CN102124898B - Method for mechanically harvesting winter rape efficiently with low power consumption - Google Patents
Method for mechanically harvesting winter rape efficiently with low power consumption Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for mechanically harvesting winter rape efficiently with low power consumption. The method comprises the following steps of: A, constructing a rape group suitable for mechanical harvest: selecting the variety suitable for mechanical production, performing mechanical precise-quantity direct seeding when the soil water content is 30 to 40 percent, and constructing an ideal group and a plant type by fertilizer and water application and disease inset pest and weed control; B, adjusting a mature period: spraying a ripener two to three days before the harvest of rape seed ripening stage in the regions of contradictory seasons; C, harvesting at right time: observing and measuring the morphological physiological index of the plant before the harvest of the rape, wherein more than 95 percent of siliques, namely yellow loquat fruits in the cropland are suitable for mechanical harvest; D, mechanically harvesting and measuring loss rate: harvesting by a special rape harvesting mechanism in a combining way in the period suitable for harvest; E, smashing and returning rape straw to the cropland: flooding the straw in water immediately after the harvest of rape, decaying and returning to the cropland. The method is easy and convenient to operate, improves a one-time efficient branch height, reduces the branch number, reduces the thickness of the pod layer, solves the problems of high harvest loss rate, and improves the yield.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to crop mechanized cultivation technical field, be specifically related to a kind of method of winter rape mechanized harvest, be fit to the mechanized harvest of Yangtze river basin winter rape; Can reduce the mechanical harvest percent of loss; Improve crop and production efficiency, ecological, environmental protective is of value to sustainable development of agricultural production.
Background technology
Rape is the source of the main edible vegetable oil of China, and rapeseed oil accounts for more than 40% of the self-produced vegetable oil of China, and the Yangtze river basin is the main planting area of winter rape.For a long time, winter rape is taked the planting patterns of seedling raising and transplanting, artificial results of maturing stage; The results process is: first manual work is cut to put upside down and is put the field, artificial again threshing, carrying, airing after 5～7 days, and all operation wastes time and energy; The seed loss amount is big; Mainly comprise and split the angle loss in the threshing course, seed does not take off clean loss etc. in the fruit of angle, general total losses amount 15%～20%.And the rape seed germination in the coming year in the field of being scattered has formed volunteer, influences the yield and quality of rape of following season.
Winter rape district, the Yangtze river basin mainly adopts oil-rice-seed rice to plant mode, and rape seed all has contradiction in season with Rice Production with results.Be placed in the piece of field after the artificial results of rape are cut down, not only influence the plantation of crop of following season, and plum rain season just during the rape harvest-seed extraction, the rape seed that has little time threshing is drenched the back by rainwater and germinates easily in the field, go bad, rots, and causes yield and quality decline.Therefore, the mechanization mode of production of seeking high-yield and high-efficiency is the great demand of rape industry development and pressing for of vast farmers.
Mechanized harvest is to reduce labour intensity, the effective means of raising labour productivity.It is just many in the 60 to 70's of last century that research is produced in external rape mechanization, and the mechanical harvest level is high.The main spring rape high-density planting that adopts of these countries; There is not colony's plant type optimum problem, and adopts one crop per annual, because of not receiving the influence of contradiction in season; Can select combining or swath harvesting according to actual conditions, combining is external general harvesting approach.Reported computational methods (the Price et al. of several kinds of mechanical harvest percent of loss abroad; Seed losses on commercial harvesting of oil seed rape.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research; 1996,65:183-191; Domeika et al., Research of rapeseed harvesting losses.Proceedings of the Latvia University of Agriculturel, 1999,28-35; Hobson et al., Seed loss when cutting a standing crop of oilseed rape with two types of combineharvester header, 2002,81 (3): 281-286; Domeika et al., The estimation methods ofoilseed rape harvesting losses.Agronomy Research, 2008; 6:191-198); The mechanical harvest loss comprises the loss of nature shattering, splits angle loss etc., because the percent of loss computational methods have difference; Cause sampling method that difference is also arranged, pluses and minuses are arranged between the various computational methods mutually.
