CN102061076A - Super-tough PC (polycarbonate)/PBT (Polybutylece Terephthalate)/PET (Polyethylene Glycol Terephthalate) alloy and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Super-tough PC (polycarbonate)/PBT (Polybutylece Terephthalate)/PET (Polyethylene Glycol Terephthalate) alloy and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102061076A CN102061076A CN2010105830655A CN201010583065A CN102061076A CN 102061076 A CN102061076 A CN 102061076A CN 2010105830655 A CN2010105830655 A CN 2010105830655A CN 201010583065 A CN201010583065 A CN 201010583065A CN 102061076 A CN102061076 A CN 102061076A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
- B29C48/0022—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with cutting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/04—Particle-shaped
Abstract
The invention relates to a super-tough PC (polycarbonate)/PBT (Polybutylece Terephthalate)/PET (Polyethylene Glycol Terephthalate) alloy and a preparation method thereof. The alloy comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 35-65% of PC, 10-40% of PBT, 10-40% of PET, 4-8% of toughening compatilizer, 0.4-1% of antioxidant and 0.4-1% of processing agent, wherein the toughening compatilizer is an ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer and/or an ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: drying raw materials; then sufficiently mixing; co-mixing; extruding and pelletizing. Compared with the PC/PBT alloy, the PC/PBT/PET ternary alloy has remarkable advantages in the aspects of rigidity, toughness, heat resistant temperature and size stability, has higher cost performance and greatly improved toughness, and is the alloy with excellent comprehensive performance and high cost performance.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to polymeric material field, thermoplastic macromolecule material modification technology particularly relates to a kind of super tough PC/ PBT/PET Alloy And Preparation Method that household electrical appliance, automobile component, field such as electric belong to high performance engineering plastics that is widely used in.
Background technology
Polycarbonate (PC) is a kind of thermoplastics of clear, colorless, have advantages such as high rigidity, toughness, dimensional stability, weathering resistance and resistance to low temperature are good, but exist that melt viscosity is big, flowability is poor, machine-shaping is difficult and shortcoming such as poor solvent resistance, thereby its range of application is restricted.
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a kind of crystalline thermoplastics, has that crystallization velocity is fast, advantages such as chemical proofing and good fluidity, but its shock strength is lower.
With PC and PBT blend, both can overcome deficiencies such as the PC chemical proofing is poor, forming process is not good, remedy the not high shortcoming of PBT shock strength again simultaneously, can obtain good comprehensive performances.PC/PBT alloy ubiquity in the market rigidity and the not good problem of thermotolerance, though can reach result of use by the content that improves PC, cost increases.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has higher melt temperature (Tm) and second-order transition temperature (Tg) than PBT, thereby its rigidity and thermotolerance are good than PBT, but its crystallization rate is slow, and shaping cycle is longer.Therefore the introducing of PBT can improve crystallization rate, makes its over-all properties good, is disclosed a kind of low temperature resistant PC/PET alloy among the CN101712794A as the patent No., has kept excellent impact property, but the content of PC is far above PET, does not have advantage on the cost; Patent publication No. is disclosedly among the CN101054465A to be the alloy of PC, low levels (5 ~ 20%) PET at high proportion too, does not possess low-cost advantage equally.
PC/PBT/PET is typically unformed/crystallization/semi-crystalline polymer system, is all polyester and has similar structure, for the compatible system of part, certain consistency is arranged, but directly there is crystallinity difference in the blend meeting, and consistency is suppressed.
So how selecting suitable toughness reinforcing compatilizer and blend ratio is the direction of further studying with consistency and the shock strength thereof that improves ternary system.
Summary of the invention
[0008] the present invention exist for the polyester alloy that solves prior art or cost height or rigidity, the not good problem of thermotolerance, and propose a kind of have high tenacity, rigidity and heat-drawn wire, and better, the lower-cost super tough PC/PBT/PET Alloy And Preparation Method of dimensional stability.
The present invention is achieved by the following scheme:
Above-mentioned super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy is made of following components in percentage by weight:
PC 35~65%；
PBT 10～40%；
PET 10～40%；
Toughness reinforcing compatilizer 4～8%;
Oxidation inhibitor 0.4～1%;
Processing aid 0.4～1%;
Described toughness reinforcing compatilizer be ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer and (or) ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer.
