CN100431434C - 软饮料替代品 - Google Patents
软饮料替代品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN100431434C CN100431434C CNB028282175A CN02828217A CN100431434C CN 100431434 C CN100431434 C CN 100431434C CN B028282175 A CNB028282175 A CN B028282175A CN 02828217 A CN02828217 A CN 02828217A CN 100431434 C CN100431434 C CN 100431434C
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- weight
- oligomerization
- beverage
- pectin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 153
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- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 32
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- 230000036528 appetite Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
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- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N Trehalose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种治疗和/或预防单胃哺乳动物超重的方法。更具体而言,本发明涉及的方法包括哺乳动物进食一种可食用液体组合物,所述组合物的pH大于5,在剪切速率为100s-1、温度为20℃时粘度低于50mPas,而在pH为3、温度为37℃时,粘度至少为上述粘度的125%,热量密度为0至500kcal/L,所述组合物包含:a)0.01至5重量%一种或多种选自以下组的多糖:果胶和藻酸盐;以及b)0.01至3重量%的钙。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种治疗和/或预防超重的方法,所述方法包括对单胃哺乳动物进食含有果胶和/或藻酸盐的液体组合物。
背景技术
哺乳动物超重实际上是由于摄入过多热量所致。例如,通过高热量食品摄入热量。在本领域中,已知有几种方法用于减少热量的摄入。例如,这些方法包括采用低热量食品(替代食品)替代高热量食品,或者摄入能够降低食品中高热量成分吸收的药物(如脂肪酶抑制剂)。
近年来,软饮料成为每日摄入热量的一个主要部分。例如,在美国一个青少年女性从软饮料中每日糖的摄入量约为36.2g,男童的摄入量为57.7g。这些数字已经接近或超过USDA推荐的每日总糖摄入量的高限。因此,软饮料的消费与肥胖的发生有关,特别是在校儿童的肥胖。
美国国家健康研究所已经建议那些试图减轻或控制体重的人们应该饮用水而非含糖软饮料。但是,即使是那些受超重困扰的人,其水的消费量也很少。
含糖软饮料的一种低热量替代品是所谓的“减肥”或“轻”软饮料。“减肥”或“轻”软饮料虽然是一种有意义的含糖软饮料的替代品,但是其可接受性差。此外,通常这些饮料中含有大量的磷酸。存在于这些“减肥”软饮料中的高含量磷酸具有不良副作用。在胃肠道中,磷酸可以与钙和镁结合,造成这些必需矿物质的流失。对于那些试图防止或减轻超重的人们而言,这种情况危害性更大,因为钙有利于维持正常体重(Zemel等人;J Am Coll Nutr 2002 Apr;21(2):146S-151S)。此外,显而易见,钙的生物利用度降低对于青少年是非常不利的。
US6248390(Stillmann)中公开了一种含有不可消化的可溶性纤维的水基组合物。这种水基组合物中含有0.1重量%至10重量%的水溶性不可消化纤维,人体摄入每100ml这种组合物仅代谢出少于10卡的热量。这些可溶性纤维可以选自植物粘液、树胶、糊精、麦芽糊精、半乳甘露聚糖、松胶、β-葡聚糖、纤维素醚、果胶、果胶材料、水溶性半纤维素、菊粉、藻酸盐、琼脂、角叉胶、车前草、瓜尔胶、胺黄树胶、karya树胶、印度胶、***树胶,其部分水解的产物及其混合物。
EP493265(Iwata等人)涉及一种含褐藻胶的食品或饮料,其中含有低分子量的褐藻胶,其重均分子量在10,000-900,000之间,仍作为一种减肥用纤维应用,且对身体健康起到有益的作用。
