CN101471184B - Super capacitor - Google Patents

Super capacitor Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101471184B
CN101471184B CN2007103058324A CN200710305832A CN101471184B CN 101471184 B CN101471184 B CN 101471184B CN 2007103058324 A CN2007103058324 A CN 2007103058324A CN 200710305832 A CN200710305832 A CN 200710305832A CN 101471184 B CN101471184 B CN 101471184B
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carbon nano
tube
ultracapacitor
film
carbon
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CN101471184A (en
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姜开利
范守善
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Tsinghua University
Hongfujin Precision Industry Shenzhen Co Ltd
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Tsinghua University
Hongfujin Precision Industry Shenzhen Co Ltd
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Priority to CN2007103058324A priority Critical patent/CN101471184B/en
Priority to EP08253561.8A priority patent/EP2056312B1/en
Priority to JP2008334422A priority patent/JP2009158961A/en
Publication of CN101471184A publication Critical patent/CN101471184A/en
Priority to JP2010152219A priority patent/JP2010245556A/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to a super capacitor which comprises two electrodes, two collectors, a separator, an electrolytic solution and an outer shell. Each electrode comprises a carbon nano-tube membrane structure which comprises at least a carbon nano-tube layer, and each carbon nano-tube layer comprises a plurality of directionally arranged carbon nanometer tubes.

Description

Ultracapacitor
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of ultracapacitor, relate in particular to a kind of ultracapacitor based on carbon nano-tube.
Background technology
Ultracapacitor (supercapacitor) is electrochemical capacitor, double-layer capacitor again.Ultracapacitor has higher specific power and long cycle life, and operating temperature range is wide.At aspects such as mobile communication, information technology, electric automobile, Aero-Space and science and techniques of defence of crucial importance and wide application prospect is arranged all.
Existing ultracapacitor generally comprises electrode, barrier film and electrolyte solution, and this electrode and barrier film all are arranged in this electrolyte solution.This electrode comprises a collector body and is arranged on electrode material on this collector body.After the preparation method of existing ultracapacitor normally fully grinds electrode material, adding a certain amount of binding agent therein stirs, be compressed on the collector bodies such as nickel foam, graphite flake, nickel sheet, aluminium flake or copper sheet by compacting methods such as die pressing, isostatic cool pressing method, hot isostatic pressing methods again, promptly can be made into the electrode of definite shape; Then electrode is arranged on and promptly can be made into ultracapacitor in the electrolyte solution that contains barrier film.This preparation method is complicated.
The decisive factor that influences its capacity in the ultracapacitor is an electrode material.Desirable electrode material requirement degree of crystallinity height, good conductivity, specific area is big, micropore concentrates in certain scope (requiring micropore greater than 2nm).Electrode material mainly contains in the existing ultracapacitor: activated carbon series and transition metal oxide series.The material conductivity of activated carbon series is relatively poor, and the capacitor equivalent series resistance of the material as electrode of employing activated carbon series is big.And the specific area practical efficiency of this activated carbon series is no more than 30%, and electrolyte ion is difficult to enter.Transition metal oxide has good effect as electrode material aspect the capacity that improves ultracapacitor, but its cost is too high, can't promote the use of.
(Carbon Nanotube, the exploitation that appears as ultracapacitor CNT) provides new opportunity to carbon nano-tube.Carbon nano-tube is the seamless tubular shaped graphite-structure material with carbon element of a kind of nanoscale, caliber be several nanometers to tens nanometers, pipe range is several microns to tens microns.Specific surface area of carbon nanotube is big, the degree of crystallinity height, and good conductivity, external diameter can be controlled by synthesis technique in the pipe, can make the specific surface utilance reach 100%, thereby can become a kind of desirable super capacitor material.