It is late that the research starting is produced in China's winter rape mechanization; Staple crops such as China paddy rice, wheat are generally realized mechanized harvest at present; The machinery that is used to gather in the crops experiment and demonstration is mostly reequiped by rice wheat harvester; Lack the special-purpose machinery of rape results, rape yield loss rate is obviously higher, and the mechanical harvest percent of loss is too high to be that the rape production of restriction China realizes modern bottleneck always.Rape variety, cropping pattern all with bigger difference is abroad arranged, external mechanized harvest experience can not directly apply to China.Domestic mechanical harvest technology also is in introduction, exploitation, experimental stage, and relevant mechanical harvest method and experience are also not enough, and the mechanical harvest percent of loss is also lacked accurate estimation.The reasonable colony plant type index and the control technique that also clearly are not fit to mechanized harvest, the best period of mechanized harvest are to reduce mechanical harvest to lose one of most important index.
It is tall and big that winter rape mainly shows as plant, and the stem stalk is sturdy, branch amount have up to 20/strain, one time branch is longer, twines machine easily, reduces mechanical harvest efficient; The ripe phase of rape is inconsistent, and partially the early harvest stem is ripe with the top branch, and the bottom branch is ripe late with the secondary branch, causes during results to take off untotally, separates, cleans difficulty, lose bigger than normal, the decline of seed cleannes; Results are evening partially, then causes to split corner grain loss, and the seed damage rate strengthens, and yield loss is also big.One of approach that reduces mechanical harvest is before the rape mechanized harvest, to adopt the chemical ripening technology; Promote siliqua of oilseed rape ripe consistent; Reduce stem stalk and angle fruit water content, help reducing mechanical harvesting rape percent of loss, the load when alleviating mechanical harvest and the obstruction of facility; Improve operating efficiency, and have positive role improving the rape seed yield and quality.Be used at present that crops are accelerated the ripening and the ripener that dewaters mainly be exogenous hormone and part weed killer herbicide (Zhou Kejin etc. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2009,35 (7): 1369-1373), we have developed the ripener mixing formula in recent years.Aspect the research of rape mechanical harvest percent of loss; (Chinese oil crop journal, 2009,31 (4): 470-473) several rape varieties have been carried out mechanical harvest such as cold lock tiger; Reported rape mechanical harvest percent of loss computational methods, the mechanization production of winter rape has been had certain directive significance.This method needs multinomial data supports such as nature shattering number, ceding of Taiwan loss, threshing loss, cleaning loss, and the statistics of multinomial data unavoidably can cause error in the computational process, still also need do further research period to being fit to mechanized harvest.
Crops straw is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and organic matter etc., is a kind of multiduty reproducible living resources.The nutrient that crops straw provides accounts for 13%～19% of China's fertilizer total nutrient, is the important organic fertilizer resource of agricultural production, and the structure of can improving the soil improves crop yield (Shen in a steady stream, 2009,25 (19): 291-294).Also there is report to think that chemical substances such as the sulphur glucoside in the root stubble have the effect of biological control, can kill harmful germ and microorganism (Li Feng etc., Chinese oil crop journal, 2006,28 (1): 97-103), help crop production of following season in the soil.The utilization of rape results back stalk did not cause enough attention in the past, and stalk mostly adopts the mode of burning, serious environment pollution.