Described super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy, wherein: described PC is that molecular weight is 20000 ~ 40000 bisphenol A polycarbonate.The limiting viscosity 0.86 ~ 1.2 of described PBT.The limiting viscosity 0.83 ~ 0.96 of described PET.Described oxidation inhibitor is any two kinds of combinations among four [β-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid] pentaerythritol ester, β-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid octadecyl ester and tricresyl phosphite (24-di-tert-butyl-phenyl) the ester three.Described processing aid is a lubricant, is in ethylene bis-fatty acid amides, tetramethylolmethane stearate and mutual-phenenyl two acid bromide two alcohol ester's the cyclic oligomer one or more.
The preparation method of above-mentioned super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy is:
A, raw material drying: PC, PET and PBT exsiccant temperature are controlled at 110～130 ℃, and time of drying is more than 4 hours; Other raw material drying conditions 70 ℃ * 12 hours;
B, above-mentioned dried raw material is joined thorough mixing in the high-speed mixer by proportioning, stirred at normal temperatures 10～20 minutes;
C, blend extruding pelletization: adopt the twin screw extruder melt blending to extrude, through water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, drying and packaging is a finished product.
The preparation method of described super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy, wherein: described forcing machine comprises one to eight district, the temperature setting in each district is respectively 200～210 ℃ in a district, 210～220 ℃ in two districts, 220～230 ℃ in three districts, 230～240 ℃ in four districts, 240～250 ℃ in five districts, 240～250 ℃ in six districts, 240～250 ℃ in seven districts, 250～260 ℃ in eight districts, 240～250 ℃ of head temperatures.The screw diameter 35-75mm of described forcing machine; Screw speed is controlled at 200～400rPm.
The present invention replaces PBT with part PET under the prerequisite that does not improve PC content, preparation PC/PBT/PET tertiary blending alloy.Select for use and three kinds of polyester consistencies good cyclic oligomer (CBT) of mutual-phenenyl two acid bromide two alcohol ester all, can make whole tertiary blending system melt fluidity good, thereby on end product, realize thin-walled, long flow process injection; And do not reduce the mechanics and the thermal property of alloy basically.This ternary alloy is having outstanding advantage than the PC/PBT alloy aspect rigidity, toughness, heat resisting temperature and the dimensional stability.Price is low than PC/PBT simultaneously, and cost performance is higher; And, can overcome the unmanageable characteristics of PC, PET than PC/PET, its toughness is greatly improved simultaneously; Be a kind of excellent combination property, alloy that cost performance is high.
Embodiment
Super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy of the present invention is made of following components in percentage by weight:
PC 35~65%；
PBT 10～40%；
PET 10～40%；
Toughness reinforcing compatilizer 4～8%;
Oxidation inhibitor 0.4～1%;
Processing aid: 0.4～1%;
Wherein: PC is that molecular weight is 20000 ~ 40000 bisphenol A polycarbonate;
The limiting viscosity 0.86 ~ 1.2 of PBT;
The limiting viscosity 0.83 ~ 0.96 of PET;
Toughness reinforcing compatilizer can be ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA), perhaps ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA-GMA), and perhaps EMA and EMA-GMA's mixes;
Oxidation inhibitor is four [β-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid] any two kinds of collocation among pentaerythritol ester (1010), β-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid octadecyl ester (1076) and tricresyl phosphite (24-di-tert-butyl-phenyl) ester (168) three;
Processing aid is one or more in lubricant ethylene bis-fatty acid amides (TAF), tetramethylolmethane stearate (PETS) and mutual-phenenyl two acid bromide two alcohol ester's the cyclic oligomer (CBT).
The preparation process of super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy of the present invention is as follows:
1, the pre-treatment of raw material
Therefore the easy moisture absorption of PC, PET and PBT, must carry out drying treatment to it before blending and modifying, the exsiccant temperature is controlled at 110～130 ℃, and time of drying is more than 4 hours.Other raw material drying conditions 70 ℃ * 12 hours.
2, batching and premix
By proportioning weighing dried raw material and auxiliary agent, join thorough mixing in the high-speed mixer, stir 10～20min at normal temperatures, to mixing.
