流。每一个限制弧的孔60和62都有助于弧的强化和对准。进入通道42的水被导向喷入喷嘴组件12，在其中变成旋涡状态，用于包围等离子弧。
为终止焊炬的工作，基本同时地终止被转移的弧和氧化气体流。与此同时，使非氧化气体流，最好是氮气流进入通道40，最后通过喷嘴组件12的共轴孔60和62，从而在电极放电端和喷嘴组件之间产生非氧化气体流。
本发明的起弧方法具有多种优点。在非氧化气体中使焊炬起弧，克服了焊炬氧气火焰起弧的问题，如在焊炬零件间起弧的问题。在火焰确实出现时，非氧化气体的二次流可以用于灭火。在使用铜喷嘴的许多焊炬设计中，也大大减小了铜喷嘴的氧化和腐蚀。喷嘴的氧化会影响起弧和切割质量。也大大减小了电极铜质部分的氧化。由于电极和喷嘴的使用寿命延长，所以本发明的方法可增加起弧次数。
说明书和附图描述了本发明的一个推荐实施例，这是为了便于清楚地描述本发明，而并不是对本发明的限定。

Claims (6)

1、一种等离子弧焊炬的起弧方法，这种等离子弧焊炬具有一个金属电极和一个邻近于电极放电端的喷嘴组件，这种方法减小了电极的氧化，从而延长了电极的寿命，所述方法具有以下步骤：在电极放电端和喷嘴组件间产生一个非氧化气体流，然后在电极放电端和喷嘴组件间产生一引弧，然后转移引弧以便产生一转移后的从电极放电端延伸至位于喷嘴组件的与电极相对一侧的工件的弧，在终止非氧化气体流的基本同时，在电极放电端和喷嘴组件间产生一氧化气体流，因而转移的弧和氧化气体流在电极放电端和工件间产生一个等离子气流。
2、如权利要求1所述的起弧方法，其特征在于，该方法接着还包括以下步骤：终上转移的弧，基本上同时地终止氧化气体流，并基本同时地在电极放电端和喷嘴组件间产生非氧化气体流。
3、如权利要求2所述的起弧方法，其特征在于：所述非氧化气体基本由氮气组成，而所述氧化气体基本由氧气组成。
4、如权利要求3所述的起弧方法，其特征在于：所述喷嘴组件具有邻近所述电极放电端安装的一个上喷嘴件和一个邻近上述上喷嘴件的在上喷嘴件的上与所述电极相对一侧安装的下喷嘴件，上、下喷嘴件分别具有对准的孔，用做等离子气流的通道，所述方法还包括下述步骤：基本与转移引弧的步骤同时，在上、下喷嘴件间引入一个液体流，以便用该液体流包围等离子气流。
5、如权利要求4所述的起弧方法，其特征在于：所述液体是水。
6、如权利要求5所述的起弧方法，其特征在于：所述电极具有一个基本为圆柱形的位于电极放电端的发射插块。
CN90107870A 1990-03-02 1990-09-20 改进的等离子弧起弧方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1027215C (zh)

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FI904183A0 (fi) 1990-08-23
NO903751L (no) 1991-09-03
EP0444344A2 (en) 1991-09-04
NO903751D0 (no) 1990-08-27
HUT58580A (en) 1992-03-30
IL95514A (en) 1993-08-18
IE903018A1 (en) 1991-09-11
PL287579A1 (en) 1991-10-21
DE69018611T2 (de) 1995-11-23
HU905301D0 (en) 1991-02-28
KR910016428A (ko) 1991-11-05
EP0444344B1 (en) 1995-04-12
US5017752A (en) 1991-05-21
KR930005953B1 (ko) 1993-06-30
JPH03258464A (ja) 1991-11-18
FI904183A (fi) 1991-09-03
AU624051B2 (en) 1992-05-28
CN1054698A (zh) 1991-09-18
CA2023991C (en) 1995-05-23
ATE121257T1 (de) 1995-04-15
EP0444344A3 (en) 1992-01-02
CS427790A3 (en) 1992-09-16
DE69018611D1 (de) 1995-05-18
IL95514A0 (en) 1991-06-30
BR9004874A (pt) 1991-11-19
DK0444344T3 (da) 1995-08-28
ZA906797B (en) 1991-06-26
AU6130690A (en) 1991-09-05

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