现有低热量饮料的共同缺点是不能充分模拟含糖软饮料的生理学效应。对于大量超重的软饮料用户而言,其消费者接受度差。因此,对于能够替代含糖软饮料的低热量饮料仍存在着需求,这些低热量饮料能够产生非常类似于含糖软饮料的生理学效应,例如可以诱导出过饱的感觉。
为适应于软饮料的替代,理想的低热量饮料应当满足许多不同的标准:
·自然地,软饮料替代品热量密度必须低以适用于治疗或预防超重。
·同样,饮料的粘度必须低。低粘度对产品的接受度具有重要意义。低粘度的另外一个优点是能够被大量饮用。
·此外,软饮料替代品应当具有良好的口感。口感差使得饮料的接受度降低,从而减少了其在治疗和/或预防超重中的有效使用。
·软饮料替代品优选应当具有与含糖软饮料非常类似的口感。
·最后,软饮料替代品应当具有良好的解渴作用。
发明内容
本发明的发明者已经开发出了一种适于作为软饮料替代品的液体组合物。因此,本发明的液体组合物可用于预防或治疗超重的方法中。现已发现含有0.01至5重量%果胶和/或藻酸盐以及0.01至3重量%不溶性钙盐的低热量饮料可以作为一种具有可接受的粘度,可接受的口感,良好的解渴性能以及热量密度低的饮料。
简单地将钙加到含果胶饮料中是不利的,因为这会使组合物的粘度升高到不可接受的程度。例如,JP11206351中公开的饮料含有果胶和钙,但其粘度在800至3000mPas之间。如此高的粘度造成消费者接受度低,口感差,补充液体的功能下降。令人吃惊的是现已发现本发明的液体组合物能够降低食欲。这种情况是事先未被预料到的。有报道称含有果胶和钙以及大量葡糖的饮料可以降低饭后血清糖的平均峰值(Wolf等人,2002;Nutrition 18:621-626)。在本领域中,含有果胶和钙的低热量饮料被用于减肥药物的载体(WO9959542)。但是,从这些发明中并不能得出本发明的低热量饮料具有降低食欲的作用。
现已发现本发明的液体组合物模拟了含糖软饮料的生理和感官特性。由于本发明饮料粘度低,模拟了水和软饮料的感官特性,保证了足够的水合作用和良好的接受度。但是,在摄入体内之后,该饮料到达胃部并在胃部的酸性条件下形成一种基质。在此不受理论的限制,本发明的发明者认为在胃部形成粘稠基质增加了缩胆囊素(CCK)的释放,从而引起过饱的感觉。因此,就替代含糖饮料而言,本发明的饮料比现有饮料具有明显的改进。
而且,令人吃惊的是现已发现本发明的饮料具有良好的解渴效果。好的解渴效果对于软饮料以及软饮料替代品的消费者接受度是非常重要的。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种用于治疗或预防单胃哺乳动物超重的方法,其中包括向所述哺乳动物给予一种可食用液体组合物,所述组合物的pH大于5,在剪切速率为100s-1、温度为20℃时粘度低于50mPas,而在pH为3、温度为37℃时,粘度至少为上述粘度的125%,热量密度为0至500kcal/L,所述组合物包含a)0.01至5重量%的果胶和/或藻酸盐;以及b)0.01至3重量%的钙。
果胶
果胶是碳水化合物,通常从柑桔或苹果浆的稀酸提取物中得到。果胶也存在于蔬菜和水果的细胞壁中。在块根类作物如胡萝卜和甜菜中,以及在块茎,如土豆中也存在果胶。商品果胶从柑桔皮,苹果渣和甜菜废粕中提取。典型的果胶分子中包含200至1000个半乳糖醛酸单元,连接成为线性链。用于本发明方法的饮料优选含有水溶性果胶。
果胶可以被分为二大类:高甲氧基化果胶(下文称为HM果胶),其特征在于甲氧基化程度大于50%,以及低甲氧基化果胶(下文称为LM果胶),其甲氧基化程度小于50%。此处采用术语“甲氧基化程度(也表示为DE或“酯化程度”)”指聚半乳糖醛酸链中游离羧基被酯化(如甲酯化)的程度。
LM果胶被进一步分成二组:低甲氧基化酰胺化果胶和低甲氧基化常规果胶。此处采用术语“酰胺化程度(DA)”指聚半乳糖醛酸链中酯基与氨水等物质反应转化成酰胺基的程度。
本发明优选采用LM果胶。LM果胶的特征在于甲氧基化程度小于50%,优选为在5至45%之间,更优选为在10至40%之间,更优选为在15至35%之间。在本发明的一个更为优选的实施方案中,LM果胶被酰胺化,酰胺化程度优选为低于30%,更优选为低于25%,更优选为低于20%。酰胺化程度的下限优选为5%,更优选为10%。
优选采用LM果胶的原因在于:在正常人体胃部的酸性条件下如pH=3,与钙联合使用时能够形成具有足够刚性的基质。但是饮料中果胶的含量并非毫无限制,因为高浓度果胶使得组合物的粘度升至不可接受的程度。因此,以液体组合物总重计,本发明方法所采用的液体组合物中果胶含量小于5重量%,优选为小于4重量%,更优选为小于2.5重量%,再优选为小于1.5重量%,最优选为小于1重量%。
另一方面,果胶的浓度要足够高以获得诱导过饱的作用。因此,以液体组合物总重计,本发明方法中所采用的液体组合物优选含有至少0.1重量%,优选为至少0.25重量%,更优选为至少0.5重量%的果胶。
藻酸盐
藻酸盐是一种不带支链的线性聚合物,其中含有(1→4)连接的D-甘露糖醛酸和α-(1→4)连接的L-古洛糖醛酸残基,平均分子量范围宽(含100-100000个残基)。适宜的藻酸盐来源包括海藻和细菌藻酸盐。优选的藻酸盐为藻酸钠和藻酸钾。
