CN102350334A - Graphene/mesoporous titanium dioxide visible light catalyst and preparation method - Google Patents
Graphene/mesoporous titanium dioxide visible light catalyst and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a graphene/mesoporous titanium dioxide visible light catalyst and a preparation method, and belongs to the technical fields of nanometer composite materials and photocatalysis. The method comprises the following steps of: adding a graphene oxide into glacial acetic acid, and performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain dispersion liquid of the graphene oxide; and adding a titanium source into the dispersion liquid of the graphene oxide, and preparing the graphene/mesoporous titanium dioxide nanometer composite visible light catalyst in a one-step in-situ form by a hydrothermal method. The graphene/mesoporous titanium dioxide visible light catalyst has the advantages of readily available raw materials and low cost, the preparation process is simple and convenient, and titanium dioxide in the obtained nanometer composite material has a nanometer poroid structure, a regular size and a special appearance; and titanium dioxide nanometer granules can be distributed on the surface of graphene and are high in dispersity. Photocatalytic degradation experiments indicate that the graphene/mesoporous titanium dioxide nanometer composite light catalyst has a good photocatalytic degradation effect on rhodamine B under the irradiation of visible light, and is an ideal nanometer composite visible light catalyst.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light Catalysts and its preparation method; Be meant that especially the hot legal system of water is equipped with the method for Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst, belongs to nano composite material and photocatalysis technology field.
Background technology
TiO
2Because of its chemical property is stablized; Anti-photoetch ability is strong, and indissoluble is nontoxic; Cost is low; Be most popular catalysis material in the research, it can utilize the ultraviolet ray below 390 nm in the visible light well, and the short uv light that needn't use expensive with harmful artificial light sources (like high-pressure sodium lamp etc.) to be sent; Detitanium-ore-type TiO
2Activity the highest, be the most effectively photochemical catalyst that is widely used in entire environment protection field (example: the sterilization of water purification, wastewater treatment, nuisance control, air cleaning and water, sterilization etc.), therefore, TiO
2Become the environmental type catalyst that has the exploitation future most; But the photocatalysis efficiency of pure titinium dioxide is very low, and the absorption of sunshine is only limited to ultraviolet band, has influenced it greatly to solar energy utilization rate, has reduced actual application value, through the preparation TiO that mixes
2Composite can effectively improve TiO
2Photocatalytic activity; Graphene has very big specific area and good optics, mechanics and electric property as a kind of novel two-dimensional nano material with carbon element.Both can be used as a kind of good carrier; Also can better give play to its excellent photoelectric performance; In general, because the special energy gap of titanium dioxide, its photocatalysis performance depends on parameters such as its crystal formation, size, pattern and specific area to a great extent.Graphene and TiO
2Effectively compound, not only can improve the dispersiveness of titania nanoparticles, simultaneously at the interface of two kinds of materials, because TiO on Graphene surface
2Optical excitation electronics on the conduction band can be transferred to being with of Graphene, thereby greatly reduces the right recombination rate in Cyberspace-hole, makes TiO
2Have higher catalytic activity, because the adjustment of band structure, Graphene can also be brought into play the effect of photosensitizer, makes TiO
2Absorption region expand visible region to, effectively improved utilization to solar energy.
