CN102246681A - Wild-simulated culture method of persimmon trees - Google Patents

Abstract

Persimmons have sugar content as high as 20-37% and have high and stable yields; therefore the persimmons are good raw materials for producing fuel ethanol, but like other culture lands, the nutrients in the orchard soil will be continuously leached and lost, thus causing continuous degradation of soil fertility, however, the soil fertility of the natural vegetation can almost not degrade and the recovery rate of the nutrients is close to 100%; accordingly the invention provides a wild-simulated culture method of persimmon trees. The method comprises the steps of orchard reclamation, planting and management. The invention mainly aims to simulate the soil structure of the natural vegetation. The method has the following advantages: the production cost of such fruits as persimmons is low; the soil fertility of the orchards can not degrade; the herbicides, pesticides and the like are not used; and the method is a low-cost and sustainable labor-saving agricultural method.

Description

Persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating

Technical field

The present invention relates to the fruit growing field, particularly relate to the persimmon tree pseudo-wild cultivating.

Background technology

The fruit of persimmon tree claims persimmon, persimmon is a kind of large-scale berry, the high yielding variety per mu yield reaches more than 2.5～3.5 tons, sugar content height, improved seeds such as seedless side's persimmon contain sugar 20%, and the red persimmon of maid of honour contains sugar 37%, produce alcohol fuel with persimmon, need not the saccharification operation, the raw material abundance, the output of unit are soil ethanol may surpass corn or cassava etc.Therefore, persimmon is the desirable feedstock of producing alcohol fuel, please check the patent documentation of " producing alcohol fuel with persimmon ".But can there be problems such as soil fertility degeneration in conventional method plantation persimmon tree or fruit tree, therefore must solve.

My ground precipitation is bigger, and I once planted sweet potato on new soil of opening up wasteland, and output drops to and have to lay idle after 6～7 years, and the main cause that causes soil fertility to be degenerated fast is that the nutritive salt (hereinafter to be referred as " nutrient ") in the soil is lost by the rainwater leaching.Yet, there is a wild monkey persimmon near the hill-side on a mountain the my family, and tree is covered with dense iron awn winnow basket, cogongrass and sparse shrub down, but can achieve great success every year, nutrient can be lost by the rainwater leaching hardly, and this monkey persimmon never the people to its fertilising, weeding, loosen the soil and go and buy Chinese medicine.

Near 100%, and milpa generally has only 50% to natural vegetation to the rate of recovery of nutrient, and how does natural vegetation reclaim nutrient expeditiously so? I think roughly as follows through research for I:

The vertical section of natural vegetation soil roughly can be divided into cover layer, topsoil, subsoil and substratum from top to bottom.Cover layer is made of dry branches and fallen leaves (ground of open forest land also is covered with the weeds shrub), I find that I have the dried leaf of one deck book book at the cover surface of ground virgin forest, be the moistening mashed leaf of rotten branch of about 5 cm thicks of one deck below dried leaf, on the mashed leaf of rotten branch, be shot through with many thickly dotted radiculas; Topsoil is rich in humus, also is to be shot through with the root system that thickness does not wait close and numerously.Cover layer and topsoil are loose porous, can drink up the rain in a large number, thereby have and alleviate rainwash and table nutrient loss that native erosion or wind erosion caused.

Cover layer and topsoil nutrient are maximum, and absorption nutrient requirement power consumption, and just in time cover layer and topsoil oxygen abundance, therefore, the radicula here can fall most Nutrient Absorption expeditiously, the remaining nutrient that has little time on a small quantity to absorb is absorbed by the interception of root system there along with rainwater infiltration arrives subsoil.Though the subsoil oxygen content is less, moisture is more,, the task of absorbing nutrient here is lighter, does not require the expenditure of energy and absorb moisture, and therefore, the root system major function here is to be responsible for absorbing moisture.The root system of substratum mainly also is to absorb moisture, a small amount of nutrient that leaching gets off above also absorbing simultaneously.

In addition, the root system of substratum also absorbs the substratum ground and has just decomposed nutrient that comes out and the nutrient that brings along with the capillary ascending water from underground more depths, this more two-part nutrient just in time enough fill up because of leaching be lost to root system absorb less than a small amount of nutrient of deep under ground, the soil fertility of natural vegetation keeps the balance between revenue and expenditure of natural vegetation nutrient with this, so can not degenerated.