饮料中藻酸盐的含量并非毫无限制,因为高浓度藻酸盐使得组合物的粘度升至不可接受的程度。因此,以液体组合物总重计,本发明方法中所采用的液体组合物藻酸盐含量小于5重量%,优选为小于4重量%,更优选为小于2.5重量%,再优选为小于1.5重量%,最优选为小于1重量%。
另一方面,藻酸盐的浓度要足够高以获得引起过饱的作用。因此,以液体组合物总重计,本发明方法中所采用的液体组合物藻酸盐含量至少0.01重量%,优选为至少0.25重量%,更优选为至少0.5重量%。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,组合物中含有果胶,更优选为含有LM果胶。
钙
钙在饮食中是一种重要的成分并且在预防和/或治疗超重中起着关键性的作用(参见Zemel等人,2002,J Am Coll Nutr Apr;21(2):146S-151S)。此外,钙缺乏会导致骨质疏松、肌肉痉挛、湿疹、关节痛、胆固醇水平升高、类风湿性关节炎以及蛀牙。但是将钙和果胶一起混入溶液中时则会构成刚性基质。因此,本领域技术人员不会有将钙和果胶和/或藻酸盐,特别是低甲氧基化果胶一起加到目的为替代软饮料的饮料中的想法。
本发明的组合物含有钙盐,与37℃和pH小于5的条件相比,这种钙盐在20℃以及组合物本身pH的条件下水溶性要低得多。当这种钙盐在组合物中的含量大于其最大溶解度时,在胃部由于pH降低以及温度升高将发生溶解。因此,组合物中钙离子将含量增加,从而自动引发果胶和/或藻酸钠发生胶凝作用。
由于钙离子诱导胶凝的作用,本发明液体组合物(pH接近中性)中这些离子的浓度优选为相对低的水平。约中性pH条件下(溶解的)钙离子的有限存在可以避免形成过高粘度的凝胶基质。因此,在本发明的优选实施方案中,在20℃、pH7时,以100ml(去除矿物质的)水计,用于本发明组合物的钙盐溶解度小于0.15g,更优选为小于0.1g,再优选为小于0.06g。优选地,在37℃、pH小于5时,以100ml(去除矿物质的)水计,钙盐所提供溶解的钙大于0.2g,更优选为大于0.5g。在37℃、pH小于5时,钙盐的溶解度没有上限,但一般不超过500g盐/100ml水。
优选地,钙盐选自磷酸的钙盐(如磷酸钙,磷酸氢钙,磷酸二氢钙或三聚磷酸钙);碳酸钙;硫酸钙;氧化钙;柠檬酸钙(如柠檬酸单钙或柠檬酸三钙);钙盐,其表面涂布有一种在pH7时水溶性差,而pH小于5时溶于水的物质(下文称之为涂布钙盐)及其混合物。涂层实例及制备涂布钙盐的方法在WO 0038829中有描述,此处全文引用作为参考。
更优选地,钙盐选自涂布钙盐、碳酸钙及其混合物。更优选地,50重量%至100重量%的钙盐为碳酸钙。
为获得最佳的胶凝效果同时不明显影响本发明液体组合物的口感,以饮料总重计,本发明组合物的钙盐含量优选为小于3重量%,更优选为小于1重量%,再优选为小于0.5重量%,最优选为小于0.2重量%。在另一个优选实施方案中,本发明组合物的钙盐含量优选为至少0.005重量%,更优选为至少0.01重量%,再优选为至少0.02重量%,最优选为至少0.05重量%,特别是至少为0.1重量%。
液体组合物中钙浓度优选为至少25mg Ca/L。优选地,钙浓度大于50mg Ca/L,更优选为超过100mg Ca/L,最优选为超过150mg Ca/L。此外,组合物中钙浓度优选为不超过15g Ca/L,更优选为不超过5gCa/L,更优选为不超过3g Ca/L。
通过将钙完全溶解,然后测量钙浓度对组合物中钙的浓度进行测量。当组合物为中性时,存在于饮料中的大部分钙为钙的配合物和/或不溶性的钙盐,所以不能与LM果胶构成粘性基质。当pH为1至5时,钙基本上转变成溶解的形式和/或果胶-钙配合物。为确定本发明饮料中钙的浓度,必须考虑到所有的钙,即溶解钙、不溶性钙、以配合物形式存在的钙。
粘度
优选地,在剪切速率为100s-1和20℃条件下,用于本发明方法中的液体组合物的粘度小于50mPas,更优选为小于40mPas,更优选为小于25mPas,更优选为小于10mPas,最优选为小于5mPas。在pH3和37℃条件下,组合物的粘度至少为上述在接近中性pH条件下粘度的125%,更优选为大于上述粘度的150%。在本发明可食用液体组合物的另一个实施方案中,在pH3和37℃条件下,组合物的粘度至少为pH7和20℃条件下的2倍,优选为至少3倍。优选地,在pH3和37℃条件下,剪切速率为100s-1时,本发明液体组合物的粘度超过100mPas,更优选为超过250mPas,最优选为超过1000mPas。优选地,在pH3和37℃条件下,剪切速率为100s-1时,本发明液体组合物的粘度不超过100,000mPas。
在本文件中,术语粘度指一种依据以下方法测定的物理常数:采用Carri-Med CSL流变仪进行粘度的测定。所用转子的形状为锥形(6cm2°丙烯酸锥形转子),板和锥形转子的间距设置为55μm。剪切速率斜线上升速率为20s内由0升至150s-1。将流变仪恒温器设置于所需的温度上(如20℃或37℃)。