Literature survey finds that Dai etc. [Nano. Res., 2010,3 (10): 701-705] reported the preparation method of a kind of Graphene/titanium dioxide nanocrystalline composite, and this method is adopted and earlier graphene oxide is dispersed in EtOH-H
280 ° of C heating in the mixed solvent of O, then with titanium sulfate and mixed solution join behind the above-mentioned solution 80 ° of C reactions 12 hours, centrifugalize resulting head product and further be dispersed in H
2In the O-DMF mixed solvent, the following 200 ° of C reaction of hydrothermal condition obtained final Graphene-anatase titania nano composite material in 20 hours; Though this method is prepared the nano composite material with photocatalysis effect; But building-up process was divided into for two steps; The graphene oxide dispersion treatment needs certain temperature and long time in the first step process, uses the concentrated sulfuric acid and virose DMF in the second step process, though the titania nanoparticles that is grown on the Graphene is smaller; But do not have further micro-nano structure, dispersiveness is also good inadequately; They also prepare Graphene-titanic oxide nano compound material through the method for direct redox graphene of hydro-thermal reaction and P25 (the commercial titanium dioxide of using); But titanium dioxide dispersed poor on Graphene in the resulting product; The reunion and the accumulation of Graphene appear; This is with directly to use titanium dioxide to mix relevant, and composite does not have the report of visible light photocatalytic degradation to the photocatalytic degradation effect of rhodamine B under the ultraviolet light only investigating aspect the photocatalysis performance; [New J. Chem. such as Li; 2011; 35 (2): 353-359] and Jiao etc. [Nano. Res., 2011,4 (3): 274-283] also report the preparation method of Graphene-anatase titania nano composite photo-catalyst; But the anatase titania structure in the nano composite photo-catalyst that is obtained all is the nano particle with micro-structural; The surface is all relatively smooth and specific area is less, unfavorable transmission and transition with electronics in the light photocatalytic process, thus influence its photocatalysis effect; Chinese patent (CN101658786; CN101937985A) reported respectively the method that adopts electron irradiation titanium tetrafluoride and graphene oxide suspension, earlier synthesize graphene oxide-titanic oxide nano compound material then the method for liquid-phase reduction prepare Graphene-titanic oxide nano compound material; Weak point is that process is more loaded down with trivial details, and the titanium dioxide crystal form that obtains and pattern are good inadequately.
At present about Graphene-mesoporous TiO 2; Especially the in-situ preparing Graphene-preparation method of mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst and the report of application are very few; The general employing is dispersed in graphene oxide in the solvent; Add the titanium source then, the method that titanium source and graphene oxide is reduced into synchronously titanium dioxide and Graphene prepares; Chinese patent (CN101890344A) is through preparing a kind of Graphene-titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst with ultrasonic being dispersed in of titanium salt presoma under hydrothermal condition in the organic solvent; Though improved the dispersion problem of titanium dioxide on Graphene; Effectively avoided reuniting and piling up; But resulting titanium dioxide granule pattern is rule inadequately, does not more have micro-structural; The preparation method of report such as Cheng a kind of mesoporous TiO 2 ball-graphene nano composite; This method was dispersed in the small amounts Graphene in a large amount of concentrated sulfuric acids ultrasonic 2 hours; Add titanium sulfate then and mix back hydrothermal condition after following reaction a period of time; Centrifugal drying obtains mesoporous TiO 2 ball-graphene nano composite, but uses a large amount of concentrated sulfuric acids in this method building-up process, brings bigger potential injury to building-up process.
It is reactant that the present invention adopts graphene oxide, titanium salt presoma, uses glacial acetic acid as the synthetic titanium dioxide-graphene nano composite visible light catalyst with meso-hole structure of one step of aqueous solvent heat condition original position, and report is not arranged at present.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to single, the problems such as pattern is irregular, visible light catalytic poor effect of titanium dioxide structure, a kind of method that conveniently prepares Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst is provided to existence in present Graphene-titanic oxide nano compound photocatalyst and preparation method thereof.