Carbon nano-tube is seen in the earliest in the report of Chunming Niu etc. as the research of super capacitor material and (sees also High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotubeelectrodes, Apply Physics Letter, Chunming Niu et al., vol 70, p1480-1482 (1997)).After they made membrane electrode with pure multi-wall carbon nano-tube pipe powder, encapsulation made a ultracapacitor.In the preparation method of this membrane electrode, because used carbon nanometer tube material is Powdered, very easily to reunite, carbon nano-tube skewness and lack of alignment in the membrane electrode of making are so need carry out chemical modification to carbon nano-tube.Yet, even still agglomeration can occur, cause prepared membrane electrode poor toughness through the carbon nano-tube after the chemical modification, rupture easily, influenced the performance of ultracapacitor.
Therefore, necessaryly provide a kind of ultracapacitor, prepared ultracapacitor has the high and big characteristics of power density of capacitance.
Summary of the invention
A kind of ultracapacitor, it comprises: one first electrode, one second electrode, one first collector body, one second collector body, a barrier film, an electrolyte solution and a shell.Described electrolyte solution is arranged in this shell.Described first collector body and second collector body are disposed in the described electrolyte solution.Described first electrode comprises one first carbon nano-tube thin-film structure and is arranged on the described first collector body surface.Described second electrode comprises one second carbon nano-tube thin-film structure and is arranged on the described second collector body surface.Described barrier film is arranged between described first electrode and second electrode, and respectively with described first electrode and the second electrode gap setting.Include at least one carbon nanotube layer in described first carbon nano-tube thin-film structure and second carbon nano-tube thin-film structure, this carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of carbon nano-tube that align along same direction.
Compared with prior art, described ultracapacitor has the following advantages: one, carbon nano-tube have excellent conducting performance and the specific area of itself is big, and the ultracapacitor that makes has higher specific capacitance and conductivity; Its two because carbon nano tube growth is even in the carbon nano pipe array, thereby the carbon nano-tube in the prepared carbon nano-tube thin-film structure is uniformly dispersed, and the preparation method is simple, is easy to practical application; They are three years old, this carbon nano-tube thin-film structure comprises a plurality of carbon nano-tube that join end to end and align, there are a plurality of microcellular structures between the adjacent carbon nano-tube, make form in the carbon nano-tube thin-film structure a large amount of evenly and the microcellular structure of regular distribution, the surface micropore structure that this helps utilizing fully carbon nano-tube makes it to become the good electric charge path of conductivity.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the ultracapacitor of the technical program embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the stereoscan photograph of the carbon nano-tube film of the technical program embodiment acquisition.
Fig. 3 is preparation method's the schematic flow sheet of the ultracapacitor of the technical program embodiment.
Fig. 4 is the constant current charge-discharge curve of the ultracapacitor of the technical program embodiment.
Embodiment
Describe the technical program ultracapacitor and preparation method thereof in detail below with reference to accompanying drawing.
See also Fig. 1, the technical program embodiment provides a kind of ultracapacitor 10, this ultracapacitor has plate structure, comprise: one first electrode 101, one second electrode, 102, one first collector bodies, 103, one second collector bodies 104, one barrier film, 105, one electrolyte solutions 106 and a shell 107.Described electrolyte solution 106 is arranged in this shell 107.Described first collector body 103 and second collector body 104 are disposed in the described electrolyte solution 106.Described first electrode 101 comprises one first carbon nano-tube thin-film structure and is arranged on described first collector body 103 surfaces.Described second electrode 102 comprises one second carbon nano-tube thin-film structure and is arranged on described second collector body 104 surfaces.Described barrier film 105 is arranged between described first electrode 101 and second electrode 102, and is provided with at interval with described first electrode 101 and second electrode 102 respectively.Include at least one carbon nanotube layer in described first carbon nano-tube thin-film structure and second carbon nano-tube thin-film structure, this carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of carbon nano-tube that align along same direction.