为了测定酸性条件(pH3)下的粘度,首先于搅拌下将足够量的1MHCl加到组合物中,将组合物的pH调为3(逐滴加入酸,为防止凝胶被破坏,加入酸后轻微搅拌约20s)。此后组合物在20℃下放置约10分钟。随后,按上述方法用此法所得组合物测定出pH为3时的粘度。
含热量
本发明的一个本质的特点在于本发明方法中所采用的液体组合物的含热量为0至500kcal/L,优选地,液体组合物的热量密度小于400kcal/L,更优选为小于250kcal/L,最优选为小于50kcal/L,特别是小于25kcal/L。
单位剂量的本发明饮料优选包含0至100kcal,更优选为0至50kcal,更优选为0到40kcal,最优选为0至25kcal,特别是0至10kcal。
将成分的每克热量密度乘以组合物中所含成分的克数可以计算出可食用组合物的热量含量。所得的累加值为可食用组合物的含热量。其中蛋白质的含热量约为4kcal/g,脂肪的含热量约为7kcal/g,可消化碳水化合物的含热量约为4kcal/g,不可消化的发酵性成分的含热量约为1.5kcal/g。
稀释剂
为降低本发明组合物的粘度(在近中性时),优选加入多元醇。优选地,所添加的多元醇选自木糖醇,山梨醇,麦芽糖醇,甘露醇,赤藻糖醇和/或其混合物。在一个优选实施方案中采用甘露醇。优选地,以饮料总重计,这些用于降低粘度的成分的用量为0.5到3重量%。适用于本发明饮料的多元醇使用方法在WO 0038829中有描述,此处全文引用作为参考。
在本发明组合物的另一个实施方案中也包含有一种阴离子,其选自柠檬酸阴离子、磷酸阴离子及其混合物。在pH7的条件下,这些阴离子与钙形成配合物或不溶性盐。但是,例如通过添加可溶性(无机)盐的方法引入阴离子又会降低饮料的口感。因此,饮料中选自柠檬酸和磷酸的钠盐或钾盐的盐的含量优选为小于2重量%,更优选为小于1重量%,更优选为小于0.5重量%,最优选为小于0.1重量%。
对于含果胶和钙的饮料而言,问题是这些产品的储存稳定期有限。令人吃惊的是现已发现本发明的组合物具有良好的储存稳定性。因此,在一个优选的实施方案中,培育60天(于20℃下)后本发明可食用液体组合物的粘度比初始粘度降低300%,更优选为降低200%,更优选为降低150%。初始粘度是在饮料达到平衡前测定的,例如在液体组合物被制造出来之后直接进行测量。现已发现灭菌期间本发明饮料的风味特点并无明显的改变。因此,优选地,本发明的方法包括进食灭菌的液体组合物。
固体/液体形式
优选地,可以将含有果胶和/或藻酸钠以及钙盐的粉末/片或浓缩液与预定量的水混合重新配制本发明的饮料。可选地,本发明的组合物也可采取成品饮料的形式(即液体形式),可以直接饮用,无需进一步地配制,即在饮用前无需再添加液体。
为方便制造和/或便于用户使用(如通过重量的减轻以提供方便),饮料优选采用重新配制的形式,更优选为在使用前加到适用的液体,优选为水中完成配制的可重新配制的制剂,并附有使用说明书。此处采用术语“重新配制的制剂”指饮用前需要加入适宜液体的制剂。
本发明的方法优选包含进食单位剂量的本发明饮料。优选地,液体组合物的单位剂量为至少25ml,优选为至少50ml,更优选为至少100ml。优选地,单位剂量不超过2000ml,更优选为不超过1000ml,更优选为不超过500ml,最优选为不超过400ml。因此,单位剂量为一个包装的液体饮料,其容量处于上述一个或多个范围内,或者是一种容量处于上述一个范围内的可重新配制的制剂。为方便消费者使用,可重新配制的制剂优选附有说明书,用于指导预定量粉末、片或可重新配制的液体和预定量液体的混合。优选地,本发明的方法包括进食成品饮料剂。此处采用术语“成品饮料”指饮用前无需再混入液体的包装好的制剂。
如果可重新配制的制剂或成品饮料剂的包装中含有多个单元剂量,优选地,附有标记,指示如何从大包装中分出单位剂量和/或分量核对辅助工具,例如用于测量分量大小的计量工具。
当本发明组合物采取粉末形式时,优选附有说明书,说明在配制饮料60min内,优选为30min内饮用该产品的方法。
其他成分的限量
为了使本发明的液体组合物同时具有粘度低,热量低和透明度高等特点,本发明组合物优选含有不高于限定量的其他成分。因此,本发明组合物优选包含:
-以饮料总重计,小于1重量%的蛋白,优选为小于0.1重量%,更优选为小于0.01重量%;和/或
-以饮料总重计,小于1重量%的甘油酯(即甘油三、二和/或单酯)和/或脂肪酸,优选为小于0.1重量%,更优选为小于0.01重量%;和/或
-以饮料总重计,小于3重量%的可消化碳水化合物,优选为小于1重量%,更优选为小于0.5重量%。
饮料透明度的增加使得饮料的接受度更高。