Present technique through experiment and demonstration for many years, is basis to set up the reasonable colony plant type that is fit to mechanization production according to the requirement of rape entire mechanization, guarantees high yield and reduces the yield loss rate; With these form physical signs simple, that be prone to observation mensuration of angle fruit color, seed color and water content is standard; Ripe (
the et al. of its assay method; 2004; Optimierung des Erntezeitpunktes von Sommerraps durch die Sortenwhahl.Die Bodenkultur, 55 (3): 113-120); Set up the method for new calculating rape mechanical harvest percent of loss, for rape variety seed selection and the culture technique research that is fit to mechanization production provides theoretical foundation; Harvesting and stalk in time rots, and alleviates contradiction in season thereby reach, and increases fertilizer efficiency, the purpose of increasing both production and income.Through the document inquiry, the open or use of winter rape mechanical harvest agronomy patented technology or non-patent literature of still being correlated with both at home and abroad.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to be to provide a kind of method of efficient low-consume mechanized harvest winter rape, easy to implement the method, easy and simple to handle, improved once effectively branch height, reduced branch amount one time, reduce and finish angleplied laminate thickness, be convenient to mechanically actuated; Before the maturing stage results, spray ripener, through observing and measure angle fruit and seed color, seed and stem stalk water content; Optimized the period of suitable results; Select for use special-purpose rape harvest machinery to gather in the crops, solved the high difficult problem of yield loss rate preferably, improved output; Improve the computational methods of yield loss rate; Effectively reduce the sampling and the error of calculation; Straw-returning after results; Increase soil fertility, significant to the adjustment that promotes China's rape mechanization production and the industrial structure, for cost-saving synergistic and ecological, environmental protective, the sustainable development of agricultural production of rape production provides theoretical foundation and technical support.
The present invention realizes through following technical scheme:
Winter rape mechanized harvest method comprises: through the normalizing operation of processes such as mechanical planting, balance fertilizing, disease pest and weed control, make up the reasonable colony and the plant type that are fit to mechanization production; Gather in the crops in advance like need, can be before results spraying with the ethrel in 2～3 days is the mixing ripener of main component; Under normal circumstances, through observing and measure indexs such as angle fruit color, seed color, moisture content of kernels, stem stalk water content, confirm to be fit to the period of mechanized harvest; Improve the computational methods of mechanical harvest percent of loss, natural shattering rate and three indexs of actual machine crop are come the counting loss rate before proposition mensuration group theory output, the results; Rape results back straw chopping and returning; Avoid burning the environmental pollution that causes; Rot to become fertilizer after rape seed and crushing straw are poured water, reduced the risk that volunteer appears in next year, reduce the generation of disease; Reach the purpose of cost-saving synergistic, raising rape crop, reduction yield loss rate and realization resources, the optimization of winter rape mechanized harvest method and enforcement help advancing the process of China's rape entire mechanization.
A kind of method of efficient low-consume mechanized harvest winter rape the steps include:
(1) colony that is fit to mechanized harvest sets up:
Prepare before the sowing: comprise steps such as field piece preparation, seed pre-treatment, seeding machinary are prepared, machinery is piloted.
The smart amount of machinery is live: adopt the smart amount of 2BFQ-6 type rape seed-sowing machine (field popin etc.; Agricultural mechanical journal; 2008,39 (10): 211-213), disposable completion stubble-cleaning, rotary tillage, trench digging, fertilising are (by 35～40 kilograms of every mu of sealing fertilizers; Containing NPK respectively is 16%), step such as sowing, earthing, save operations such as thinning, final singling.
Growth of rape period management: based on the growth of rape situation, strengthen the control of rich water quality management and disease pest and weed, guarantee into the strain number, make up the colony's plant type that is fit to mechanized harvest.
(2) regulate the maturing stage: in the place that contradiction in season is arranged, the rape results sprayed ripener in preceding 2～3 days, reduced the mechanical harvest percent of loss, alleviated contradiction in season.
(3) confirming of colony's form physical signs and the most suitable mechanized harvest period: the physical signs of observing plant forms, mensuration plant at rape after the maturing stage; Color like stem and branch angle fruit; Seed color and water content, stem stalk water content is optimized and optimal results periods.
(4) mechanical harvest and percent of loss are measured: the type and main hints on operation of having stipulated mechanical harvest; Mechanized harvest major technology parameter; Through natural shattering number, unit are theoretical yield and mechanical harvest output before the mensuration results, calculating machine yield loss rate.This technology provides foundation for the results performance of accurately estimating kind and machinery.
(5) results back straw utilization: the straw-returning that pulverize rape results back, the processing of pouring water is rotted stalk and shattering vegetable seed, increases fertilizer efficiency.
