CN102056652A - 减轻或消除人类活动的碳足迹 - Google Patents

减轻或消除人类活动的碳足迹 Download PDF

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CN102056652A
CN102056652A CN2009801175585A CN200980117558A CN102056652A CN 102056652 A CN102056652 A CN 102056652A CN 2009801175585 A CN2009801175585 A CN 2009801175585A CN 200980117558 A CN200980117558 A CN 200980117558A CN 102056652 A CN102056652 A CN 102056652A
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carbon dioxide
carbon
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methyl alcohol
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乔治·A·欧拉
G·K·苏里拉·普拉卡什
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Abstract

一种用于抵消或减少碳足迹的方法，所述碳足迹来自由于与含碳燃料的燃烧或使用有关的人类活动的二氧化碳排放。此方法包括捕获二氧化碳并随后将其化学再循环的初始步骤，以形成和提供含碳燃料或产品持久无尽的供应，接着可以燃烧或使用该含碳燃料或产品而没有增加大气的二氧化碳含量。从而，可以无限地延续当前广泛地依赖于传统含碳燃料和产品的生活方式而不损害环境以为了后代的利益保持并且甚至改善地球大气。

Description

减轻或消除人类活动的碳足迹
背景
在我们的21世纪社会中，频繁表达的主要忧虑之一是，在我们的行星上留下人类活动的″碳足迹″的环境有害的增加。碳足迹是由归因于使用含碳燃料等的实体所产生的二氧化碳的量。不可避免地从碳基燃料、材料的燃烧和降解或任何生命过程本身形成的二氧化碳是主要的忧虑，因为其通过导致有害的全球变暖而对我们的气候的改变起了显著的作用。已做出了广泛的努力建议急剧减少含碳燃料和材料的使用以及用非含碳能源代替化石燃料。应强调的是应当越来越多地使用非含碳能量来源，值得注意的是备选来源如氢能、地热能、太阳能(geothermal solar)、风能以及其它和原子能。然而，在可预见的未来，化石能源由于其可即用性和与备选物相比相对较低的成本，而将继续起主要的作用。
任何含碳化合物的环境有害原因是，通过其燃烧或降解，形成作为温室气体的二氧化碳。对该问题具体而言，煤或其它化石燃料的使用、燃烧这样燃料的动力设备每年产生超过300亿吨的二氧化碳，该二氧化碳由于各种工业活动、石油和天然气的使用，农业、生命活动以及各种天然污染源(natural source)的排放而进一步大量增加。即使自然界中的海洋和光合过程能够吸收并再循环一半的与人类活动有关的CO2，余下的量也仍然极大地超负荷并打乱我们地球的CO2平衡。
因此强调的是，如由京都议定书(Kyoto agreement)和其它努力所反映的，我们必须急剧地减少我们人类活动产生的CO2。应认识到的是，应当在任何可行的情况下，利用非含碳和可再生能源的使用、以及二氧化碳排放在海底或地下的捕获并隔离。然而，这些方法有显而易见的局限。隔离除了作为高成本的过程以外，也仅是暂时的解决方案。被隔离的二氧化碳无法保持长期地脱离大气。任何地质扰动(geological disturbance)(地震、滑坡、火山爆发等)都能够导致巨大量致命二氧化碳的瞬间释放，这些比空气重的二氧化碳能够使大规模的任何生物窒息。
有其它已知的减少实体碳足迹的方法。通过应用以下步骤可以高效且有效地减少碳足迹：
首先精确地确定实体的当前碳足迹；
根据能量消耗和相关的CO2排放确定可能可以减少的热点；
优化能量效率以减少CO2排放和减少由生产过程贡献的其它GHG排放；以及
确定用于抵消无法通过节能措施消除的CO2排放的解决方案。
