CN101646852B - 内燃机的排气净化装置 - Google Patents
内燃机的排气净化装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种内燃机的排气净化装置,在内燃机中,在内燃机排气通路内串联配置一对NOx吸藏催化剂(12、14)。在从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂(12)释放出NOx、下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂(14)吸藏被释放出了的NOx时,在使排气的空燃比维持在稀空燃比的状态下暂时降低排气中的氧浓度。与此相对,在从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂(12)和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂(14)释放并还原NOx时,将排气的空燃比暂时从稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机的排气净化装置。
背景技术
在内燃机排气通路内配置了NOx吸藏催化剂的内燃机已为公众所知,上述NOx吸藏催化剂在流入的排气的空燃比为稀(lean)空燃比时,吸藏排气中所含有的NOx,在流入的排气的空燃比为理论空燃比或浓(rich)空燃比时,释放所吸藏了的NOx(例如参照特开2004-108176号公报)。在该内燃机中,若NOx吸藏催化剂的NOx吸藏能力接近饱合,则使排气的空燃比暂时为浓空燃比,由此从NOx吸藏催化剂释放并还原NOx。
这样在以往做成:在应从NOx吸藏催化剂释放出NOx时,使排气的空燃比为理论空燃比或浓空燃比,在NOx吸藏催化剂内还原被释放出的NOx。但是,根据情况的不同,有时候希望从NOx吸藏催化剂释放出的NOx不被还原、而是从NOx吸藏催化剂排出。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种根据需要来决定对从NOx吸藏催化剂释放出的NOx是进行还原、还是不还原的内燃机的排气净化装置。
采用本发明,提供一种内燃机的排气净化装置,该排气净化装置设置成:在内燃机排气通路内串联地配置有至少一对NOx吸藏催化剂,该NOx吸藏催化剂在流入的排气的空燃比为稀空燃比时,吸藏排气中所含有的NOx,在流入的排气中的氧浓度降低时,释放所吸藏了的NOx;在要使NOx从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂释放、使下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂吸藏被释放出的NOx时,在将排气的空燃比维持在稀空燃比的状态下使排气中的氧浓度暂时降低;在要使NOx从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂释放并还原时,将排气的空燃比暂时从稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比。
在本发明中,可以根据需要,通过使由催化剂温度比较高且NOx吸藏能力高的上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂所吸藏的NOx移动到下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂,来恢复上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂的NOx吸藏能力。
附图说明
图1是表示压缩点火式(压燃式)内燃机的总体图;
图2是表示NOx吸藏催化剂的催化剂载体的表面部分的剖视图;
图3是表示NOx吸藏催化剂的催化剂载体的表面部分的剖视图;
图4是表示NOx释放处理的时间关系图;
图5是表示吸藏NOx量NOXA的映射(map)等的图;
图6是表示用于实行NOx净化处理的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1是表示压缩点火式内燃机的总体图。
参照图1,附图标记1表示内燃机主体,2表示各气缸的燃烧室,3表示用于向各燃烧室2内分别喷射燃料的电子控制式燃料喷射阀,4表示进气歧管,5表示排气歧管。进气歧管4借助进气管道6连接于排气涡轮增压器7的压缩机7a的出口,压缩机7a的入口借助检测吸入空气量的吸入空气量检测器8与空气过滤器9连接。在进气管道6内配置由步进电机驱动的节流阀10,另外,在进气管道6周围配置用于冷却在进气管道6内流动的吸入空气的冷却装置11。在图1所示的实施例中,将内燃机冷却水导入冷却装置11内,由内燃机冷却水对吸入空气进行冷却。
另一方面,排气歧管5连接于排气涡轮增压器7的排气涡轮7b的入口。排气涡轮7b的出口连接于上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的入口,上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的出口借助排气管13与下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的入口连接。另外,下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的下游还可以配置别的NOx吸藏催化剂。另一方面,在排气歧管5安装用于向在排气歧管5内流动的排气中供给包括碳氢化合物的还原剂的还原剂供给阀15。
排气歧管5和进气歧管4通过排气再循环(以下称之为EGR)通路16相互连接,在EGR通路16内配置电子控制式EGR控制阀17。另外,在EGR通路16周围配置用于冷却在EGR通路16内流动的EGR气体的冷却装置18。在图1所示的实施例中,内燃机冷却水被导入冷却装置18内,由冷却水冷却EGR气体。另一方面,各燃料喷射阀3借助燃料供给管19与共轨20(common rail)连接。由电子控制式的喷出量可变的燃料泵21向该共轨20内供给燃料,供给到共轨20内的燃料借助各燃料供给管19被供给到燃料喷射阀3。
电子控制单元30包括数字计算机,具有通过双向总线31相互连接的ROM(只读存储器)32、RAM(随机存取存储器)33、CPU(微处理器)34、输入端口35和输出端口36。在排气管13内安装用于检测在排气管13内流动的排气的温度的温度传感器22。若在排气管13内流动的排气温度变化,则上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的温度也随之变化,因此,使得在排气管13内流动的排气的温度可代表串联配置的一对NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的温度。如图1所示,该温度传感器22和吸入空气量检测器8的输出信号分别借助相应的AD转换器37被输入到输入端口35。