Described carbon nano-tube thin-film structure comprises the carbon nanotube layer of a carbon nanotube layer or at least two overlapping settings, and carbon nano-tube aligns along same direction in each carbon nanotube layer.Carbon nano-tube orientation in the carbon nanotube layer of described at least two overlapping settings in adjacent two carbon nanotube layers has an intersecting angle α, 0 °≤α≤90 °, specifically can prepare according to actual demand.Combine closely by Van der Waals force between adjacent two carbon nanotube layers.Have a plurality of microcellular structures at least between the carbon nano-tube in the carbon nanotube layer of described two overlapping settings, this microcellular structure evenly and regular distribution in carbon nano-tube thin-film structure, wherein micro-pore diameter is 1 nanometer~0.5 micron.Described carbon nanotube layer comprises that a carbon nano-tube film or at least two are parallel and does not have the carbon nano-tube film that lay in the gap.Described carbon nano-tube film comprises a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundles that join end to end and align, and this carbon nano-tube bundle comprises a plurality of equal in length and the carbon nano-tube that is arranged parallel to each other.The same length of the carbon nano-tube bundle in the described carbon nano-tube film closely connects by Van der Waals force between the carbon nano-tube bundle.See also Fig. 2, described carbon nano-tube film comprises a plurality of carbon nano-tube fragments, length and each carbon nano-tube fragment that each carbon nano-tube fragment has about equally are made of a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundles that are parallel to each other, and carbon nano-tube fragment two ends interconnect by Van der Waals force.
The thickness of described carbon nano-tube film is 0.5 nanometer~100 micron.Carbon nano-tube in this carbon nano-tube film is a kind of in Single Walled Carbon Nanotube, double-walled carbon nano-tube and the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes.The length of this carbon nano-tube is 50 microns~5 millimeters.When the carbon nano-tube in the described carbon nano-tube film was Single Walled Carbon Nanotube, the diameter of this Single Walled Carbon Nanotube was 0.5 nanometer~50 nanometers.When the carbon nano-tube in the described carbon nano-tube film was double-walled carbon nano-tube, the diameter of this double-walled carbon nano-tube was 1.0 nanometers~50 nanometers.When the carbon nano-tube in the described carbon nano-tube film was multi-walled carbon nano-tubes, the diameter of this multi-walled carbon nano-tubes was 1.5 nanometers~50 nanometers.
Described barrier film 105 is glass fibre or polymer film, and it allows the electrolyte ion circulation in the above-mentioned electrolyte solution 106 and stops described first electrode 101 and second electrode 102 to contact.
Described electrolyte solution 106 is the carbonic allyl ester solution of the sodium hydroxid aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, aqueous sulfuric acid, aqueous solution of nitric acid, lithium perchlorate, the carbonic allyl ester solution of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, or the mixed liquor of above combination in any.
Described shell 107 is glass shell or stainless steel casing.
The material of described collector body can be graphite, nickel, aluminium or copper or the like, and this collector body can be a metal substrate, is preferably copper sheet.The shape size of this collector body is not limit, and can change according to actual needs.Above-mentioned carbon nano-tube thin-film structure itself has stronger viscosity, so can directly stick to the surface of described collector body as the carbon nano-tube thin-film structure of electrode, or described carbon nano-tube thin-film structure be sticked to the surface of described collector body by a binding agent.
First collector body 103 and second collector body 104 in the described ultracapacitor 10 are a selectable structure, because carbon nano-tube thin-film structure has excellent conducting performance and certain self-supporting and stability, during practical application, can directly not need above-mentioned collector body at this carbon nano-tube thin-film structure surface-coated one deck conducting resinl.
The structure type that is appreciated that this ultracapacitor is not limit, and can also be Coin shape or convoluted.
See also Fig. 2, the technical program embodiment provides a kind of method for preparing above-mentioned ultracapacitor 10, specifically may further comprise the steps:
Step 1: one first collector body 103 and one second collector body 104 are provided.
The collector body of the technical program embodiment is preferably a copper sheet, and the area of this copper sheet and carbon nano pipe array area are basic identical.
Step 2: prepare at least one carbon nano-tube film.
The preparation method of this carbon nano-tube film may further comprise the steps:
(1) provide a carbon nano pipe array to be formed at a substrate, preferably, this array is super in-line arrangement carbon nano pipe array.