The technical scheme that the present invention adopted is to be raw material with graphene oxide and tetrabutyl titanate, mixes through mechanical agitation earlier, utilizes hydro-thermal reaction further to make Graphene/titanium dioxide nano compounded visible light photocatalyst then, and concrete steps are:
(1) be scattered in the glacial acetic acid graphene oxide is ultrasonic, obtaining concentration is the graphene oxide glacial acetic acid dispersion liquid of 0.02-0.5wt%;
(2) in above-mentioned graphene oxide glacial acetic acid dispersion liquid, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate, magnetic agitation obtains mixed solution 1, and the mass percentage concentration of tetrabutyl titanate is the 1-5wt% of glacial acetic acid in the mixed solution;
(3) the above-mentioned mixed solution that mixes 1 is transferred in the hydrothermal reaction kettle, 160-220 ° of C reacted 18-30 hour down;
(4) after the product that step (3) reaction is obtained was cooled to room temperature, centrifugation was also used absolute ethanol washing, vacuum drying;
(5) the 350-500 ° of C heat treatment in the tube furnace of argon gas or nitrogen atmosphere of dried sample was obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst in 0.5-2 hour.
Prepared graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst; Form by Graphene and titanium dioxide; It is characterized in that: the titanium dioxide nanoparticle of fusiformis is dispersed on the graphene film; Particle diameter is distributed between the 20-100nm; Single shuttle type titanium dioxide nanoparticle is formed by the orderly multilayer self assembly of the littler titanium dioxide nanocrystalline of size, and the particle diameter of titanium dioxide nanocrystalline is distributed between the 5-15 nm, and the shuttle type titanium dioxide nanoparticle that self assembly forms has meso-hole structure; Said nano composite photo-catalyst can absorbing wavelength be the visible light of 400-800nm; Absorbance increases along with the increase of visible wavelength is linear; Under excited by visible light, rhodamine B is had good photocatalytic degradation effect, rhodamine B is degraded fully in 1 hour.
Characteristics of the present invention are earlier raw material and presoma to be mixed stirring; Utilize hydro-thermal reaction in-situ preparing Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalysis material then; Its advantage is with low cost; Preparation process handy and safe, nano-TiO in the prepared nano compounded visible light catalyst that goes out
2Particle size is even, and pattern is special, and has mesoporous single-crystal microstructure; Because chemical b ` that both see and stronger active force; Titanium dioxide can be uniformly distributed in the Graphene surface; Good dispersion has promptly been avoided the reunion of self particle, has also effectively prevented the heavily accumulation of Graphene lamella; The peculiar structure of nano composite material makes it have good heat endurance and excellent photocatalysis activity, in fields such as environmental protection, functional composite material and photocatalysis potential using value is arranged all.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the uv-visible absorption spectra comparison diagram of two kinds of materials; 1 is the uv-visible absorption spectra of titanium dioxide, and 2 is the uv-visible absorption spectra of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst;
Fig. 2 is the scanning electron microscope diagram of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst;
Fig. 3 is the low multiple transmission electron microscope figure of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst;
Fig. 4 is the high multiple transmission electron microscope figure of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst;
Fig. 5 is the high resolution transmission electron microscopy figure of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst;
Fig. 6 is the electron diffraction diagram of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst;
Fig. 7 is the X-ray diffractogram of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst;
Fig. 8 be two kinds of materials under visible light under the light application time to the photocatalytic degradation curve comparison diagram of rhodamine B; 1 is the degradation curve of titanium dioxide to rhodamine B, and 2 is the degradation curve of Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst to rhodamine B.
The specific embodiment
To combine specific embodiment further to illustrate content of the present invention below, but these embodiment do not limit protection scope of the present invention.
20 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid; Obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 2 hours, in the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 1mL then, after continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus; Then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle; 160 ℃ were reacted 30 hours down, after the product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates, cleaned the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol and were placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times; 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 350 ° of C heat treatment 2h obtain Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst.
20 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid; Obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 3 hours; In the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 2mL then; After continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus, then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 200 ℃ were reacted 24 hours down; After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Clean the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol and be placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times, 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 400 ° of C heat treatments obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst in 30 minutes.
Graphene/meso-porous titanium dioxide the titanium nanometer composite material that Fig. 1 goes out for this embodiment is prepared and the uv-visible absorption spectra figure of titanium dioxide; We can find out from Fig. 1; After titanium dioxide and Graphene are effectively compound; The absorption spectrum of nano composite material obviously moves to visible region, and absorbance obviously strengthens.