在加速器踏板40连接产生与加速器踏板40的踩入量L成比例的输出电压的负载传感器41,负载传感器41的输出电压借助相应的AD转换器37被输入到输入端口35。另外,在曲轴每转动例如15度时产生输出脉冲的曲轴转角传感器42与输入端口35连接。另一方面,输出端口36借助相应的驱动电路38与燃料喷射阀3、节流阀10的驱动用步进电机、还原剂供给阀15、EGR控制阀17和燃料泵21连接。
首先,对图1所示的NOx吸藏催化剂12、14进行说明,在这些NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的基体上担载由例如包括氧化铝的催化剂载体,图2图示说明该催化剂载体45的表面部分的截面。如图2所示,在催化剂载体45的表面上分散担载贵金属催化剂46,而且,在催化剂载体45的表面上形成有NOx吸收剂47的层。
在本发明的实施例中利用白金Pt作为贵金属催化剂46,利用从例如钾K、钠Na、铯Cs之类的碱金属、钡Ba、钙Ca之类的碱土类金属、镧La、钇Y之类稀土类金属中所选出的至少一种作为构成NOx吸收剂47的成分。
若将供给到内燃机进气通路、燃烧室2和NOx吸藏催化剂12上游的排气通路内的空气和燃料(碳氢化合物)的比称为排气的空燃比,则NOx吸收剂47进行如下NOx的吸收释放作用:在排气的空燃比为稀空燃比时吸收NOx,若排气中的氧浓度(氧气浓度)下降则释放出所吸收了的NOx。
即,若以使用钡Ba作为构成NOx吸收剂47的成分的情况为例进行说明,则在排气的空燃比为稀空燃比时、即排气中的氧浓度高时,含在排气中的NO如图2所示在白金Pt46上被氧化变成NO2,接着,一边在被吸收到NOx吸收剂47内与氧化钡(BaO)结合,一边以硝酸根离子NO3 -的形态在NOx吸收剂47内扩散。这样一来NOx被吸收到NOx吸收剂47内。只有在排气中的氧浓度高时,才会在白金Pt46的表面生成NO2,只要NOx吸收剂47的NOx吸收能力不饱合,NO2就会被吸收到NOx吸收剂47内,生成硝酸根离子NO3 -。
对此,若由还原剂供给阀15供给还原剂,排气的空燃比变小,此时,因为氧化还原剂而消耗含在排气中的氧气,因此,排气中的氧浓度降低。若排气中的氧浓度降低,则如3(A)、(B)所示,反应逆向(NO3 -→NO2或NO)进行,这样NOx吸收剂47内的硝酸根离子NO3 -将以NO2或NO的形态从NOx吸收剂47被释放出来。即,若流入排气中的氧浓度降低则从NOx吸收剂47释放NOx。
而在将排气的空燃比维持在稀空燃比的状态下使排气的空燃比变小、使排气中的氧浓度降低时,如图3(A)所示,在排气中除了还原剂HC之外还含有大量的氧气O2。若这样在排气中含有大量的氧气O2,则从NOx吸收剂47释放出的NO2或NO就不再能进行还原。
另一方面,若使排气的空燃比为浓空燃比,则排气中的氧气基本上被消耗掉了,因此,如图3(B)所示,在排气中基本没有残留氧气O2,在排气中存在有还原剂HC或CO。若这样在没有氧气O2残留的状态下存在有还原剂HC或CO,则从NOx吸收剂47释放出的NO2或NO将被还原直到变为N2。因此,此时,不会从NOx吸藏催化剂排出NOx。
如上述排气空燃比为稀空燃比时,即基于稀空燃比进行燃烧时,排气中的NOx被吸收到NOx吸收剂47内。在这种情况下,上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12比下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14温度高,因此,上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12这一方的NOx的吸藏能力高,因此,上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸收剂47这一方吸收NOx容易。但是,若继续进行稀空燃比下的燃烧,其间NOx吸收剂47的NOx吸收能力饱合,这样就使得不再能由NOx吸收剂47吸收NOx。在此,在本发明的实施例中做成:通过在NOx吸收剂47的吸收能力饱合前从还原剂供给阀15供给还原剂,使排气的空燃比暂时为浓空燃比,由此从NOx吸收剂47释放NOx。
然而,若在NOx吸藏催化剂的温度低、催化剂46没有充分活性化时,若为了使排气的空燃比为浓空燃比而从还原剂供给阀15供给大量的还原剂HC,则因为还原剂HC没有被充分还原,而产生相当多的量的还原剂HC被排出到大气中的问题。在此,在本发明中,做成在NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的温度低、催化剂46没有充分活性化时仅供给可氧化的量的还原剂。此时,在使排气的空燃比维持在稀空燃比的状态下排气中的氧浓度降低,因此,如由图3(A)所知那样从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12排出NO2或NO,该NO2或NO被下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14吸藏。
接着对此参照图4进行说明。另外,在图4中,TC是表示由温度传感器22检测出的温度、即代表一对NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的温度的温度。另外,∑NOX1表示由上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12吸藏的吸藏NOx量,∑NOX2表示由下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14吸藏的吸藏NOx量,A/F表示根据来自还原剂供给阀15的还原剂HC的供给而变化的流向上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的流入排气的空燃比。
在本发明的实施例中,吸藏NOx的量∑NOX1和∑NOX2基于从燃烧室2每单位时间排出的NOx量NOXA、上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏速度等计算得出。在此,从燃烧室2每单位时间排出的NOx量NOXA作为要求转矩TQ和内燃机转速N的函数、以如图5(A)所示的映射的形式预先存储在ROM32中,若该排出的NOx量NOXA比上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏速度、即、上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12每单位时间所能吸藏的最大NOx吸藏量MAX少,则排出的NOx量NOXA就成为由上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12每单位时间所吸藏的NOx量NOX1。通过累加计算该NOx量NOX1得到吸藏NOx量∑NOX1。