In the present embodiment, the preparation method of super in-line arrangement carbon nano pipe array adopts chemical vapour deposition technique, its concrete steps comprise: a smooth substrate (a) is provided, this substrate can be selected P type or N type silicon base for use, or select for use the silicon base that is formed with oxide layer, present embodiment to be preferably and adopt 4 inches silicon base; (b) evenly form a catalyst layer at substrate surface, this catalyst layer material can be selected one of alloy of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) or its combination in any for use; (c) the above-mentioned substrate that is formed with catalyst layer was annealed in 700 ℃~900 ℃ air about 30 minutes~90 minutes; (d) substrate that will handle places reacting furnace, is heated to 500 ℃~740 ℃ under the protective gas environment, feeds carbon-source gas then and reacts about 5 minutes~30 minutes, and growth obtains super in-line arrangement carbon nano pipe array, and it highly is 50 microns~5 millimeters.Should super in-line arrangement carbon nano-pipe array classify as at least two parallel to each other and perpendicular to the pure nano-carbon tube array of the carbon nano-tube formation of substrate grown.By above-mentioned control growing condition, do not contain impurity substantially in this super in-line arrangement carbon nano pipe array, as agraphitic carbon or residual catalyst metal particles etc.Carbon nano-tube in this carbon nano pipe array closely contacts the formation array by Van der Waals force each other.The area of this carbon nano pipe array and above-mentioned area of base are basic identical.
Above-mentioned carbon source gas can be selected the more active hydrocarbons of chemical property such as acetylene, ethene, methane for use, and the preferred carbon source gas of present embodiment is acetylene; Protective gas is nitrogen or inert gas, and the preferred protective gas of present embodiment is an argon gas.
Be appreciated that the carbon nano pipe array that present embodiment provides is not limited to above-mentioned preparation method, also can be graphite electrode Constant Electric Current arc discharge sedimentation, laser evaporation sedimentation etc.
(2) thus adopting a stretching tool to pull above-mentioned carbon nano pipe array obtains a carbon nano-tube film.
In the present embodiment, may further comprise the steps thereby adopt a stretching tool to pull the method that above-mentioned carbon nano pipe array obtains a carbon nano-tube film: (a) a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundle segments of selected certain width from above-mentioned carbon nano pipe array; (b) be basically perpendicular to these a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundle segments of carbon nano pipe array direction of growth stretching with the certain speed edge, obtain a continuous carbon nano-tube film, the orientation of carbon nano-tube is parallel to the draw direction of carbon nano-tube film in this carbon nano-tube film.
In above-mentioned drawing process, these a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundle segments are when tension lower edge draw direction breaks away from substrate gradually, because Van der Waals force effect, should selected a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundle segments be drawn out continuously end to end with other carbon nano-tube bundle segments respectively, thereby form a carbon nano-tube film.This carbon nano-tube film is the carbon nano-tube film with certain width that a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundles of aligning join end to end and form.
The carbon nano-tube film that aligns that obtains that directly stretches in the step 2 has uniformity preferably, promptly has homogeneous thickness and uniform conductive performance.Directly the method for stretching acquisition carbon nano-tube film is simply quick simultaneously, the suitable industrial applications of carrying out.
Step 3: the surface that at least one carbon nano-tube film is laid on described first collector body 103 and second collector body 104 forms a carbon nano-tube thin-film structure respectively.
The method that the described surface that at least one carbon nano-tube film is laid on first collector body 103 and second collector body 104 respectively forms a carbon nano-tube thin-film structure respectively may further comprise the steps: a substrate is provided; At least one carbon nano-tube film is layed in substrate surface, removes the outer unnecessary carbon nano-tube film of substrate; Remove substrate, form the carbon nano-tube thin-film structure of a self-supporting; This carbon nano-tube thin-film structure is laid on the surface of described collector body.Because the carbon nano-tube in the super in-line arrangement carbon nano pipe array that present embodiment provides is very pure, and because the specific area of carbon nano-tube itself is very big, so this carbon nano-tube film itself has stronger viscosity, this carbon nano-tube film can utilize the viscosity of itself directly to adhere to substrate.