Humus in the natural vegetation topsoil has the effect of complexing and slowly-releasing nutrient, therefore, free nutrient density is low, can not resemble the milpa because of artificial fertilising, turn over, loosens the soil and weeding etc. increases nutrient density to have little time to absorb (loss of the matter stream) loss that causes for the moment; Because of cover layer and topsoil are rich in oxygen, organic matter decomposes the ammoniacal nitrogen that produces can be changed into nonvolatile nitrate nitrogen by nitrifying bacteria at once, and a little less than the denitrification very, and microorganism can utilize organic crop energy to carry out fixed nitrogen, in view of the above I to think that fertilizer is sprinkling upon ground better than deep placement.In addition, the organic matter nutrient is complete, can not resemble single salt can take place the chemical fertilizer poison and influence nutrient absorbing; Natural vegetation is the mixed friendship of various plants, and nutrient absorbing utilization, harmful metabolite and harmful microbe opposing are had complementary regulating action, thus very high to the nutrient absorbing availability, there are not drawbacks such as continuous cropping disease.

Natural vegetation is owing to exist cover layer, and table soil is not prone to too dry phenomenon.And table soil too drying easily cause soil compaction and be full of cracks, and influence the soil animal activity.And soil compaction can make table soil become closely knit airtight, influences the breathing and the nutrient absorbing of root; Be full of cracks also can mechanically be broken the root of plant, thereby influences root to nutrient absorbing.

The activity of soil animal, the growth of root or activity unearthed and microorganism rotten, stem eye all have the effect of chesson; Is food as earthworm with organic matter in the soil and grogs, and ight soil is pushed to the hole, can play plowed soils up and down like this, and it is loose ventilative that humic mass-energy and grogs are combined together to form, the granular structure of preserve moisture and fertility; Thick dry branches and fallen leaves of one deck or dense weeds shrub are being spread in the forest floor, add in deadwood and rotten leaf layer and the topsoil to interweave as net, and certain intensity and flexible root system are arranged, and can play the compensator or trimmer pressure effect, can make soil be difficult for being compacted like this.

When milpa was turned over, a large amount of fresh organic matters buried in the soil, can cause the denitrification loss of nitrogen element and phosphorus by soil fixation, and organic matter decomposes the breathing that also can cause the soil anoxic and suppress root in the soil simultaneously, and then suppresses nutrient absorbing; When turning over, soil and organic matter and the base manure of executing can make soil nutrient increase for the moment, and do not have the root system of crop this moment, can cause nutrient to lose in vain; Often turn over and buried fertilizer, can force the trees horizontal branch to tie up in the dark soil layer and grow,, the Nutrient Absorption rate is descended because that dark soil layer contains oxygen is few; Sowing or transplanting, the not long root of seed this moment, root is less, or it is many to be completely cured, and also can cause the loss of nutrient; Loosen the soil and to accelerate nutrient release, leaching loss, erosion and wind erosion.Also can cut off the root of crop when loosening the soil and hinder Nutrient Absorption.One rains, and it is closely knit airtight that the soil table can become again, is essential but loosen the soil at strong soil; Weeding can make the weeds cauline leaf rot to emit nutrient, but because no grass roots to the interception (absorption) and the grass layer covering to the face of land of nutrient, also can be accelerated losses such as leaching, erosion, wind erosion.The weeding ground temperature that also can raise is accelerated organic matter decomposition, reduces organic input simultaneously, though this method can make long better of crop, this is a kind of predation formula cultivation.Because soil lacks tectal protection, is vulnerable to erosion by wind and rain and leaching loss.Clear arable land face is not because of there being the covering that is not incubated, preserves moisture, breathes freely, and the warm and humid amplitude of variation in ground is bigger, also can influence root to nutrient absorbing efficient.During fertilising,, make crop have little time whole absorptions, also can cause losses such as leaching, volatilization and denitrification because the nutrient concentrations discharges at short notice.Single salt also easily takes place to fertilize poison, plant recovery of nutrient is descended; In addition, the milpa kind is single, can't make full use of various nutrients.

Because above various reasons, it is less to contain nutrient by the runoff water on the spring of the underground outflow of natural forest and the face of land, does not resemble the spring and the rainwash water that flow out the milpa and can make river " eutrophication ".

There is not natural vegetation around the crop, the natural enemy of insect will lack the condition of perching breeding, adds the use agricultural chemicals, indiscriminately, beneficial insect is killed with insect, because insect is by eating plant, food in abundance makes the very fast of its breeding change in the evolutionary process, the result causes that insect breeds in a large number, a large amount of breedings also can increase the genetic variation chance, and soon, insect has produced pesticide resistance.

