CN102288741B - Method for rapidly measuring rill erodibility of soil - Google Patents
Method for rapidly measuring rill erodibility of soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN102288741B CN102288741B CN201110206328.5A CN201110206328A CN102288741B CN 102288741 B CN102288741 B CN 102288741B CN 201110206328 A CN201110206328 A CN 201110206328A CN 102288741 B CN102288741 B CN 102288741B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for rapidly measuring the rill erodibility of soil. The method comprises the following steps of: selecting a sloping surface serving as a test area; excavating rills of the same specification; performing runoff scouring on the rills respectively; measuring and calculating the flow, erosion rate, flow speed and runoff shearing force of the rills; drawing a scatter diagram by taking the erosion rate of the rills as a value Y and taking the runoff shearing force as a value X; and performing linear fitting, wherein the gradient of a fitting straight line is the erodibility value of the rills. The method is suitable for various different sloping surface conditions, and has low requirement on the test environment; the occupied test area is small; test arranged is simple, and mainly depends on a water supply device; the measurement is simple and rapid, and one measurement can be finished outdoors within several hours; and a measurement result is reliable.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to conservation technology field, be specifically related to a kind of rapid assay methods of soil rill erosion property.
background technology
Soil erosion is global ecological environment problem.A large amount of fertile soils are not only taken away in soil erosion, cause land deterioration, and bring silt, polluter into river, Yu Tang storehouse, lake, cause the series of problems such as big flood, water environment pollution.
The erosion caused by sloping surfaces, particularly rill erosion are the major reasons of soil erosion.Rill erosion property is used for representing the ability that soil opposing rill flow washes away, and is the key parameter that quantitatively calculates the erosion caused by sloping surfaces, and existing assay method is mainly applicable to indoor conditions, can not meet the needs of Fast Measurement rill erosion property on natural slope.
summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of easy and simple to handlely and quick, and testing equipment and condition are not had to too high requirement, be applicable to the rill erosion property rapid assay methods of soil under the various complex environments in field.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
A rill erosion property rapid assay methods, comprises the steps:
Step 1, soil surface treatment
Choose one domatic as test site, test site is along being not less than 3m along slope direction length, the wide 1.5m that is not less than, the gradient is at 5 °-10 °.Remove earth's surface weeds in test site, make earth's surface exposed, and turned in earth's surface, rake, the degree of depth of turning over is earth's surface 10cm at least below.
Determining of step 2, rill specification:
In test site, according to along 5 of slope direction excavation rills, rill length L is 2m, and rill transversal section is U-shaped, and transversal section width d is 5cm, and depth D is 5cm, and bottom of trench is with domatic parallel, adjacent rill spacing 10cm;
It is the key of measuring that moisture is controlled.Because rill is to germinate under the state reaching capacity in soil moisture content, so need before measuring to guarantee that by various measures soil moisture is saturated: 1) sprayed water in test site, make to show soil as far as possible moistening; 2) above test site, excavate puddle, and continue to inject clear water, by under blend side and ooze, make soil bottom, test site saturated, with reduce test site table soil moisture under ooze; 3) at the left and right sides, test site excavation curb, and is communicated with puddle, top, keeps runoff to continue in curb mobile, saturated with warranty test district soil from the side.
Above the upward slope direction of rill, have water source, water source supplies water to rill by water supply line, has a valve control the uninterrupted of runoff and close on water supply line, at rill upward slope direction ditch head, places double-layer plastic gauze pad; In the outlet of rill direction of fall, afflux groove is installed, and is connected plastic flexible pipe, for runoff and sediment is derived and collected.
Adopt the clear water runoff of 5 different flows respectively 5 rills to be washed away by double-layer plastic gauze pad, control flow respectively 2,4,6,8,10L/min left and right.
Every 2min with graduated cylinder by plastic flexible pipe get collection stay samples whole in groove once, record sample volume V and sample time T
1, sample volume V unit is L, sample time T
1unit is s, utilizes formula R=V/T
1calculate the actual flow R in each rill, flux unit is L/s;
It is W that whole samples in each graduated cylinder are proceeded to sylphon weight
1aluminium box in, insert baking oven and dry 24 hours at 105 ℃ of temperature, then weigh, obtain dry husky and aluminium box general assembly (TW) W
2, utilize formula
calculate rill erosion rate E, the unit conversion of rill erosion rate E becomes kg/ (m
2s);
Employing methylene blue solution is coloring agent, after rill flow is stable, at rill entrance, splashes into coloring agent, records coloring agent and with runoff, arrives the time T of rill outlet
2, utilize formula v=L/T
2the flow velocity v that calculates rill flow, wherein flow velocity v unit is m/s, and L is rill length, and unit is m, T
2for Measuring Time, unit is s, repeats to average for 3 times;
Utilize formula
calculate runoff shear stress τ, in formula, γ is water capacity weight, value 9800N/m
3; S is hydraulic gradient, s=sin (α), and α is surface slope, unit is °; H is the depth of water, and unit is m; Q is flow, and unit is L/s; D is rill width, and unit is cm; V is rill flow velocity, and unit is m/s; The runoff shear stress τ unit conversion finally calculating is N/m
2;
Using the erosion ratio of rill as Y value, take runoff shear stress as X value, draw scatter diagram, then carry out Linear Quasi and, the slope that fits straight line is rill erosion property value, the unit of rill erosion property value is kg/ (m
2sPa).