优选地,饮料中固形物干重不超过100g/L,优选为不超过75g/L,更优选为不超过50g/L,更优选为不超过25g/L。在一个特别优选的实施方案中,液体组合物中的干燥固形物的至少25重量%,优选为至少50重量%,更优选为至少75重量%为不可消化的水溶性纤维,优选为选自果胶、藻酸盐、不可消化的水溶性多糖及其混合物,更优选为果胶。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,液体组合物的至少95重量%,优选为至少96.5重量%,更优选为至少98重量%,最优选为至少99重量%由水、果胶和/或藻酸盐、钙盐以及任选添加的不可消化的发酵性成分组成。
低热量甜味剂和调味剂
为增加本发明液体组合物的口感同时不明显增加组合物的含热量,优选添加低热量甜味剂和香精。组合物中优选含有至少一种食品级香精,优选为柑橘调味剂。
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,本发明可食用液体组合物含有低热量甜味剂。低热量甜味剂的热量密度优选为小于3kcal/g,优选为小于2kcal/g,更优选为小于1kcal/g。低热量甜味剂优选选自不可消化的寡聚糖,多元醇,阿斯帕坦,三氯蔗糖,乙酰磺胺酸钾,阿力甜,甜蜜素,糖精,塔格糖及其混合物。优选地,以每升本发明饮料计,低热量甜味剂所提供的热量小于10kcal,更优选为小于5kcal,更优选为小于2kcal。优选地,本发明饮料中低热量甜味剂的含量小于1重量%,更优选为小于0.5重量%,更优选为小于0.1重量%。
为获得良好的用户接受度,液体组合物的蔗糖等价值(SEV)至少为0.2,优选为至少为0.5,更优选为至少为1。优选地,SEV小于25,更优选为小于10,更优选为小于5。
底部沉积
优选地,饮料中含有一种能够减小底部沉积的成分。底部沉积是一种不良现象,因为这会降低饮料的口感以及削弱饮料降低食欲的作用。优选地,用于减少底部沉积的成分选自角叉胶,***树胶,黄原胶及其混合物,更优选使用角叉胶。
由于这些成分使粘度增加,以饮料总重计,本发明的饮料中这些能够减小底部沉积的成分的含量优选为0至0.1重量%,更优选为0.005至0.1重量%。
透明度
优选地,采用分光光度计于620nm处进行测量(样品池厚度为1cm)时,本发明饮料的吸光度低于0.5,优选为低于0.25,更优选为低于0.2,最优选为低于0.17。测量中采用水作为空白对照,吸光度设为0。饮料的吸光度降低(即透明度增加)有利于饮料接受度的提高。
不可消化的发酵性成分
可以对本发明液体组合物作更进一步改进,通过增加本发明饮料中钙的生物利用度使其特别适用于控制和/或治疗超重的方法。本发明的发明者已经发现,同时进食不可消化的发酵性成分可以提高本发明饮料中钙的生物利用度。
本发明的发明者已经发现,本发明中通过果胶和/或藻酸盐胶凝作用产生过饱感觉的组合物明显降低了钙的吸收和/或生物利用度。本发明的发明者还发现,同时进食能够被肠道细菌发酵的不可消化的成分可以有效的减弱饮料中果胶和/或藻酸盐(特别是低甲氧基化果胶)抑制钙吸收的作用。
在此不受理论的限制,本发明的发明者认为不可消化的成分为肠内菌丛提供了一种能够被代谢的基质。摄入不可消化的发酵性成分将增加肠道细菌(特别是双歧杆菌和/或乳酸菌)的数量和/或增加这些细菌的活性,从而促进了对果胶基质的降解作用。通过小肠和结肠中对果胶和/或藻酸盐基质降解作用的升高,由于果胶结合钙的释放使得钙的生物利用度提高。同时,由于在胃部和/或肠道中形成粘稠基质,果胶和/或藻酸盐提供了所需的诱导过饱的作用。
此外,肠道细菌对于不可消化的发酵性成分的发酵作用将生成乳酸盐和/或短链脂肪酸(SCFA),包括丁酸盐,丙酸盐和乙酸盐,使结肠的pH下降,增加了矿物质溶解度,从而增加了离子化钙的浓度并提高了钙的被动扩散速度。此外,SCFA可能能够提高盲肠血液流速,从而提高了矿物质的吸收。而且不可消化的发酵性成分因盲肠壁的肥大将促进肠道内钙的转运,这样就使得发生矿物质交换的面积增加,从而改善了钙的吸收。
因此,优选地,本发明的方法包括进食一种液体组合物,其中包含不可消化的发酵性成分以及果胶和/或藻酸盐,更优选为包含不可消化的发酵性纤维以及果胶和/或藻酸盐,更优选为包含水溶性不可消化的发酵性纤维以及果胶和/或藻酸盐。优选地,不可消化的发酵性成分选自不可消化的寡聚糖,多元醇及其混合物。不可消化的寡聚糖优选为水溶性不可消化的发酵性纤维。此处采用术语不可消化的寡聚糖指单糖单元聚合度大于2,优选为大于3,更优选为大于4的糖,在肠道中受存在于人类上消化道(小肠和胃)中的酸或消化酶的作用不被消化或仅部分被消化,但是在人肠道细菌的作用下被发酵。寡聚糖的聚合度为小于60个单糖单元,优选为小于40个单糖单元,更优选为小于20个单糖单元,最优选为小于10个单糖单元。
术语单糖单元指具有一个闭合的环结构的单元,优选为己糖,特别是吡喃糖或呋喃糖。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,寡聚糖选自果聚糖,寡聚果糖,不可消化的糊精,寡聚乳糖(包括反式寡聚乳糖),寡聚木糖,大豆寡聚糖,寡聚***糖,寡聚葡糖,寡聚甘露糖,寡聚海藻糖及其混合物。