The scanning electron microscope diagram of Graphene/meso-porous titanium dioxide titanium nanometer composite material that Fig. 2 goes out for this embodiment is prepared; We can find out that resulting titanium dioxide demonstrates special shuttle pattern from figure; Size is even, and the nanostructured of the visible assembling of nano particle clearly in surface.
The low multiple transmission electron microscope figure of Graphene/meso-porous titanium dioxide titanium nanometer composite material that Fig. 3 goes out for this embodiment is prepared; The titanium dioxide granule of visible shuttle shape and the flake graphite alkene of tulle shape among the figure do not have obviously reunion and titanium dioxide and are dispersed on the Graphene more uniformly between titanium dioxide granule.
The high multiple transmission electron microscope figure of Graphene/meso-porous titanium dioxide titanium nanometer composite material that Fig. 4 goes out for this embodiment is prepared; We can find out from figure; The titanium dioxide granule of shuttle shape has mesoporous micro-structural, is to be assembled according to certain orientations by many littler titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
The high resolution transmission electron microscopy figure of Graphene/meso-porous titanium dioxide titanium nanometer composite material that Fig. 5 goes out for this embodiment is prepared, as can be seen from the figure titanium dioxide has neat high preferred orientation.
The electron diffraction diagram of Graphene/meso-porous titanium dioxide titanium nanometer composite material that Fig. 6 goes out for this embodiment is prepared, diffracting spectrum has confirmed the mono-crystalline structures of titanium dioxide.
The X-ray diffracting spectrum of Graphene/meso-porous titanium dioxide titanium nanometer composite material that Fig. 7 goes out for this embodiment is prepared; All diffraction maximum all matches with the titanium dioxide of anatase among the figure; The diffraction maximum of the graphene oxide about 10 ° disappears; Confirm graphene oxide generation along with anatase titania in water-heat process; Be converted into Graphene, but since the diffraction maximum of Graphene and titanium dioxide in the diffraction maximum position about 26 ° close and intensity a little less than because can't observe in the drawings.
Embodiment 3
20 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid, obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 2 hours, in the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 3mL then, after continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus.Then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 220 ℃ were reacted 18 hours down; After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Cleaning the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol is placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times; 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 500 ° of C heat treatments obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst in 30 minutes.
Embodiment 4
20 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid, obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 3 hours, in the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 4 mL then, after continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus.Then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 200 ℃ were reacted 24 hours down.After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Cleaning the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol is placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times; 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 400 ° of C heat treatments obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst in 30 minutes.
50 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid, obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 2 hours, in the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 2 mL then, after continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus.Then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 200 ℃ were reacted 24 hours down; After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Cleaning the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol is placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times; 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 450 ° of C heat treatment 1h obtain Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst.
Embodiment 6
100 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid, obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 3 hours, in the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 2 mL then, after continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus.Then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 200 ℃ were reacted 24 hours down; After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Cleaning the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol is placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times; 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 400 ° of C heat treatments obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst in 30 minutes.
Embodiment 7
200 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid, obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 2 hours, in the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 2 mL then, after continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus.Then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 200 ℃ were reacted 24 hours down; After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Cleaning the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol is placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times; 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 400 ° of C heat treatments obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst in 30 minutes.
500 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid, obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 3 hours, in the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 2 mL then, after continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus.Then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 200 ℃ were reacted 24 hours down; After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Cleaning the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol is placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times; 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 400 ° of C heat treatments obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst in 30 minutes.