Aforesaid substrate also can be selected a frame structure for use, and above-mentioned carbon nano-tube film can utilize the viscosity of itself directly to adhere to stationary frame structure, makes fixing by stationary frame structure of carbon nano-tube film all around, and the mid portion of this carbon nano-tube film is unsettled; Carbon nano-tube film is attached on the frame structure surface, and the outer unnecessary carbon nano-tube film part of frame structure can scrape off with pocket knife; Remove frame structure, obtain the carbon nano-tube thin-film structure of a self-supporting; This carbon nano-tube thin-film structure is laid on the surface of described collector body.
In the present embodiment, the big I of aforesaid substrate or frame structure is determined according to actual demand.When the width of substrate or frame structure during, can be with at least two carbon nano-tube films parallel and do not have the gap or/and overlapping being layed on substrate or the frame structure forms a carbon nano-tube thin-film structure greater than the width of above-mentioned carbon nano-tube film.Have a plurality of microcellular structures at least between the carbon nano-tube in the carbon nano-tube film of described two overlapping settings, this microcellular structure evenly and regular distribution in carbon nano-tube thin-film structure, wherein micro-pore diameter is 1 nanometer~0.5 micron.
Be appreciated that the surface that at least one carbon nano-tube film can also be laid immediately on described collector body.Perhaps will at least two carbon nano-tube films parallel and do not have the gap or/and the overlapping surface that is laid on described collector body.Have a plurality of microcellular structures at least between the carbon nano-tube in the carbon nano-tube film of described two overlapping settings, this microcellular structure evenly and regular distribution in carbon nano-tube thin-film structure, wherein micro-pore diameter is 1 nanometer~0.5 micron.Described carbon nano-tube thin-film structure has good viscosity, so above-mentioned carbon nano-tube thin-film structure can utilize the viscosity ratio of self to be firmly fixed at the surface of described collector body.Further, can also above-mentioned carbon nano-tube thin-film structure be fixed in the surface of described collector body by a conductive adhesive.
In addition, above-mentioned carbon nano-tube thin-film structure can directly use, and re-uses after perhaps also can with an organic solvent handling.The process of with an organic solvent handling described carbon nano-tube thin-film structure comprises: by test tube organic solvent is dropped in the whole carbon nano-tube thin-film structure of carbon nano-tube thin-film structure surface infiltration, perhaps whole carbon nano-tube thin-film structure is immersed in the container that fills organic solvent and soak into.This organic solvent is a volatile organic solvent, as ethanol, methyl alcohol, acetone, dichloroethanes or chloroform, adopts ethanol among the technical program embodiment.Described carbon nano-tube thin-film structure is after organic solvent soaks into processing, and under the capillary effect of volatile organic solvent, carbon nano-tube segment parallel in the carbon nano-tube film can partly be gathered into carbon nano-tube bundle.Therefore, this carbon nano-tube thin-film structure surface volume is than little, and is inviscid, and has excellent mechanical intensity and toughness.
Step 4: a barrier film 105 is provided, above-mentioned two first collector body 103 and second collector bodies 104 that are coated with carbon nano-tube thin-film structure respectively are spaced apart and arranged in the both sides of this barrier film 105, and in the shell 107 of packing into.
Above-mentioned two first collector bodies 103 that are coated with carbon nano-tube thin-film structure respectively and second collector bodies 104 are provided with at interval, and described barrier film 105 is arranged between described two first collector bodies 103 and second collector body 104 that are coated with carbon nano-tube thin-film structure respectively.The technical program embodiment adopts nonwoven fabrics as barrier film 105.
First collector body 103 in the described electrode of super capacitor 10 and second collector body 104 are a selectable structure, because carbon nano-tube film has excellent conducting performance and certain self-supporting and stability, during practical application, can directly not need the first above-mentioned collector body 103 and second collector body 104 at this carbon nano-tube thin-film structure surface-coated one deck conducting resinl.