与此相对,若排出的NOx量NOXA比上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏速度、即、上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12每单位时间所能吸藏的最大NOx吸藏量MAX多,则该最大NOx吸藏量MAX就成为由上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12每单位时间所吸藏的NOx量NOX1。此时,没有被上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12吸藏的剩余的NOx量(NOXA-MAX)就成为由下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14每单位时间所吸藏的NOx量NOX2。通过累加计算该NOx量NOX2可得出吸藏的NOx量∑NOX2。
另外,上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12每单位时间所能吸藏的最大NOx吸藏量MAX为上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的床温、吸藏NOx量∑NOX1和排气量即吸入空气量等的函数,最大NOx吸藏量MAX作为它们的函数被预先存储在ROM32中。另外,作为一例子,在图5(B)中表示了最大NOx吸藏量MAX与上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的床温T的关系。
如图4所示,空燃比A/F持续为稀空燃比的状态直到时刻t1,其间各NOx吸藏量∑NOX1、∑NOX2慢慢增大。接着,设(假若)在时刻t1上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏量∑NOX1达到许可值X1。若设此时代表NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的代表温度TC比预先设定的设定温度TX低,则如图4所示在稀空燃比的基础上使排气的空燃比A/F降低。此时,从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12释放NOx,该释放出的NOx被下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14吸藏。因此,此时,上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏量∑NOX1降低,下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的NOx吸藏量∑NOX2增多。
接着,设在时刻t2下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的NOx吸藏量∑NOX2达到许可值X2。若设此时NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的代表温度TC比预先设定的设定温度TX高,则如图4所示排气的空燃比A/F由稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比。此时,从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14释放NOx,释放出的NOx被还原。因此,此时上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏量∑NOX1与下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的NOx吸藏量∑NOX2一起减少。
接着,设在时刻t3上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏量∑NOX1达到许可值X1。若设此时NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的代表温度TC比预先设定的设定温度TX高,则如图4所示排气的空燃比A/F由稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比。此时,从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14释放NOx,释放出的NOx被还原。因此,此时上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏量∑NOX1与下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的NOx吸藏量∑NOX2一起减少。
接着,设在时刻t4上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏量∑NOX1再次达到许可值X1。若设此时NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的代表温度TC比预先设定的设定温度TX低,则如图4所示在稀空燃比的基础上使排气的空燃比A/F降低。此时,从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12释放NOx,该释放出的NOx被下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14吸藏。因此,此时,上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的NOx吸藏量∑NOX1降低,下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的NOx吸藏量∑NOX2增多。
图6表示NOx的净化处理例程。该例程由每隔一定时间的中断来实行。
参照图6,首先在步骤50、由图5(A)所示的映射计算出每单位时间排出的排出NOx量NOXA。接着,在步骤51判断该排出NOx量NOXA是否比最大NOx吸藏量MAX小。当NOXA≤MAX时,进到步骤52,被上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12每单位时间吸藏的NOx量NOX1设为排出NOx量NOXA。接着,进到步骤55。