The method that improves plant recovery of nutrient is: no-tillage, set up cover layer and topsoil, interplanting, seedling stage do not execute or Shaoshi base manure, fertilizer are wanted shallow executing, the distance that can shorten nutrient process root because of deep placement reduces absorption ratio, fertilizer should be concentrated and impose on the root district, rarely executes and executes several times; Organic matters such as weeds are not burnt, and during because of burning phosphorus are vapored away, and nitrogen and carbon also 100% ground lose, and carbon can be energy and manufacturing humus that microorganism provides fixed nitrogen, and the easier leaching of the potash in the ash that burning is left runs off.In addition, milpa preferably will be planted one deck green manure plant earlier and be made increased surface covering, and the kind of green manure plant requires preferably: anti-the moon, paste ground growth, the system of taproot, deep-rootedness, perennial, evergreen or checkerberry, pulse family.Anti-the moon can be at normal growth under the crop; Paste that the ground growth can alleviate and crop contention sunlight and improve ventilated between crops; The root of the system of taproot is less at the ground surface radicula, and is lighter with crop contention nutrient and moisture and oxygen; Dark root can be tackled the nutrient of leaching to the depth of soils; Perennial plant, underground biomass is bigger than annual, and like this, it is more to be drawn onto nutrient on the ground, and the nutrient that the root of deep under ground is dead emits after rotting, the ratio that following seepage flow loses are drawn onto lacking on the ground; Evergreen can absorb nutrient incessantly, thus the intermittence that prevents Nutrient Absorption; Checkerberry be meant autumn crop when growth in summer it stop growing or acrial part withered, the green manure plant that begins to grow during the ripe or results of crop.Like this, when crop grew, it stopped to strive water, fertilizer, gas, light with crop, and its acrial part is withered simultaneously can be made for the thing absorption with nutrient that rot to emit.Pulse family not only can fixed nitrogen, but also can improve the availability of phosphorus.In addition, in the rotten slow green manure plant variety of orchard planting, can thicken ground cover.At once interplant crop behind the green manure plant-cutting,, can be sprayed onto on the crops for rotation of the green manure plant after cradling suppressing the medicine that plant grows tall in short-term if it is fast to cradle the seedling of crops for rotation length to height ratio crop of back green manure.The benefit that table is covered with the green manure that lives on the soil is: 1. can preserve moisture and fertility, alleviate the temperature of top soil erosion and stable topsoil.2. can suppress weed growth, increase the soil organic matter, promote insect and microbial activities in the soil, prevent to show soil pressure reality, drying, harden and chap.3. the nutrient of depth of soils can be pumped into ground, and stay the face of land, that is to say with organic form, the dark root of green manure plant can further absorb crops do not absorb fully that part of nutrient under residual.4. can promote the root of each plant species to grow downwards, because the density of root is big more in the soil, root is also fierce more to the competition of space, moisture and nutrient, and root growth downwards is also fast more many more, thereby can absorb the nutrient that oozes under (interception) more efficiently.When 5. lay fallow in the farmland, nutrient also can be in vain from running off, because free nutrient can and be fixed by the green manure plant absorbing.

The field planting band generally will be split into band with the weeds shrub from east to west or with the arrangement of sunlight direction, so that obtain sufficient sunlight.Will split 1～3 sapling filling grass (decide on the sapling height, height of seedling is split less or do not split) on every side every year behind the seedling planting.The growth that can accelerate to set though loosen the soil can accelerate to show the loss of soil and nutrient, and this is actual to be a kind of soil fertility " cultivation of predation formula " that reduces.Branch and weeds under fallen leaves and the pruning must be layered on the ground.

Summary of the invention

The purpose of this invention is to provide persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating,, thereby realize the sustainable of agricultural, comprise the steps: mainly preventing that soil fertility from degenerating

(1) orchard is opened up wasteland, and comprises building terraced fields or directly digging planting pit;

(2) field planting;

(3) management comprises the sowing leguminous green manure, applies fertilizer, splits grass and pruning etc.

It is low that the present invention has a fruit production cost, and the soil fertility in orchard is degenerated, and without weed killer herbicide and agrochemical, is a kind of low cost and continuable sluggard's agricultural.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the one embodiment of the invention schematic diagram.

Embodiment

Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples the present invention is described in further detail.

Persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating comprises the steps:

(1) orchard is opened up wasteland, comprise and build terraced fields or directly dig planting pit, build terraced fields: referring to Fig. 1, terraced fields are made of tread 1, terraced wall 2, back of the body ditch 3, field planting ditch 4 and outer 5, and terraced fields will be opened up wasteland along contour, 1 meter of field planting furrow width, dark 0.8 meter, terraced wall height is no more than 3.5 meters, 4 meters of the width of tread, tread is outer inclined, and the gradient should not be above 5 °; Directly dig planting pit: in ground, gentle slope or gradient mountain region steeper, with a varied topography, can adopt along contour and directly dig planting pit, long and wide each 1 meter of planting pit, dark 0.8 meter;

Tread normally in inclined, and tread adopts the benefit of outer inclined to be: 1. can reduce terraced wall height.2. the nutrient that is run off by tread can be stored up by the weeds shrub of terraced wall.3. the outer of the tread of interior inclined is an angle near the right angle, and soil is relatively drier, can influence the availability of nutrient, and adopts the tread of outer inclined, and the angle of its outer increases, and can increase the humidity of outer soil like this, thereby improves the availability of nutrient.