术语多元醇是指糖的衍生物,其与母体化合物不同之处在于醛基(CHO)换为醇基(CH2OH)。多元醇常常指糖醇。优选的多元醇选自山梨醇,赤藻糖醇,麦芽糖醇,甘露醇,异麦芽酮糖醇,木糖醇及其混合物。
优选地,以液体组合物总重计,本发明饮料中不可消化的发酵性成分含量在0.01至15重量%之间,更优选为在0.1至10重量%之间,更优选为在0.5至10重量%之间。不可消化的发酵性成分与饮料中的甜味剂可以是同一种成分。为确定不可消化的发酵性成分在本发明组合物中的重量百分比,将除果胶和/或藻酸盐外的所有可作为不可消化的发酵性成分的成分均计算在内,不管这些成分的功能如何。
用于本发明的不可消化的发酵性成分优选能够明显增加盲肠和/或结肠中SCFA的总含量。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,与不使用发酵性成分相比,加入足够量的这种成分能够增加盲肠中SCFA的总含量至少20%,更优选为至少50%,更优选为至少100%,最优选为至少150%。可以依照Campbell等人描述的方法测量总盲肠SCFA的增加量(TheJournal of Nutrition Vol.127 No.1 January 1997,pp.130-136),此处全文引用作为参考。
纤维含量
在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,本发明的方法包括给予一种组合物,该组合物中不可消化纤维的含量在10至300g/L之间,优选为在20至150g/L之间。优选地,不可消化纤维为水溶性纤维。采用水溶性纤维使得溶液具有可接受的透明度,据信这可以改善产品的接受度。
超重
本发明采用术语超重指体重和/或脂肪组织重量超过理想的体重和/或脂肪组织重量。肥胖的单消化道哺乳动物被认为是超重的。体重指数大于25的人最适合于本发明的方法。本发明的方法因此也适用于降低脂肪组织重量和/或增加体重/脂肪组织比率和/或增加肌肉组织/脂肪组织比率。
在医疗过程中本发明的方法可以用于治疗或控制超重,同时也可用于美容过程中对超重的治疗和预防,即进行减肥。
现已发现本发明的液体组合物适用于诱导过饱,从而模拟甚至超过含糖软饮料诱导过饱的作用。因此,本发明的饮料可优选用于降低人食欲的方法中,所述方法包括对所述人喂食降低食欲有效量的上述组合物。优选地,本发明的方法用于预防和治疗人超重,特别是用于青少年。
此外,在吃饭不久前或吃饭的过程中饮用本发明的组合物可以减少对食物中热量的摄取。因此,本发明也提出了一种减少对食物中热量摄取的方法,用于预防进餐时从食物中摄取过量的热量和/或控制每日的热量摄取,所述方法包括人在吃饭不久前或吃饭的过程中(即早餐、早午餐、午餐、下午茶或晚餐)进食有效量的上述液体饮料。
在另一个优选实施方案中,液体组合物包括包装,用于说明在减肥中液体组合物使用方法的说明书和/或标记。标记或说明书可以采取任何形式,如使用户知晓其用途的语言,例如为产品起名为“瘦身水”、“低热量饮料”、“减肥饮料”等。或者是使用户知晓其用途的图画或图像,例如苗条的身体或天平等。标记优选为字母标记、数字标记、颜色标记、图像标记及其联合形式。
实施例
实施例1:降低食欲饮料
本发明降低食欲饮料的单位剂量中包含:
320.1ml 水;
0.08g CaCO3
0.02g 糖精钠;
0.2g 甜蜜素钠;
0.02g 三氯蔗糖;
0.016g 角叉胶;
0.44g 桃-柑桔调味剂(Quest International公司);
0.39g 大豆遮臭剂(Givaudan公司),和
0.005g T-PT8-WS 黄色着色剂(Chr.Hanssen公司)。
剪切速率100s-1、pH6.02、温度20℃时产品粘度为3.4mPas,剪切速率100s-1、pH3、温度37℃时产品粘度为至少为1000mPas。产品热量密度约为21kcal/L。
实施例2:饮料的诱导过饱作用
用人为对象进行饮料的抑制食欲作用和解渴作用测试。在对照,双盲,随机交叉试验中,饮用单位剂量的实施例1所述的饮料(饮料A),单位剂量的含糖饮料(饮料B)或单位剂量的低热量饮料(饮料C)(表1列出了单位剂量的含糖饮料和低热量饮料的成分)。9名健康的志愿者参与了试验。服用可能影响食欲或过饱感觉药物的个体不得参与试验。
将试验对象随机分为三组。在三天中各组分别饮用饮料A,B和C,但饮用次序不同。组1(n=3):饮料A(第1天),饮料B(第2天),饮料C(第3天);组2(n=3):饮料B(第1天),饮料C(第2天),饮料A(第3天);组3(n=3):饮料C(第1天),饮料A(第2天),饮料B(第3天)。饮用各饮料后评价食欲,过饱的感觉以及口渴。
试验对象在禁食一夜后于早晨开始试验。填写有关食欲、过饱的感觉以及口渴的问卷作为基线值(t=0)。然后在10min内饮用单位剂量的饮料A、B和C。从饮入第一口饮料后开始,在3hr内分别于10、20、30、45、60、90、120、150、180min时评定食欲、过饱的感觉以及口渴。在此3小时内,参与者不允许进食或饮用任何饮品。对于另两种饮料重复上述操作。在3个进行试验的早晨试验对象被要求进行同等的身体运动。