3, blend extruding pelletization
The above-mentioned material that mixes is joined in the hopper of twin screw extruder, each of this twin screw extruder section temperature is controlled at: 200～210 ℃ in a district, 210～220 ℃ in two districts, 220～230 ℃ in three districts, 230～240 ℃ in four districts, 240～250 ℃ in five districts, 240～250 ℃ in six districts, 240～250 ℃ in seven districts, 250～260 ℃ in eight districts, 240～250 ℃ of head temperatures; Screw speed is controlled at 200～400rPm.Through the twin screw extruder melt blending extrude, water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, be dried into PC/PBT/PET alloy finished product.
According to above-mentioned component and preparation method, each component of embodiment 1～6 is as follows.
Embodiment one
At first with PC, PET and PBT 110 ℃ dry 6 hours down, remaining auxiliary agent 70 ℃ dry 12 hours down.
Dried raw material is weighed by proportioning, takes by weighing 40kg PC, 20.2kg PET, 33kg PBT, 4kg EMA-GMA, 2kg EMA, 0.2kg antioxidant 1010 and 0.2kg 168,0.4kg lubricant TAF.
The raw material of said ratio is mixed 20min in high-speed mixer.
The above-mentioned material that mixes is joined in the hopper of twin screw extruder, control each section temperature and exist: 210 ℃ in a district, 220 ℃ in two districts, 230 ℃ in three districts, 240 ℃ in four districts, 250 ℃ in five districts, 240 ℃ in six districts, 240 ℃ in seven districts, 250 ℃ in eight districts, 250 ℃ of head temperatures.Screw speed 200rpm, through the twin screw extruder melt blending extrude, water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, last bag becomes PC/PBT/PET alloy finished product.
Above-mentioned PC/PBT/PET alloy is injection molded into standard test specimen, and test performance sees Table 1.
Embodiment two
With PC, PET and PBT 110 ℃ dry 6 hours down, remaining auxiliary agent 70 ℃ dry 12 hours down.
Dried raw material is weighed by proportioning, takes by weighing 45kg PC, 30kg PET, 19kg PBT, 5kg EMA-GMA, 0.2kg antioxidant 1076 and 0.3kg 168,0.5kg lubricant TAF.
Then the above-mentioned raw material that takes by weighing is placed in the high-speed mixer and mixed 20 minutes.
The above-mentioned material that mixes is joined in the hopper of twin screw extruder, and screw speed 350rpm controls each section temperature: 200 ℃ in a district, 210 ℃ in two districts, 220 ℃ in three districts, 230 ℃ in four districts, 240 ℃ in five districts, 250 ℃ in six districts, 250 ℃ in seven districts, 260 ℃ in eight districts, 250 ℃ of head temperatures.Through the twin screw extruder melt blending extrude, water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, last bag becomes PC/PBT/PET alloy finished product.
Above-mentioned PC/PBT/PET alloy is injection molded into standard test specimen, and test performance sees Table 1.
Embodiment three
With PC, PET and PBT 120 ℃ dry 5 hours down, remaining auxiliary agent 70 ℃ dry 12 hours down.
Dried raw material is weighed by proportioning, takes by weighing: 50kg PC, 20kg PET, 23kg PBT, 4kg EMA-GMA, 2kg EMA, 0.2kg antioxidant 1010 and 0.2kg168,0.6kg lubricant PETS.
The raw material of said ratio was mixed in high-speed mixer 15 minutes.
The above-mentioned material that mixes is joined in the hopper of twin screw extruder, control each section temperature and exist: 210 ℃ in a district, 220 ℃ in two districts, 230 ℃ in three districts, 240 ℃ in four districts, 250 ℃ in five districts, 240 ℃ in six districts, 245 ℃ in seven districts, 250 ℃ in eight districts, 240 ℃ of head temperatures; Screw speed is controlled at 300rpm.Through the twin screw extruder melt blending extrude, water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, last bag becomes PC/PBT/PET alloy finished product.
Above-mentioned PC/PBT/PET alloy is injection molded into standard test specimen, and test performance sees Table 1.
Embodiment four
With PC, PET and PBT 120 ℃ dry 5 hours down, remaining auxiliary agent 70 ℃ dry 12 hours down.
Dried raw material is weighed by proportioning, takes by weighing: 35kg PC, 16kg PET, 40kg PBT, 4kg EMA, 4kg EMA-GMA, 0.3kg antioxidant 1076 and 0.3kg 168,0.2kg lubricant TAF and 0.2kg PETS.
The raw material of said ratio was mixed in high-speed mixer 15 minutes.