最后一步包括碳抵消(carbon offsetting)：在针对减少CO2排放、例如生物燃料或植树活动的项目中的投资。
尽管这些都是切合实际的备选方案和方法，并且使用备选能源和燃料可以提供一定的缓和，然而它们本身不足以提供对问题的有效解决方案，并且需要新的技术途径。现在由本发明提供一些新的途径。
发明概述
本发明涉及一种用于抵消或减少来自二氧化碳释放的碳足迹的方法，所述二氧化碳释放归因于与传统含碳燃料的燃烧或使用有关的人类活动。此方法包括捕获二氧化，并随后将其化学再循环碳的初始步骤，以形成并提供新的且持久无尽的处于燃料、合成烃或其它产品形式的含碳化合物的供应，接着可以燃烧或使用所述燃料和产品而不增加大气的总二氧化碳含量。本发明还涉及捕获或再循环的二氧化碳的应用，以形成这样的新含碳化合物或产品，从而控制和减少产生地球的总碳足迹的二氧化碳释放。因此，通过代入经由二氧化碳的再循环获得的新含碳化合物或产品，可以无限地延续当前广泛地依赖于传统含碳燃料和产品的生活方式而不损害环境以为了后代的利益保持并有希望地改善地球大气。
优选实施方案的详细说明
以下定义适用于本发明。
碳足迹是“根据产生的温室气体的量，以二氧化碳为单位测量的，人类活动对环境的影响的量度”。其可以用于个体、实体和组织，以将他们个人的(或组织的)对于全球变暖所起作用的影响概念化。一个对应于碳足迹的概念工具是碳抵消，或者通过发展替代碳源项目比如太阳或风能、或通过生物学过程如再造林的碳再循环来减轻碳排放。可以将碳足迹视为较早使用的生态足迹概念的子集。
“实体”可以是个体、家庭或者其它人群、商行、公司或其它组织。特别地，实体可以是由于化石燃料的燃烧、工业活动、其它产生二氧化碳的精细过程而产生或能够产生碳足迹的一个。
因此，碳足迹是和由实体排放的或在生产和服务的整个生命周期中累积的全球过量二氧化碳(CO2)和其它含碳温室气体的量度。
通常，将碳足迹表示为CO2当量(一般以千克或吨计)，其说明不同温室气体的相同全球变暖影响。碳足迹可以由所有二氧化碳源计算，或者可以局限于主要二氧化碳源，所述主要二氧化碳源产生自化石燃料的使用、工业和各种类似的过程。碳足迹可以仅考虑直接排放(典型地来自在家庭、工作场所、运输(包括通过汽车、飞机、铁路和其它公共交通旅行)中使用的能源，或者也可以包括间接排放(包括作为商品和服务消耗结果的CO2排放)。
本发明不是通过限制或禁止用于能量产生的含碳燃料的使用、运输工具燃料和各种派生材料和产品的生产，而是通过用从产生二氧化碳的设备捕获的二氧化碳制备这样的燃料和相关含碳产品或者通过从大气移除二氧化碳，来提供切实可行的减轻由人类活动引起的碳足迹的方法。通过捕获和化学再循环CO2排放，获得了中性的碳足迹或者在一些情况下负的碳足迹。这不仅通过优先再循环较高浓度的工业和天然CO2源和排放，而且通过捕获和再循环等量，或有时甚至更大量的直接来自大气或空气本身的CO2是切实可行的。
当然，自然本身通过农作物和树再循环二氧化碳，但是石油和其它化石燃料的燃烧和使用已经完全使该体系超负荷，从而其无法跟上产生的二氧化碳的量。本发明意识到这个缺点并且现在寻求在这个极佳的再循环项目中协助自然。通过首先从环境中捕获二氧化碳，或者至少通过防止排放更多的量，然后通过将捕获的二氧化碳转化为碳基燃料或原料，后代可以继续利用这样的燃料和原料以及由这样的化学品制造的产品，而不导致对环境的进一步损害。从而，可以在不增加二氧化碳的排放或其所得的碳足迹的情况下，提供这些燃料和产品的未来来源。可以以环境中性方式使用该产品。
特别地，如美国专利5,928,806以及美国专利申请US 2006/0235091、US 2006/0235088和US 2007/054969中所公开的，可以将捕获并回收的CO2用于制备合适且可再生的燃料如甲醇或二甲醚以及他们的派生产品和材料，所述美国专利和美国专利申请中每一篇的全部内容都通过引用清楚地结合在本文中。
在这些专利文件中所公开的方法中，可以从煤或其它化石燃料燃烧设备，地热动力设备，水泥、铝或其它工业设备或工厂，工业或农业废物，或者天然气生产副产物的烟道气或废气中捕获二氧化碳。也可以通过如下步骤将其从空气或大气中捕获并移除：将二氧化碳吸附到合适的吸附剂上，随后通过加热或另外处理吸附剂来从其中释放吸附的二氧化碳。