In technology of the present invention, rape variety is for having anti-dense planting, high yield, high-quality characteristic, and plant type is compact; Resistant to lodging; The suitable mechanization production kind of proper height, seeding machinery are the smart amount of the 2BFQ-6 type rape seed-sowing machine of Hua Zhong Agriculture University's invention, can effectively control the rape seed amount; Rape maturing stage moisture content of kernels is used oven drying method, and kernel weight (G1) is measured in sampling (0.25kg) immediately after the results, in baking oven, dries to constant weight (G2) moisture content of kernels (%)=(G1-G2)/G1 * 100% for 105 ℃; When measuring rape nature shattering, adopt 5 point samplings,, be enclosed within on the railway carriage or compartment face of wide 2.0m (fabric width of rape harvest machinery), take out top layer to dark 5cm place soil, add up kernal number with the chase of 200cm * 50cm; The rape harvest machinery is with Huzhou starlight most distinguished 4LL-2.0D type.
Good effect of the present invention is:
(1) the present invention relies on the live control amount of broadcasting of the smart amount of machinery to guarantee the rape population density through under suitable field soil water content condition, can guarantee that one broadcasts full stand, has also saved the labor cost that thinning, final singling spent, and helps cost-saving synergistic.
(2) used ripener among the present invention, be fit to the siliqua of oilseed rape color of mechanized harvest, seed color and water content determination methods are directly perceived, are convenient to operate, and can effectively instruct mechanical harvest.The computational methods of mechanical harvest percent of loss are simple, reduced the error in the sampling process.The improvement that accurately is determined as breed breeding and culture technique of mechanical harvest percent of loss provides theoretical foundation.
(3) the present invention can increase substantially the efficient of mechanized harvest winter rape, improves crop, reduces percent of loss, and rapeseed quality is not had adverse effect, and results efficient is more than 50 times of artificial results, has improved to produce and has thrown ratio, has increased economic benefit (table 1, table 2).
(4) the present invention pays attention to the processing of stalk behind the mechanical harvest, can culture fertility after stalk rots, play the effect of biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion, and improve rice yield.Therefore, this technology is not only guaranteed the highly efficient and productive production of rape, and helps preserving the ecological environment, and efficent use of resources is realized the sustainable development of agricultural production.
Embodiment
For a better understanding of the present invention, below with in two No. 11 be that embodiment makes further description patent of the present invention with assorted 11 rape varieties of middle oil.Owing to the kind that is fit to mechanization production has close economical character, therefore method provided by the invention is to the Wild cabbage type winter rape variety of other suitable mechanizations productions effective too (like kinds such as the earth 55, Zhejiang oil 18).
A kind of method of efficient low-consume mechanized harvest winter rape the steps include:
(1) the winter rape colony that is fit to mechanized harvest sets up:
A: prepare before the rape mechanical planting: select the rice field that physical features is higher, subterranean water level is lower, at paddy rice harvesting draining dry field in the time of preceding 10 days, sowing a few days ago, every 667m
2To water 50kg weed sprays, soil moisture content is mechanical planting period during for 30-40% with the no track 250ml of gram, selects that output is high, morning, resistant to lodging, disease-resistant double-low rapeseed kind partially of ripe phase; Seed is handled and germination test, and seed moisture proportion is not higher than 9%, and purity is not less than 95%; Cleanliness 97%; Germination rate reaches 90%, at first basks seeds before the sowing 4～6 hours, the surface of the seed water is squirted again; Press the per kilogram seed with 50% powder of carbendazim or 50% Sukeling pulvis, 20～30g seed dressing, kill the germ that is attached to the surface of the seed;