表1
饮料B | 饮料C | |
水(自来水)(ml) | 301 | 319.4 |
蔗糖(g) | 29.3 | 0 |
阿斯帕坦(g) | 0 | 0.05 |
甜蜜素钠(g) | 0 | 0.12 |
MCC-91,Avicel RC591遮臭剂Cloudifier(Caldic/Ferwo公司)(g) | 2.6 | 2.6 |
桃-柑桔调味剂(Quest Int公司)(g) | 0.22 | 0.22 |
T-PT8-WS黄色着色剂(g)(Chr.Hanssen公司). | 0.003 | 0.003 |
柠檬酸(g) | 1.0 | 1.1 |
问卷
食欲,过饱的感觉以及口渴的评分按视觉模拟评分法(VAS评分法),使用一条长100mm的带标记线的标尺。术语“无”位于左端,术语“非常”位于右端。
统计学分析
图1a、2a、3a和4a显示了平均分值。为确定各实验组在食欲,过饱的感觉以及口渴方面的差别,计算各个问题和各个产品的曲线下面积(AUC)。采用GLM重复测量法检验确定这三种饮料在AUC上的不同。p<0.05定为具有统计学差异。图1b、2b、3b和4b显示了各个问题和各个产品的AUC。
试验结果
结果表示为平均值±SEM。
′*′指与饮料C具有显著性差异(p<0.05)。
图1a显示对问题“你饿吗?”的平均评分结果。
图1a显示与饮料C相比摄入饮料A缓解饥饿感的效果,这种缓解效果在饮用饮料A后立即出现。与饮料B相比,饮料A也缓解了饥饿感,特别是在饮用饮料1hr以后。
图1b显示了图1a中平均评分结果的AUC,其中AUC的显著下降说明本发明饮料具有降低食欲的作用。
图2a显示了问题“食欲如何?”的平均评分结果。图2a表明与饮料B和C相比饮用饮料A后降低了食欲,说明本发明饮料具有降低食欲的作用。
图2b显示了图2a中平均评分结果的AUC,其中AUC的显著下降说明本发明饮料具有降低食欲的作用。
图3a显示了问题“你能吃多少?”的平均评分结果。图3a表明与饮料B和C相比饮用饮料A后平均评分结果降低。图3b显示了图3a中平均分值的AUC,其中AUC的显著下降说明本发明饮料具有降低食欲的作用。
图4a显示了问题“你口渴吗?”的平均评分结果。图4a表明与饮料B和C相比饮用饮料A后平均分值降低。图4b显示了图4a中平均评分结果的AUC。结果说明本发明饮料具有良好的解渴作用。
实施例3:发酵期间钙的利用度
MacFarlane培养基的制备
缓冲蛋白胨水 3.0g/L
酵母提取物 2.5g/L
胰蛋白胨 3.0g/L
L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐 0.4g/L
胆盐 0.05g/L
K2HPO4·3H2O 2.6g/L
NaHCO3 0.2g/L
NaCl 4.5g/L
MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g/L
CaCl2 0.228g/L
FeSO4·7H2O 0.005g/L
用2M HCl调pH为6.3±0.1,然后进行灭菌。
粪便混悬液的制备:
在无氧条件下,将人粪便悬浮于McFarlane培养基中,重量比为粪便:McFarlane培养基为1∶5。过筛除去固体成分。
发酵
将15ml粪便混悬液与含有果胶和钙,或者果胶、钙和寡聚糖的干燥混合物(参见表9)混合,37℃无氧条件下温育24hr。此后离心除去混悬液中的固体,采用钙离子电极(model 720A,ThermoOrion,Beverly,USA)测定pH和游离钙浓度。结果列于表2中。
表2
**RaftiloseTM(Orafti Active Food Ingredients公司)
***Genu-pectin LM-104AS(Orffa-Hercules公司)
实施例4
用于预防超重的约100ml单位剂量中含有:
·0.55g 31%甲基化,17%酰胺化苹果果胶
·154mg碳酸钙
·1g Fibersol2TM(Matsutani Chemical industry Co.,Japan)
·加水至100ml(用10%KOH溶液调pH为7)
Claims (16)
1、选自果胶和藻酸盐的一种或多种多糖在制备治疗或预防单胃哺乳动物超重的方法中所采用的可食用液体组合物中的应用,其中所述方法包括向所述单胃哺乳动物给予一种可食用液体组合物,所述组合物在pH大于5、剪切速率为100s-1、温度为20℃时的粘度低于50mPas,而在pH为3、温度为37℃时的粘度为上述pH大于5、剪切速率为100s-1、温度为20℃时粘度的至少125%,热量密度为0至500kcal/L,所述组合物包含:
a)0.01至5重量%选自果胶和藻酸盐的一种或多种多糖;以及
b)0.01至3重量%的钙。