(2) the high kind of sugar content is selected in field planting, is example with seedless side's persimmon, presses spacing in the rows from 6 meters, 8 meters field planting of line-spacing;

(3) management comprises the sowing leguminous green manure, applies fertilizer, splits grass and pruning etc., after the field planting, plant the shrub or the draft leguminous green manure plant of deep-rootedness on tread or planting pit face, as southern Acacia, and the clover in the north etc., the sward of giving free rein to later on; During fertilising, fertilizer directly overlays tread, and chemical fertilizer is except that carbonic hydroammonium, and other chemical fertilizer directly is sprinkling upon in the thick grass of tread when rainy, and fertilizer can dissolve in rainwater along with rainwater infiltration arrives topsoil; Split grass and pruning, ripe previous month will split grass the persimmon fruit every year, will carry out pruning to the tree body behind the fallen leaves.

When described step (1) is built terraced fields, peel off the table soil of topsoil band grass earlier and be placed on the next door, and then dig the field planting ditch.When digging the field planting ditch,, do not cover ground and cubsoil is dug out as long as the cubsoil in the field planting ditch is dug loose just passable, then the table soil of band grass is covered tread and terraced wall surface, grass will make progress, so quickly sward, form covering, prevent soil erosion.Because above cubsoil covers, be difficult to natural grass, terraced wall soil was very serious by rain drop erosion in several leading year.

When building the garden, normally table soil and weeds are inserted below field planting ditch or the planting pit, above cubsoil covers, can be made nutrient short and make nutrient comparatively fast descend the seepage flow mistake like this through the time of root.In addition, the fruit tree root did not also have long arriving in the darker table soil of landfill in several leading year, and nutrient is run off in vain.

Described step (1) is when directly digging planting pit, to peel off the table soil of topsoil band grass earlier and be placed on the next door, and then dig planting pit, when digging planting pit, as long as the cubsoil in the planting pit is dug loose just passable, do not cover ground and cubsoil is dug out, then the table soil of band grass is covered the planting pit surface, grass will make progress.

Above-mentioned way is in order to imitate the structure level of natural vegetation soil as far as possible.

Described step (3) is when splitting grass, and the grass of terraced wall and tread is wanted 0.5 meter of toothing, covers tread splitting the branch that the weeds shrub that gets off or pruning get off, to set up the thick cover layer of one deck.Though it is slower that branch rots, nutrient discharges also slower, and cover layer is thicker, and total nutrient discharges and also can not reduce.

Claims (5)

1. persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating comprises the steps:

(1) the persimmon garden is opened up wasteland, and comprises building terraced fields or directly digging planting pit;

(2) field planting;

(3) management comprises the sowing leguminous green manure, applies fertilizer, splits grass and pruning, it is characterized in that: after the field planting, plant the shrub or the draft leguminous green manure plant of deep-rootedness, the sward of giving free rein to later on tread or planting pit face; During fertilising, fertilizer directly overlays tread, and chemical fertilizer is except that carbonic hydroammonium, and other chemical fertilizer directly is sprinkling upon in the thick grass of tread when rainy; Split grass and pruning, ripe previous month will split grass the persimmon fruit every year, will carry out pruning to the tree body behind the fallen leaves.

2. persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: when described step (1) is built terraced fields, to peel off the table soil of topsoil band grass earlier and be placed on the next door, and then dig the field planting ditch, when digging the field planting ditch, as long as the cubsoil in the field planting ditch is dug loose just passable, then the table soil of band grass is covered tread and terraced wall surface, grass will make progress.

3. persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating according to claim 2 is characterized in that: described tread is outer inclined.

4. persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (1) is when directly digging planting pit, to peel off the table soil of topsoil band grass earlier and be placed on the next door, and then dig planting pit, when digging planting pit, as long as the cubsoil in the planting pit is dug loose just passable, then the careless table soil of band is covered the planting pit surface, grass will make progress.

5. persimmon fruit tree pseudo-wild cultivating according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described step (3) is when splitting grass, and the grass of terraced wall and tread is wanted 0.5 meter of toothing, covers tread splitting the branch that the weeds shrub that gets off or pruning get off.