B: mechanical precision drilling: the righttest sowing time is in mid or late September to early October; Select rape seed-sowing machine or rape combined drill for use; The sowing function is accomplished stubble-cleaning, rotary tillage, trench digging, fertilising, sowing, earthing operation simultaneously; By the requirement of facility operation instructions, carry out the empty wagons test running, facility are adjusted to normal condition; Press sowing quantity 200～250g/667m
2, special formulation fertilizer for cole 35～40kg/667m
2In sower, pack into seed and fertilizer before the formal operation, are debugged the uniformity of each row starter of fertilizer in seedbed amount; 10～the 20m that pilots at the edge of a field, line-spacing 30cm forbids in the operation to remove earth and foreign material on fertile device of seeding and the plough with hand or instrument; After planting check seeding quality, see the broadcast leakage situation that has or not, the place that can not ditch or sow sower; With artificial trench digging, keep the railway carriage or compartment ditch, enclose ditch, the waist ditch is unimpeded;
C: rape breeding period administration: after planting meet arid, pour water and guarantee to emerge neatly, during the growth of rape, it is antifreeze that irritate 1 water annual January; Be every mu after 5 leaf phases and spray paclobutrazol 50g that rape seedling is made good use of real many 50ml for every mu and prevented and kill off broad leaved weeds or prevent and kill off grassy weed with cover grass energy 60～90ml, mends according to the growth of rape situation and executes seed manure; A situation arises according to insect pest, anti-eliminates aphis, cabbage caterpillar ditch cleaning row stain after the spring; Make flowing water unobstructed, the field does not have accumulated water, florescence keypoint control stalk break; Initial bloom stage, full-bloom stage carry out fertile the mixing of medicine and spray, with power spraye or electrostatic atomizer dispenser;
Described control of aphids medicament: 2.5% bromine chrysanthemum ester 10mg/kg; 20% kills chrysanthemum ester emulsion 50mg/kg and 2.5% chlorophos powder; 1000～2000 times of soups of 20% omethoate emulsifiable solution; 1000～1500 times of soups of 70% menazon;
Described cabbage caterpillar control medicament: 1000 times of soups of 50% dichlorvos emulsion; Or 1000 times of soups of 90% crystal chlorophos; Or 20% kill chrysanthemum ester emulsion 50mg/kg or 2.5% chlorophos powder;
Described stalk break control medicament: 300～500 times of soups of 40% dimethachlon wetting powder; 500～1000 times of soups of 70% thiophanate methyl; 300～500 times of soups of 50% carbendazol wettable powder;
Maturing stage colony's plant type index: plant height 165cm, effective 6～7 of branch amounts once, the thick 1.5cm of collar, a branch height 75cm, branch and stem angle 35 degree are tied angleplied laminate thickness 55-60cm;
(2) regulate the maturing stage:
Contradiction area in season is being arranged, adopting the plant growth regulator regulation and control rape maturing stage, improving maturity, making things convenient for mechanical harvest, reducing yield loss, spraying ripener, promoting rape to reach the once purpose of results in the rape seed ripening stage.
(3) select to be fit to results periods according to the plant forms physical signs:
Two No. 11 and assorted 11 rape varieties of middle oil in the employing; (two kinds are the conventional and cross-bred rape kind of the high yield and high quality of oil plant institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences seed selection; Oil content is up to more than 46%, at present the popularizing planting in middle and lower reach of Yangtze River district) plant type better, ripe consistent.With middle oil assorted 11 is example, and the maturing stage is to plant forms, angle fruit and seed color; Moisture content of kernels is observed and is measured, and artificial harvest time is early than combining, and the maturing stage is observed whole day influences of plant crown form; Angle fruit color, (5 1m are got by quincunx in each sub-district to adopt 5 sampling methods
2Sample prescription), gets 5～10 strains in each sample prescription continuously, get 100 of stem angle fruits respectively at random, totally 100 of branch angle fruits of upper, middle and lower portion; Observe the seed color after the threshing respectively, stem angle fruit all becomes the loquat Huang, and branch angle fruit is by green flavescence, stem seed black; 50% branch seed becomes bronzing, 50% branch seed breen, and stem and branch seed mixed determining water content 30～35% are the period of manual work results; Plant is cut down in manual work, cuts the stem of falling when stalk water content and is higher than 80%, under the sun, shines threshing after 5～7 days, moisture content of kernels 12%; Combining period is the influences of plant crown perk, and stem angle fruit yellowish-brown, 80% color are that loquat is yellow, the whole black of stem seed; The branch seed has 80% black, 20% breen, or bottom 2～3 branch seeds breen; Seed is black entirely on all the other branches, stem stalk water content 70%, moisture content of kernels 15%～20%;