优选地，将捕获的二氧化碳通过各种氢化还原法化学再循环为甲醇。其它产品比如碳酸二甲酯可以通过甲醇与光气的反应或者甲醇的氧化羰基化形成。有利地，可以将甲醇脱水以将其转化为二甲醚，然后可以将所述二甲醚原样使用或用作原料来形成另外的产品。可以将二甲醚用作天然气和LPG的代替物，以用于家庭或工业用途的加热目的。可以在酸性-碱性催化剂或沸石催化剂的存在下加热二甲醚以形成乙烯或丙烯。可以随后将乙烯或丙烯转化为更高级的烯烃、合成烃或芳族化合物，以及它们作为用于化学品或运输工具燃料的原料使用的产品。可以将乙烯或丙烯水合以形成乙醇或丙醇并且特别是异丙醇。随后可以常规地燃烧或利用这些碳基燃料和产品，而不增加任何个体或实体的碳足迹以及不通过排放任何更多的二氧化碳而导致对大气的进一步损害。所有这些方法一般从本文中提及的现有专利文件中获知，但是仅在收集和捕获二氧化碳之后燃料和产品的产生是新的概念，其将在不改变人们已经熟悉的生活方式的同时防止进一步的环境损害。其也不依赖于碳基材料的节约或减少使用。
本发明通过等量或过量的当前产生的二氧化碳的初始捕获，并且通过将其化学再循环，优选通过利用转化为甲醇或二甲醚的合适形式，而使人类碳足迹中性，甚至在一些情况下为负的，从而实现了减轻增加人类活动碳足迹的有害CO2的产生。这些材料可以随后被用作方便的储能以及运输材料、燃料(包括用于内燃或燃料电池)、家庭和工业气体(用于加热、烹饪等)以及用于制备合成烃和它们的产品的可再生原料。通过减轻人类活动的有害的过多碳足迹，没有过多的二氧化碳释放到大气中，从而允许含碳燃料和材料的持续环境友好的可再生使用，同时也减少或抵消排放到大气中导致全球变暖的过多CO2有害环境影响。同时其确保人类的无尽的、可再生的和环境友好的碳源，即，二氧化碳，所述二氧化碳为制造每个人都极度依赖的燃料和产品的起点。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于抵消或减少归因于与含碳燃料的燃烧或使用有关的人类活动的二氧化碳排放的方法，所述方法包括捕获二氧化碳并且将其化学再循环，以形成可以燃烧或使用的含碳化合物或产品而不增加大气中的二氧化碳含量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述二氧化碳是从煤或其它化石燃料燃烧设备，地热动力设施，水泥、铝或其它工业设备或工厂，工业或农业废物或天然气生产副产物的烟道气或废气中捕获的。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中将所述二氧化碳从空气或大气中捕获并移除。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其中可获得的二氧化碳源是大气，并且所述二氧化碳是通过将大气二氧化碳吸附到合适的吸附剂上、随后通过处理或加热所述吸附剂以从其中释放吸附的二氧化碳而获得的。
5.根据任一上述权利要求所述的方法，其中所述含碳化合物是含碳燃料或合成烃。
6.根据任一上述权利要求所述的方法，其中将所捕获的二氧化碳通过氢化还原法转化为甲醇。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，所述方法还包括在足以制备二甲醚的条件下将所制备的甲醇脱水。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法，所述方法还包括将所述甲醇或二甲醚在酸性-碱性催化剂或沸石催化剂的存在下转化以形成乙烯或丙烯。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法，所述方法还包括将所述乙烯或丙烯转化为更高级的烯烃、合成烃或芳族化合物，或者它们用作化学品用原料或用作运输工具燃料的产品。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，所述方法还包括将所述乙烯或丙烯水合以形成乙醇、丙醇或异丙醇。
11.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中为了家庭或工业使用的加热目的，将所述二甲醚用作柴油机燃料、天然气或LPG的代替物。
12.根据权利要求6所述的方法，所述方法还包括通过所述甲醇与光气的反应或通过甲醇的氧化羰基化来形成碳酸二甲酯。
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