The above-mentioned material that mixes is joined in the hopper of twin screw extruder, control each section temperature and exist: 210 ℃ in a district, 220 ℃ in two districts, 230 ℃ in three districts, 240 ℃ in four districts, 250 ℃ in five districts, 240 ℃ in six districts, 240 ℃ in seven districts, 250 ℃ in eight districts, 250 ℃ of head temperatures; Screw speed is controlled at 300rpm.Through the twin screw extruder melt blending extrude, water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, last bag becomes PC/PBT/PET alloy finished product.
Above-mentioned PC/PBT/PET alloy is injection molded into standard test specimen, and test performance is as shown in table 1.
Embodiment five
With PC, PET and PBT 130 ℃ dry 4 hours down, remaining auxiliary agent 70 ℃ dry 12 hours down.
Dried raw material is weighed by proportioning, takes by weighing: 53kg PC, 10kg PET, 30kg PBT, 5.6kg EMA, 0.2kg antioxidant 1076 and 0.4kg 168,0.8kg lubricant CBT.
The raw material of said ratio was mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes.
The above-mentioned material that mixes is joined in the hopper of twin screw extruder, control each section temperature and exist: 200 ℃ in a district, 210 ℃ in two districts, 230 ℃ in three districts, 240 ℃ in four districts, 250 ℃ in five districts, 240 ℃ in six districts, 240 ℃ in seven districts, 260 ℃ in eight districts, 250 ℃ of head temperatures; Screw speed is controlled at 350rpm.Through the twin screw extruder melt blending extrude, water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, last bag becomes PC/PBT/PET alloy finished product.
Above-mentioned PC/PBT/PET alloy is injection molded into standard test specimen, and test performance is as shown in table 1.
Embodiment six
With PC, PET and PBT 130 ℃ dry 4 hours down, remaining auxiliary agent 70 ℃ dry 12 hours down.
Dried raw material is weighed by proportioning, takes by weighing: 65kg PC, kg PET 19,10kg PBT, 1kg EMA, 3kg EMA-GMA, 0.5kg antioxidant 1076 and 0.5kg 168,1kg lubricant CBT.
The raw material of said ratio was mixed in high-speed mixer 10 minutes.
The above-mentioned material that mixes is joined in the hopper of twin screw extruder, control each section temperature and exist: 200 ℃ in a district, 220 ℃ in two districts, 230 ℃ in three districts, 240 ℃ in four districts, 250 ℃ in five districts, 240 ℃ in six districts, 240 ℃ in seven districts, 250 ℃ in eight districts, 250 ℃ of head temperatures, screw speed is controlled at 400rpm, through the twin screw extruder melt blending extrude, water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, last bag becomes PC/PBT/PET alloy finished product.
Above-mentioned PC/PBT/PET alloy is injection molded into standard test specimen, and test performance is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 PC/PBT/PET alloy property table
| Performance | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 | Embodiment 6 |
| Density/g.cm -2 | 1.251 | 1.246 | 1.233 | 1.28 | 1.233 | 1.217 |
| Tensile strength/MPa | 58 | 59.2 | 53.9 | 50.9 | 56.1 | 54.8 |
| Elongation at break/% | 55 | 61 | 65.2 | 46.6 | 76.1 | 125.2 |
| Flexural strength/MPa | 70.9 | 78 | 72 | 74 | 74.6 | 77 |
| Modulus in flexure/MPa | 2078 | 2133 | 2128 | 1977 | 2033 | 2145 |
| Notched Izod impact strength/Kj.m -2 | 75 | 78 | 85 | 72 | 92 | 96 |
| Heat-drawn wire/℃ 0.45MPa | 112 | 118 | 123 | 108 | 121 | 128 |
| Molding shrinkage/% | 0．76 | 0．65 | 0．61 | 0．96 | 0．63 | 0．60 |
By table 1 as can be seen, adopt preparation method of the present invention, the PC/PBT/PET alloy of preparation has high tenacity, excellent size stability, and rigidity, toughness and heat-drawn wire, thus cost performance is higher.
Non-so limitation protection scope of the present invention so use the equivalence techniques variation that specification sheets of the present invention and diagramatic content do such as, all is contained in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy is made of following components in percentage by weight:
PC 35~65%；
PBT 10～40%；
PET 10～40%；
Toughness reinforcing compatilizer 4～8%;
Oxidation inhibitor 0.4～1%;
Processing aid 0.4～1%;
Described toughness reinforcing compatilizer be ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer and (or) ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer.