(4) mechanical harvest and percent of loss are measured:
Adopt the special-purpose combined harvester harvesting of rape; The harvest machinery important technological parameters is: swath 1.8～2.0m is wide, power 45kw, ground contact pressure of track 18.8kPa; Harvest operation requires: cloudy day, cloudy weather or fine day 9～11 o'clock of morning or 3～5 o'clock of afternoon gather in the crops, and avoid high temperature at noon; 3m * 4m is cut out in the manual work of piece right corner in the field vacant lot before the harvesting, convenient machinery gets into operation, and machinery cuts and leaves the results road to the edge of a field in piece the right along the field; Retreat 10m～15m then and tiltedly cut twice or thrice, change 90 ° and bend, then with above-mentioned method of tiltedly cutting twice or thrice; Changeing 90 ° again bends; The piece another side cuts to the edge of a field along the field then, uses the cross sectional road of leaving the other end with quadrat method, at last according to counterclockwise accomplishing harvesting; 21～25 rev/mins of straw shift wheel rotating speeds, stubble height 15～30cm should gather in totally during results, not leak and cut, and cutting height meets local agriculture requirement, evenly is sprinkling upon Tanaka after harvesting stem stalk should be smashed; Yield loss rate≤8%;
Percent of loss is measured and computational methods: with the chase of 200cm * 50cm, be enclosed within on the face of railway carriage or compartment before the rape maturing stage mechanical harvest, adopt above-mentioned 5 point samplings, get topsoil, the statistics kernal number dries and weighs, the calculating horizontal mean; Adopt 5 point samplings, get 1m
2Plant angle fruit in the scope, threshing is dried the back and is claimed kernel weight, calculating horizontal mean; Behind the mechanical harvest, seed dries weighs, and unified kernel weight is converted into standard water-content is 9% o'clock weight, amounts to into yield per unit area, mechanical harvest percent of loss %=(theoretical yield-mechanical harvest output-natural shattering is heavy)/theoretical yield * 100%.
(5) rape results back straw-returning: pour water in rape results back wholely, and the stalk mulching and returning of turning over is broadcast slotting paddy rice subsequently, than rice cultivation behind the crop straw burning, and rice yield raising 8%.
Good effect of the present invention is a labor savings, reduces the mechanical harvest percent of loss, increases crop yield, preserves the ecological environment, and realizes sustainable development of agricultural production.
Table 1 mechanical harvest and the contrast of artificial results efficient (in two No. 11,2009-2010)
Table 2 mechanical harvest is gathered in the crops the efficient contrast with manual work, and (middle oil is mixed No. 11,2008-2009)
Two No. 11 and assorted 11 colony's economical characters of middle oil and plant types (2008-2010) in the table 3
Assorted 11 different times results plant forms physiological characteristic of oil and mechanical harvest performance (2008-2010) in the table 4
Claims (1)
1. the method for a mechanized harvest winter rape the steps include:
(1) the winter rape colony of mechanized harvest sets up:
A: prepare before the rape mechanical planting: select the rice field that physical features is higher, subterranean water level is lower, at paddy rice harvesting draining dry field in the time of preceding 10 days, sowing a few days ago, every 667m
2With the no track 250ml of gram to water 50kg weed sprays, soil moisture content be 30～40% o'clock be mechanical planting period, select that output is high, morning, resistant to lodging, disease-resistant double-low rapeseed kind partially of ripe phase; Seed is handled and germination test, and seed moisture proportion is not higher than 9%, and purity is not less than 95%; Cleanliness 97%; Germination rate reaches 90%, at first basks seeds before the sowing 4～6 hours, the surface of the seed water is squirted again; Press the per kilogram seed with 50% powder of carbendazim or 50% Sukeling pulvis, 20～30g seed dressing, kill the germ that is attached to the surface of the seed;