与此相对,当在步骤51判定为NOXA>MAX时,进到步骤53,被上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12每单位时间吸藏的NOx量NOX1设为最大NOx吸藏量MAX。接着,进到步骤54,使被下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14每单位时间吸藏的NOx量NOX2设为排出NOx量NOXA减去最大NOx吸藏量MAX的值(NOXA-MAX)。接着,进到步骤55。在步骤55,将NOX1与被上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12吸藏的NOx量∑NOX1相加,接着,在步骤56,将NOX2与被下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14吸藏的NOx量∑NOX2相加。
接着,在步骤57,判断上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂12的吸藏NOx量∑NOX1是否超过许可值X1。为∑NOX1>X1时,进到步骤58,判断NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的代表温度TC是否比预先设定的设定温度TX高。当TC≤TX时,进到步骤59,进行在稀空燃比基础上降低排气的空燃比的稀空燃比暂时变化(lean spike,稀空燃比尖峰,暂时稀空燃比变浓)发生处理。接着,在步骤60,使∑NOX1·α(0<α≤1)与∑NOX2相加,接着,在步骤61使∑NOX1为∑NOX1·(1-α)。与此相对,当在步骤58判定为TC>TX时,进到步骤64,进行将排气的空燃比从稀空燃比暂时切换为浓空燃比的暂时浓空燃比(rich spike,浓空燃比尖峰)发生处理。接着,在步骤65,对∑NOX1和∑NOX2进行清零。
另一方面,在步骤57判定为∑NOX1≤X1时,进到步骤62,判断下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂14的吸藏NOx量∑NOX2是否超过许可值X2。若为∑NOX2>X2时,进到步骤63,判断判断NOx吸藏催化剂12、14的代表温度TC是否比预先设定的设定温度TX高。若TC≤TX时,完成处理循环。与此相对为TC>TX时,进到步骤64,进行将排气的空燃比暂时从稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比的暂时浓空燃比(rich spike)发生处理。
Claims (4)
1.一种内燃机的排气净化装置,其中:
在内燃机排气通路内串联地配置有至少一对NOx吸藏催化剂,该NOx吸藏催化剂在流入的排气的空燃比为稀空燃比时,吸藏排气中所含有的NOx,在流入的排气中的氧浓度降低时,释放所吸藏了的NOx;
在使NOx从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂释放、使下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂吸藏被释放出的NOx时,通过从还原剂供给阀供给还原剂在将排气的空燃比维持在稀空燃比的状态下使排气的空燃比暂时降低;
在使NOx从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂释放并还原时,将排气的空燃比暂时从稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比。
2.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其中:
在上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂所吸藏的NOx量超过许可量时,代表上述一对NOx吸藏催化剂的温度的温度比预先设定的设定温度低时,在将排气的空燃比维持在稀空燃比的状态下使排气中的氧浓度暂时降低,从而使NOx从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂释放、使下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂吸藏被释放出的NOx;
在上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂所吸藏的NOx量超过许可量时,代表上述一对NOx吸藏催化剂的温度的温度比预先设定的设定温度高时,将排气的空燃比暂时从稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比,从而使NOx从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂释放并还原。
3.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其中:在下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂所吸藏的NOx量超过许可量时,代表上述一对NOx吸藏催化剂的温度的温度比预先设定的设定温度高时,将排气的空燃比暂时从稀空燃比切换为浓空燃比,从而使NOx从上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂和下游侧NOx吸藏催化剂释放并还原。
4.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其中,在上游侧NOx吸藏催化剂上游的内燃机排气通路内配置有用于供给包括碳氢化合物的还原剂的还原剂供给阀,通过由该还原剂供给阀供给碳氢化合物使排气中的氧浓度降低。
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Also Published As
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US20100115923A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
CN101646852A (zh) | 2010-02-10 |
JP2008232003A (ja) | 2008-10-02 |
WO2008114887A1 (ja) | 2008-09-25 |
EP2138692A4 (en) | 2011-08-31 |
EP2138692B1 (en) | 2014-11-12 |
EP2138692A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
US8297044B2 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
JP4420048B2 (ja) | 2010-02-24 |
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