2. super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: described PC is that molecular weight is 20000 ~ 40000 bisphenol A polycarbonate.
3. super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: the limiting viscosity 0.86 ~ 1.2 of described PBT.
4. super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: the limiting viscosity 0.83 ~ 0.96 of described PET.
5. super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described oxidation inhibitor is four [β-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid] any two kinds of combinations among pentaerythritol ester, β-(3, the 5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy phenyl) propionic acid octadecyl ester and tricresyl phosphite (24-di-tert-butyl-phenyl) the ester three.
6. super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described processing aid is a lubricant, is in ethylene bis-fatty acid amides, tetramethylolmethane stearate and mutual-phenenyl two acid bromide two alcohol ester's the cyclic oligomer one or more.
7. the preparation method of super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy as claimed in claim 1 is:
A, raw material drying: PC, PET and PBT exsiccant temperature are controlled at 110～130 ℃, and time of drying is more than 4 hours; Other raw material drying conditions 70 ℃ * 12 hours;
B, above-mentioned dried raw material is joined thorough mixing in the high-speed mixer by proportioning, stirred at normal temperatures 10～20 minutes;
C, blend extruding pelletization: adopt the twin screw extruder melt blending to extrude, through water-cooled, air-dry, pelletizing, drying and packaging is a finished product.
8. the preparation method of super tough PC/PBT/PET alloy as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized in that: described forcing machine comprises one to eight district, the temperature setting in each district is respectively 200～210 ℃ in a district, 210～220 ℃ in two districts, 220～230 ℃ in three districts, 230～240 ℃ in four districts, 240～250 ℃ in five districts, 240～250 ℃ in six districts, 240～250 ℃ in seven districts, 250～260 ℃ in eight districts, 240～250 ℃ of head temperatures.
9. as preparation method's equipment of claim 7 or 8 described super tough PC/PBT/PET alloys, it is characterized in that: the screw diameter 35-75mm of described forcing machine.
10. as preparation method's equipment of claim 7 or 8 described super tough PC/PBT/PET alloys, it is characterized in that: the screw speed of described forcing machine is controlled at 200～400rPm.
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| CN104031370A (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2014-09-10 | 苏州宇度医疗器械有限责任公司 | Preparation method for flame-retardant polycarbonate ternary composite material |
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| CN103122135A (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2013-05-29 | 深圳市亚塑科技有限公司 | PC-PBT (polycarbonate-polybutylene terephthalate) hybrid alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN104031370A (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2014-09-10 | 苏州宇度医疗器械有限责任公司 | Preparation method for flame-retardant polycarbonate ternary composite material |
| CN104031372A (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2014-09-10 | 苏州宇度医疗器械有限责任公司 | Flame-retardant polycarbonate ternary composite material |
| CN104592730A (en) * | 2015-01-04 | 2015-05-06 | 南通日之升高分子新材料科技有限公司 | Polylactic acid/polyester alloy and preparation method thereof |
| CN107987502A (en) * | 2017-11-24 | 2018-05-04 | 广东威林工程塑料股份有限公司 | One kind is used for automobile door handle alloy material and preparation method thereof |
| CN109233216A (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2019-01-18 | 会通新材料股份有限公司 | It is a kind of can laser welding black fiber glass reinforced PBT composite material and preparation method |
| CN110423451A (en) * | 2019-08-14 | 2019-11-08 | 上海华合复合材料有限公司 | A kind of high durable based on transesterification control, the antiflaming polycarbonate alloy material of high-environmental and preparation method thereof |
| CN110591324A (en) * | 2019-09-29 | 2019-12-20 | 索密克汽车配件有限公司 | Ball seat material for automobile guide ball pin |
| CN110669325A (en) * | 2019-09-29 | 2020-01-10 | 索密克汽车配件有限公司 | Automobile guide ball pin formed by PET polyester modified by nano-alumina particles |
| CN110684325A (en) * | 2019-09-29 | 2020-01-14 | 索密克汽车配件有限公司 | Method for preparing ball seat material for automobile guide ball pin |
| CN110591324B (en) * | 2019-09-29 | 2021-10-26 | 索密克汽车配件有限公司 | Ball seat material for automobile guide ball pin |
| WO2024061517A1 (en) * | 2022-09-21 | 2024-03-28 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Thermoplastic composition with optimal property balance |
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Application publication date: 20110518 |