Step 5: an electrolyte solution 106 is provided, this electrolyte solution 106 is injected above-mentioned shell 107, encapsulation makes a ultracapacitor 10.
This electrolyte solution 106 injects this shell 107, and above-mentioned two first collector bodies 103 that are coated with carbon nano-tube thin-film structure respectively and second collector body 104 and barrier film 105 all are arranged in this electrolyte solution 106.The encapsulation process of whole ultracapacitor 10 is all carried out in being full of the gloves drying box of inert argon.
See also Fig. 4, this figure is that the ultracapacitor of the technical program embodiment is the charge and discharge cycles curve chart of 3 MAHs at electric current.As can be seen from the figure, this charging and discharging curve has tangible subtriangular symmetrical distribution, and under the condition of constant current charge-discharge, voltage changes in time and has tangible linear relationship.This invertibity that shows this electrode of super capacitor reaction is fine.Draw the specific capacitance of this ultracapacitor under this current strength greater than 100 method/grams through the constant-current discharge test.
This ultracapacitor 10 has adopted above-mentioned carbon nano-tube thin-film structure as electrode.Carbon nano-tube is evenly distributed in this carbon nano-tube thin-film structure, has a plurality of microcellular structures between the adjacent carbon nano-tube, and wherein micro-pore diameter is 1 nanometer~0.5 micron.Described carbon nano-tube thin-film structure have very high specific area utilance, and the preparation method is simple as the electrode of ultracapacitor the time, be easy to actual application.
In addition, those skilled in the art also can do other variations in spirit of the present invention, and certainly, the variation that these are done according to spirit of the present invention all should be included within the present invention's scope required for protection.

Claims (10)

1. a ultracapacitor comprises: an electrolyte solution; Two electrodes, described two electrode gap are arranged in this electrolyte solution; One barrier film, this barrier film is arranged between described two electrodes, and with described two electrode gap settings, it is characterized in that, described two electrodes include a carbon nano-tube thin-film structure, described carbon nano-tube thin-film structure comprises the carbon nanotube layer of at least two overlapping settings, and this carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of carbon nano-tube that align along same direction
2. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the carbon nano-tube orientation in the carbon nanotube layer of described at least two overlapping settings has an intersecting angle α, 0 °≤α≤90 °.
3. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, having a plurality of microcellular structures, the diameter of this micropore at least between the carbon nano-tube in the carbon nanotube layer of described two overlapping settings is 1 nanometer~0.5 micron.
4. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described carbon nanotube layer comprises that a carbon nano-tube film or at least two are parallel and do not have the carbon nano-tube film that lay in the gap.
5. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that, the thickness of described carbon nano-tube film is 0.5 nanometer~100 micron.
6. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that, the carbon nano-tube in the described carbon nano-tube film is a kind of in Single Walled Carbon Nanotube, double-walled carbon nano-tube and the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes.
7. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 4 is characterized in that, described carbon nano-tube film comprises a plurality of carbon nano-tube bundles that join end to end and align, and this carbon nano-tube bundle comprises a plurality of equal in length and the carbon nano-tube that is arranged parallel to each other.
8. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described ultracapacitor has plate structure.
9. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described ultracapacitor further comprises two collector bodies, and described two electrodes are separately positioned on the surface of described two collector bodies, and this electrode is arranged between described collector body and the described barrier film.
10. ultracapacitor as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described ultracapacitor comprises a shell, and described two electrodes, barrier film and electrolyte all are arranged in this shell.
CN2007103058324A 2007-11-02 2007-12-27 Super capacitor Active CN101471184B (en)

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CN2007103058324A CN101471184B (en) 2007-12-27 2007-12-27 Super capacitor
EP08253561.8A EP2056312B1 (en) 2007-11-02 2008-10-30 Electrochemical capacitor with carbon nanotubes
JP2008334422A JP2009158961A (en) 2007-12-27 2008-12-26 Super capacitor
JP2010152219A JP2010245556A (en) 2007-12-27 2010-07-02 Supercapacitor

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