B: mechanical precision drilling: sowing time mid or late September to early October; Select rape seed-sowing machine or rape combined drill for use; The sowing function is accomplished stubble-cleaning, rotary tillage, trench digging, fertilising, sowing, earthing operation simultaneously; By the requirement of facility operation instructions, carry out the empty wagons test running, facility are adjusted to normal condition; Press sowing quantity 200～250g/667m
2, special formulation fertilizer for cole 35～40kg/667m
2In sower, pack into seed and fertilizer before the formal operation, are debugged the uniformity of each row starter of fertilizer in seedbed amount; 10～the 20m that pilots at the edge of a field, line-spacing 30cm forbids in the operation to remove earth and foreign material on fertile device of seeding and the plough with hand or instrument; After planting check seeding quality, see the broadcast leakage situation that has or not, the place that can not ditch or sow sower; With artificial trench digging, keep the railway carriage or compartment ditch, enclose ditch, the waist ditch is unimpeded;
C: rape breeding period administration: after planting meet arid, pour water and guarantee to emerge neatly, during the growth of rape, it is antifreeze that irritate 1 water annual January; Be every mu after 5 leaf phases and spray paclobutrazol 50g that rape seedling is made good use of real many 50ml for every mu and prevented and kill off broad leaved weeds or prevent and kill off grassy weed with cover grass energy 60～90ml, mends according to the growth of rape situation and executes seed manure; A situation arises according to insect pest, anti-eliminates aphis, cabbage caterpillar ditch cleaning row stain after the spring; Make flowing water unobstructed, the field does not have accumulated water, florescence keypoint control stalk break; Initial bloom stage, full-bloom stage carry out fertile the mixing of medicine and spray, with power spraye or electrostatic atomizer dispenser;
Described control of aphids medicament: 2.5% bromine chrysanthemum ester 10mg/kg; 1000～2000 times of soups of 20% omethoate emulsifiable solution; 1000～1500 times of soups of 70% menazon;
Described cabbage caterpillar control medicament: 1000 times of soups of 50% dichlorvos emulsion; Or 1000 times of soups of 90% crystal chlorophos; Or 20% kill chrysanthemum ester emulsion 50mg/kg;
Described stalk break control medicament: 300～500 times of soups of 40% dimethachlon wetting powder; 500～1000 times of soups of 70% thiophanate methyl; 300～500 times of soups of 50% carbendazol wettable powder;
Maturing stage colony's plant type index: plant height 165cm, effective 6～7 of branch amounts once, the thick 1.5cm of collar, a branch height 75cm, branch and stem angle 35 degree are tied angleplied laminate thickness 55～60cm;
(2) regulate the maturing stage:
Contradiction area in season is being arranged, adopting the plant growth regulator regulation and control rape maturing stage, improving maturity, making things convenient for mechanical harvest, reducing yield loss, spraying ripener, promoting rape to reach the once purpose of results in the rape seed ripening stage;
(3) select results periods according to the plant forms physical signs:
In the employing two No. 11 with assorted 11 rape varieties of middle oil, the maturing stage is to plant forms, angle fruit and seed color; Moisture content of kernels is observed and is measured; Artificial harvest time is early than combining, and the maturing stage is observed whole day influences of plant crown form, angle fruit color; Adopt 5 sampling methods, 5 1m are got by quincunx in each sub-district
2Sample prescription is got 5～10 strains continuously in each sample prescription, get 100 of stem angle fruits respectively at random, totally 100 of branch angle fruits of upper, middle and lower portion; Observe the seed color after the threshing respectively, stem angle fruit all becomes the loquat Huang, and branch angle fruit is by green flavescence, stem seed black; 50% branch seed becomes bronzing, 50% branch seed breen, and stem and branch seed mixed determining water content 30～35% are the period of manual work results; Plant is cut down in manual work, cuts the stem of falling when stalk water content and is higher than 80%, under the sun, shines threshing after 5～7 days, moisture content of kernels 12%; Combining period is the influences of plant crown perk, and stem angle fruit yellowish-brown, 80% color are that loquat is yellow, the whole black of stem seed; Branch seed 80% black, 20% breen, or bottom 2～3 branch seeds breen; Seed is black entirely on all the other branches, stem stalk water content 70%, moisture content of kernels 15%～20%;