Adopt method of the present invention to measure soil rill erosion property, tool has the following advantages:
1) be applicable to various domatic condition, less demanding to experimental enviroment; 2) occupy less test area; 3) test is arranged simply, mainly relies on water supply installation; 4) measure easy fast, complete in the wild once and measure and only need a few hours; 5) measurement result is reliable.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is schematic diagram in test site of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the sectional view of rill of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the scatter diagram of the specific embodiment of the invention one.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with instantiation, the present invention is further elaborated, to help the understanding of the present invention.The measuring equipments such as water system of the present invention all can be bought on market or simple processing obtains.
Embodiment mono-
Test site: Suo Wanzhou ecologic environment testing station, mountain region, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu, particular location is in Chang Ling town, Wanzhou in Chongqing.
Concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1, soil surface treatment
Determine test site, the milpa that is 10 ° by a slice gradient pulls out whole corns, and it is clean to connect root removing.Mark test site along being 3m along slope direction length, width is 1.5m.Weeds in test site are removed totally, the earth's surface 10cm soil of turning over, and rake.
Determining of step 2, rill specification
As shown in accompanying drawing 1,2, in test site, according to 5 of the rills along slope direction excavation same size, rill length L is 2m, and rill transversal section is U-shaped, and transversal section width d is 5cm, and the degree of depth is 5cm, and bottom of trench is with domatic parallel, and adjacent rill spacing is 10cm at least;
Puddle 6, top, excavation test site and both sides curb 7, and puddle and curb are communicated with, puddle, top, test site and both sides curb are full of to runoff, make test site fully saturated;
By three kinds of modes below, keep soil moisture saturated, the one, sprayed water in test site, make to show native water saturation; The 2nd, in the puddle 6 of excavating, continue to inject clear water above test site, by under blend side and ooze, make soil bottom, test site saturated; The 3rd, keep runoff to continue to flow in curb 7, warranty test district soil moisture is saturated from the side.
On the upward slope direction of rill, there is water source 8, water source 8 supplies water to rill 1 by water supply line 10, has a valve 9 on water supply line 10.In use, by valve controlling flow amount size, water is carried out to runoff to 5 rills respectively by double-layer plastic gauze pad 2 to be washed away, the afflux groove 3 of installing in the outlet of rill direction of fall is for collecting the water and soil under washing away, and collect in graduated cylinder 5 by the plastic flexible pipe 4 connecting, carry out next step mensuration.
Runoff volume and design discharge by the analytical unit time contrast, regulate water system runoff rate, when measuring flow over design discharge, water supply flow is reduced, when measuring flow lower than water supply flow, water supply flow is increased, repeatedly regulate water supply valve until measure the error of flow and water supply flow and be less than 5%;
Runoff after regulating is imported to rill by plastics gauze pad;
Every 2min with graduated cylinder by plastic flexible pipe get collection stay samples whole in groove once, record sample volume V and sample time T
1, sample volume V unit is L, sample time T
1unit is s, utilizes formula R=V/T
1calculate the actual flow R in each rill, flux unit is L/s;
Employing methylene blue solution is coloring agent, after rill flow is stable, at rill entrance, splashes into coloring agent, records coloring agent and with runoff, arrives the time T of rill outlet
2, utilize formula v=L/T
2the flow velocity v that calculates rill flow, wherein flow velocity v unit is m/s, and L is rill length, and unit is m, T
2for Measuring Time, unit is s, repeats to average for 3 times;
The flow of measuring, flow velocity are as following table
| Flow (L/s) | Rill flow velocity (m/s) |
| 0.034 | 0.23 |
| 0.065 | 0.30 |
| 0.104 | 0.41 |
| 0.132 | 0.41 |
| 0.168 | 0.38 |
It is W that whole samples in each graduated cylinder are proceeded to sylphon weight
1aluminium box in, insert baking oven and dry 24 hours at 105 ℃ of temperature, then weigh, obtain dry husky and aluminium box general assembly (TW) W
2, utilize formula
calculate rill erosion rate E, the unit conversion of rill erosion rate E becomes kg/ (m
2s); Rill erosion rate is as following table;
| Flow (L/s) | Silt content (g/L) | Rill erosion rate kg/ (m 2·s) |
| 0.034 | 4.6 | 0.002 |
| 0.065 | 10.7 | 0.007 |
| 0.104 | 8.4 | 0.008 |
| 0.132 | 11.2 | 0.015 |
| 0.168 | 11.5 | 0.019 |
Pass through formula
calculate runoff shear stress τ, in formula, γ is water capacity weight, value 9800N/m
3; S is hydraulic gradient, s=sin (α), and α is surface slope, unit is °; H is the depth of water, and unit is m; Q is flow, and unit is L/s; D is rill width, and unit is cm; V is rill flow velocity, and unit is m/s; The runoff shear stress τ unit conversion finally calculating is N/m
2;
The rill erosion rate calculating and runoff shear stress are drawn to scatter diagram (seeing accompanying drawing 3) as ordinate and horizontal ordinate respectively, and the slope that fits straight line is 0.0018, and rill erosion property is 0.0018kg/ (m
2sPa).