Prepared Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 the nano composite photo-catalyst that goes out of the present invention is used to the photocatalytic degradation experiment of rhodamine B, and detailed process and step are following:
The nano composite photo-catalyst of 100 mg is scattered in respectively in the rhodamine B solution of 100 mL (concentration is 1 mg/mL), the dispersion liquid that mixes continues to stir a period of time makes it reach adsorption equilibrium.Then the dispersion liquid that mixes is transferred in the photo catalysis reactor; After light-catalyzed reaction begins; Whenever extracting the postradiation mixed dispersion liquid of 4 mL at a distance from 10 minutes with syringe transfers in the centrifuge tube of mark; After the light-catalyzed reaction 90 minutes; With the sample in all centrifuge tubes centrifugation, the resulting supernatant liquor in centrifugal back is further transferred in the quartz colorimetric utensil in the absorbance of measuring on the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer under the different photocatalysis time, thereby obtains under each time period nano composite photo-catalyst to the photocatalytic degradation effect of rhodamine B.
Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst that Fig. 8 goes out for embodiment 2 is prepared under the visible light condition to rhodamine B photocatalytic degradation figure.As can be seen from the figure, in 90 minutes, this nano composite photo-catalyst almost reaches 100 % to the degradation rate of rhodamine B.
Claims (3)
1. Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 visible light catalyst; Form by Graphene and titanium dioxide; It is characterized in that: the titanium dioxide nanoparticle of fusiformis is dispersed on the graphene film, and particle diameter is distributed between the 20-100nm, and single shuttle type titanium dioxide nanoparticle is formed by the orderly multilayer self assembly of the littler titanium dioxide nanocrystalline of size; The particle diameter of titanium dioxide nanocrystalline is distributed between the 5-15 nm, and the shuttle type titanium dioxide nanoparticle that self assembly forms has meso-hole structure; Said nano composite photo-catalyst can absorbing wavelength be the visible light of 400-800nm; Absorbance increases along with the increase of visible wavelength is linear; Under excited by visible light, rhodamine B is had good photocatalytic degradation effect, rhodamine B is degraded fully in 1 hour.
2. a kind of Graphene as claimed in claim 1/mesoporous TiO 2 visible light Preparation of catalysts method is characterized in that comprising the steps:
(1) be scattered in the glacial acetic acid graphene oxide is ultrasonic, obtaining concentration is the graphene oxide glacial acetic acid dispersion liquid of 0.02-0.5wt%;
(2) in above-mentioned graphene oxide glacial acetic acid dispersion liquid, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate, magnetic agitation obtains mixed solution 1, and the mass percentage concentration of tetrabutyl titanate is the 1-5wt% of glacial acetic acid in the mixed solution 1;
(3) the above-mentioned mixed solution that mixes 1 is transferred in the hydrothermal reaction kettle, 160-220 ° of C reacted 18-30 hour down;
(4) after the product that step (3) reaction is obtained was cooled to room temperature, centrifugation was also used absolute ethanol washing, vacuum drying;
(5) the 350-500 ° of C heat treatment in the tube furnace of argon gas or nitrogen atmosphere of dried sample was obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano compounded visible light catalyst in 0.5-2 hour.
3. a kind of Graphene as claimed in claim 2/mesoporous TiO 2 visible light Preparation of catalysts method is characterized in that comprising the steps:
20 mg graphene oxides are added in the 80 mL glacial acetic acid; Obtained the graphene oxide dispersion liquid in ultrasonic 3 hours; In the dispersion liquid of above-mentioned graphene oxide, dropwise add tetrabutyl titanate 2mL then; After continuing to stir 30 minutes on the magnetic stirring apparatus, then above-mentioned mixed liquor is transferred to 100 milliliters hydrothermal reaction kettle, 200 ℃ were reacted 24 hours down; After product high speed centrifugation after the hydro-thermal reaction separates; Clean the repeated centrifugation washing with absolute ethyl alcohol and be placed in the vacuum drying oven for several times, 60 ℃ dry 24 hours down, resulting sample further in the tube furnace of argon shield 400 ° of C heat treatments obtained Graphene/mesoporous TiO 2 nano composite photo-catalyst in 30 minutes.
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