(4) mechanical harvest and percent of loss are measured:
Adopt the special-purpose combined harvester harvesting of rape; The harvest machinery important technological parameters is: swath 1.8～2.0m is wide, power 45kw, ground contact pressure of track 18.8kPa; Harvest operation requires: cloudy day, cloudy weather or fine day 9～11 o'clock of morning or 3～5 o'clock of afternoon gather in the crops, and avoid high temperature at noon; 3m * 4m is cut out in the manual work of piece right corner in the field vacant lot before the harvesting, convenient machinery gets into operation, and machinery cuts and leaves the results road to the edge of a field in piece the right along the field; Retreat 10m～15m then and tiltedly cut twice or thrice, change 90 ° and bend, then with above-mentioned method of tiltedly cutting twice or thrice; Changeing 90 ° again bends; The piece another side cuts to the edge of a field along the field then, uses the cross sectional road of leaving the other end with quadrat method, at last according to counterclockwise accomplishing harvesting; 21～25 rev/mins of straw shift wheel rotating speeds, stubble height 15～30cm, harvesting totally, is not leaked and is cut during results, and cutting height meets local agriculture requirement, evenly is sprinkling upon Tanaka after harvesting stem stalk is smashed; Yield loss rate≤8%;
Percent of loss is measured and computational methods: with the chase of 200cm * 50cm, be enclosed within on the face of railway carriage or compartment before the rape maturing stage mechanical harvest, adopt above-mentioned 5 point samplings, get topsoil, the statistics kernal number dries and weighs, the calculating horizontal mean; Adopt 5 point samplings, get 1m
2Plant angle fruit in the scope, threshing is dried the back and is claimed kernel weight, calculating horizontal mean; Behind the mechanical harvest, seed dries weighs, and unified kernel weight is converted into standard water-content is 9% o'clock weight, amounts to into yield per unit area, mechanical harvest percent of loss %=(theoretical yield-mechanical harvest output-natural shattering is heavy)/theoretical yield * 100%;
(5) rape results back straw-returning: pour water in rape results back wholely, and the stalk mulching and returning of turning over is broadcast slotting paddy rice subsequently, than rice cultivation behind the crop straw burning, and rice yield raising 8%.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102415251A (en) * | 2011-08-16 | 2012-04-18 | 云南省农业科学院经济作物研究所 | Method for planting rape in dry land for field management by adopting small machine |
| CN102498921A (en) * | 2011-12-01 | 2012-06-20 | 成都金卓农业有限公司 | Method for direct seeding of rape |
| CN103039244B (en) * | 2013-01-04 | 2014-01-15 | 江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所 | Method for semi-mechanically transplanting rice stubble rapes under condition of returning all straws |
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| CN108617426A (en) * | 2018-05-09 | 2018-10-09 | 盐城工学院 | A kind of production method of the live streaming winter rape of suitable mechanized harvesting |
| CN109168641B (en) * | 2018-09-17 | 2021-04-16 | 黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所 | Rice straw high-voltage static accelerated desalting and returning device for saline-alkali soil remediation |
| CN109508822A (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2019-03-22 | 四川省农业科学院作物研究所 | A kind of yield of rape predictor method of economical character general performance index |
| CN110291941A (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2019-10-01 | 重庆原农同创农业科技有限公司 | A kind of rape seed manure is same to broadcast direct seeding technique method |
| CN111990063B (en) * | 2020-08-03 | 2022-06-28 | 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所 | Efficient and mechanized sesame combined harvesting method |
| CN113439624B (en) * | 2021-08-18 | 2022-05-03 | 湖南省作物研究所 | Method for screening cabbage type rape varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting and application thereof |
| CN114636793B (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2024-04-12 | 山东省花生研究所 | Screening method of peanut high-yield variety suitable for mechanized planting |
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