Claims (1)
1. a soil rill erosion property rapid assay methods, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Step 1, soil surface treatment
Choose one domatic as test site, test site is along being not less than 3m along slope direction length, the wide 1.5m that is not less than, removes vegetation in test site, makes earth's surface exposed, and is turned in earth's surface, and rake;
Determining of step 2, rill specification
In test site, according to 5 of the rills along slope direction excavation same size, rill length L is 2m, and rill transversal section is U-shaped, and transversal section width d is 5cm, and the degree of depth is 5cm, and bottom of trench is with domatic parallel, and adjacent rill spacing is 10cm at least;
Step 3, moisture are controlled
In maintenance test site, soil moisture is saturated;
Step 4, testing apparatus are arranged
Above the upward slope direction of rill, there is water source; Water source supplies water to rill by water supply line, has a valve control the uninterrupted of runoff and close on water supply line, at rill upward slope direction ditch head, places double-layer plastic gauze pad; In the outlet of rill direction of fall, afflux groove is installed, and is connected plastic flexible pipe;
Step 5, flow control
Adopt the clear water runoff of 5 different flows respectively 5 rills to be washed away by double-layer plastic gauze pad, control that flow is respectively 2,4,6,8,10L/min;
Step 6, rill flow and erosion ratio are measured
Every 2min with graduated cylinder by plastic flexible pipe get collection stay samples whole in groove once, record sample volume V and sample time T
1, sample volume V unit is L, sample time T
1unit is s, utilizes formula R=V/T
1calculate the actual flow R in each rill, flux unit is L/s;
It is W that whole samples in each graduated cylinder are proceeded to sylphon weight
1aluminium box in, insert baking oven and dry 24 hours at 105 ℃ of temperature, then weigh, obtain dry husky and aluminium box general assembly (TW) W
2, utilize formula
calculate rill erosion rate E, the unit conversion of rill erosion rate E becomes kg/ (m
2s);
Step 7, rill measurement of rate of flow
Employing methylene blue solution is coloring agent, after rill flow is stable, at rill entrance, splashes into coloring agent, records coloring agent and with runoff, arrives the time T of rill outlet
2, utilize formula v=L/T
2the flow velocity v that calculates rill flow, wherein flow velocity v unit is m/s, and L is rill length, and unit is m, T
2for Measuring Time, unit is s, repeats to average for 3 times;
Step 8, runoff shear stress calculate
Utilize formula
calculate runoff shear stress τ, in formula, γ is water capacity weight, value 9800N/m
3; S is hydraulic gradient, s=sin (α), and α is surface slope, unit is °; H is the depth of water, and unit is m; Q is flow, and unit is L/s; D is rill width, and unit is cm; V is rill flow velocity, and unit is m/s; The runoff shear stress τ unit conversion finally calculating is N/m
2;
Step 9, rill erosion property are calculated
Using the erosion ratio of rill as Y value, take runoff shear stress as X value, draw scatter diagram, then carry out Linear Quasi and, the slope that fits straight line is rill erosion property value, the unit of rill erosion property value is kg/ (m
2sPa);
In described step 1, the degree of depth of turning over is the following 10cm in earth's surface;
In described step 3, in maintenance test site, soil moisture is saturated keeps in the following way: the one, sprayed water in test site, and make to show native water saturation; The 2nd, above test site, excavate puddle, and continue to inject clear water, by under blend side and ooze, make soil bottom, test site saturated; The 3rd, at the left and right sides, test site excavation curb, and be communicated with puddle, top, keep runoff to continue to flow in curb, warranty test district soil moisture is saturated from the side.
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| CN103487566B (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2015-01-28 | 大连理工大学 | Observational method used for trench slope gravitational erosion field test |
| CN104374894B (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2016-10-26 | 黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院 | Small watershed different geomorphologic units water erosion process fine analog test method |
| CN108267344B (en) * | 2018-01-26 | 2019-08-23 | 甘肃省林业科学研究院 | A kind of sloping surface runoff field runoff sampler |
| CN111796075B (en) * | 2020-08-03 | 2023-03-28 | 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 | Terrace-structured device for simulating slope surface water and soil loss and non-point source pollution |
| CN117571505B (en) * | 2024-01-12 | 2024-03-22 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Device and method for measuring critical shear force of fine groove erosion |
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