2、如权利要求1所述的应用,其中该组合物还包含0.01重量%至15重量%选自以下组中的不可消化的发酵性成分:不可消化的寡聚糖、多元醇及其混合物;所述不可消化的寡聚糖选自以下组中:寡聚果糖、不可消化的糊精、寡聚乳糖、寡聚木糖、大豆寡聚糖、寡聚***糖、寡聚葡糖、寡聚甘露糖、寡聚海藻糖及其混合物;所述多元醇选自以下组中:山梨醇、赤藻糖醇、麦芽糖醇、甘露醇、异麦芽酮糖醇、木糖醇及其混合物。
3、如权利要求2所述的应用,其中所述寡聚乳糖是反式寡聚乳糖。
4、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中该组合物包含10至150g/L水溶性不可消化的发酵性纤维。
5、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中以液体组合物总重计,该可食用液体组合物含有0至1重量%的甘油酯和/或脂肪酸。
6、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中该可食用液体组合物还含有食品级调味剂。
7、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中以液体组合物总重计,该可食用液体组合物含有0至3重量%的可消化碳水化合物。
8、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中该可食用液体组合物在剪切速率为100s-1和20℃条件下,粘度小于25mPas,而在pH 3和37℃条件下,剪切速率为100s-1时,粘度至少为250mPas。
9、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中该液体组合物的至少95重量%由果胶和/或藻酸盐、钙盐、水以及任选添加的选自以下组中的不可消化的发酵性成分组成:不可消化的寡聚糖、多元醇及其混合物;所述不可消化的寡聚糖选自以下组中:寡聚果糖、不可消化的糊精、寡聚乳糖、寡聚木糖、大豆寡聚糖、寡聚***糖、寡聚葡糖、寡聚甘露糖、寡聚海藻糖及其混合物;所述多元醇选自以下组中:山梨醇、赤藻糖醇、麦芽糖醇、甘露醇、异麦芽酮糖醇、木糖醇及其混合物。
10、如权利要求9所述的应用,其中所述寡聚乳糖是反式寡聚乳糖。
11、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中该单胃哺乳动物是人。
12、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中所述方法包括给予含有50至2000ml液体组合物的单位剂量。
13、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中所述组合物进一步包含低热量甜味剂。
14、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中该可食用液体组合物含0.1至2.5重量%的果胶。
15、如权利要求1至3之一所述的应用,其中所述组合物用于降低食欲。
16、一种适用于向单胃哺乳动物给予的单位剂量的可食用液体组合物,其体积为至少50mL且不超过2000mL,其在pH大于5、剪切速率为100s-1、温度为20℃时的粘度低于50mPas,而在pH为3、温度为37℃时的粘度为上述pH大于5、剪切速率为100s-1、温度为20℃时粘度的至少125%,热量密度为0至500kcal/L,该组合物包含:
a)0.01至5重量%的选自果胶和藻酸盐的一种或多种多糖;以及
b)0.01至3重量%的钙。
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US10/022,372 US6884445B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2001-12-20 | Matrix-forming composition containing pectin |
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EP02077222 | 2002-06-07 | ||
EP02077222.4 | 2002-06-07 | ||
EP20020079289 EP1410722A1 (en) | 2002-10-16 | 2002-10-16 | Weight loss kit and method for losing weight |
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US10/279,968 US6989166B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2002-10-25 | Soft drink replacer |
US10/279,968 | 2002-10-25 |
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