CN100398001C - Bait with enzymolysis being needed before use for shellfish - Google Patents
Bait with enzymolysis being needed before use for shellfish Download PDFInfo
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- CN100398001C CN100398001C CNB2004100380581A CN200410038058A CN100398001C CN 100398001 C CN100398001 C CN 100398001C CN B2004100380581 A CNB2004100380581 A CN B2004100380581A CN 200410038058 A CN200410038058 A CN 200410038058A CN 100398001 C CN100398001 C CN 100398001C
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- shellfish
- feed
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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Abstract
The present invention relates to shellfish feed which is shellfish mixed feed composed of protein feed, energy feed, mineral matter, vitamin, enzyme and preservative according to a certain proportion, wherein the shellfish feed is powder-shaped matter with uniform quality, and the content of crude protein is higher than 15 percent. Before the present invention is used, one portion of the powder-shaped matter with uniform quality is put into a container and filled with water of 2 to 18 portions, and then the mixed matter is stirred uniformly and arranged in an environment with the temperature of 5 to 55 DEG C for several days; the mixed matter is stirred once to twice every day, when the mixed matter is in a rarefication state, the mixed matter is directly sprinkled or sprinkled after dilution by water on a water surface of shellfish breeding for fertilizing shellfishes, or the mixed matter can be sprinkled on a whole pond for fertilizing water in fine weather, and the sprinkling dosage can be adjusted according to the growth state of shellfishes and water quality. The method is simple in operation, and produced active bait has rich nutrition and can be rapid absorbed by shellfishes to promote shellfishes to grow quickly; when in low water temperature, the method has obvious use effect. Meantime, the feed can promote the growth of unicellular algae, which provides abundant bait for shellfishes, and obviously reduces pollution of the bait feeding to culturing environment; the present invention is also favorable for the sustainable development of shellfish culture.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of shellfish feed, particularly, the present invention relates to a kind of new compound feed for shellfish and using method and application.More particularly, the present invention relates to meet the nutritional characteristic of filter-feeding shellfish, by protein, the carbohydrate in enzymolysis protein matter feed, the energy feed, make it to become the small-molecule substance of solubility, and additional mineral matter, vitamins and other nutritious components, make it to become active bait nutritious, that can be absorbed rapidly by the filter-feeding shellfish, promote seashell rapid growing, simultaneously, promote unicellular alga growth in the water, enrich shellfish bait, significantly reduce the pollution of feedstuff feeding, guarantee a kind of new feedstuff of shellfish healthy growth breeding environment.
Background technology
In recent years, because China encloses and is coated with cultured area and enlarges year by year, coastal prawn culturing benefit descends, enclose and be coated with cultivated shellfish and obtain large-scale development, the razor clam of particularly hanging, the mud blood clam, clam, mussel, the high density intensive culture of shellfish such as scallop and oyster, utilize natural zooplankter in the seawater, unicellular alga can not have been satisfied the normal growth needs of shellfish as the traditional approach of foundation bait, for promoting the growth of shellfish, the coastal culturist of China utilizes the low value fishes and shrimps directly to throw in shellfish culture through rubbing or without any processing and coats, raising together with under the situation of prawn, excreta by the shrimp body becomes shellfish bait, during monoculture, through rotting naturally, after the decomposition, as shellfish bait or be used for rich water, promote the unicellular alga growth, enrich shellfish bait.This cultural method can not be degraded rapidly because of the fishes and shrimps material when monoculture, is absorbed, utilizes by shellfish, easily causes to be coated with matter blackout, aging, harmful microorganism grows in a large number, simultaneously, produces harmful substances such as hydrogen sulfide because of fishes and shrimps are corrupt, cause shellfish anoxic, premunition to descend, even large tracts of land death; When water temperature was low, this cultural method had not both reached the purpose that promotes unicellular alga, shellfish growth, contaminated environment again.
In culturing, China's intertidal shellfish still have the fermented livestock of use excrement, vegetable protein (as soya-bean cake) fermented product, chemical industry fertilizer to splash at beach (water surface), by cultivating unicellular alga, improve the shellfish growth, but, such food nutrition composition is extremely uneven, cultivation is suitable for benthic algae limited in one's ability of shellfish growth, and is easily absorbed by macros such as blue mud tongue, hydrodictyon reticulatums, does not reach the purpose of accelerating the shellfish growth.And easily cause water pollution, be coated with the aging and shellfish of matter and fall ill because of nutritional deficiency even large tracts of land death, bring very big loss to the operator.
Summary of the invention
First purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of easy and simple to handle, nutritious compound feed for shellfish for the culturist.
Second purpose of the present invention be with the protein in the mixed feed, carbohydrate through enzymolysis, become small-molecular peptides, amino acid and the monose that can be absorbed rapidly by shellfish, bait feeding, shellfish growth are not subjected to the influence of weather, water temperature.
The 3rd purpose of the present invention is little peptide, amino acid and the metallic element complexing that enzymolysis generates, and generates organic salt, helps the conversion that shellfish absorbs and body is interior, promotes the shellfish growth.
The 4th purpose of the present invention is to be absorbed rapidly by shellfish or be utilized rapidly by unicellular algae by the feed that this method is thrown something and fed, and can significantly reduce the environmental pollution that feeds intake and cause, and promotes the growth of shellfish and unicellular alga, reaches the sustainable development of shellfish culture.
In one aspect of the invention, provide a kind of processing method of compound feed for shellfish, this method comprises:
1, the composition of compound feed for shellfish: protein feeds 20～90%, energy feed 0～68%, mineral matter 0.1～9%, vitamin 0.001～0.01%, enzyme 0.1～4% and anticorrisive agent 0.1～1% are through fully stirring the even matter powder that forms.Crude protein content in the mixed feed is higher than 15%.
2, protein feeds raw material in the mixed feed and energy feed raw material all need carry out pulverization process, and grinding particle size reaches more than 20 orders.Higher degree of grinding helps the homogeneity of mixed feed and the quality of enzymolysis converted products.
3, the degree of grinding of the mineral matter in the mixed feed, vitamin, enzyme, anticorrisive agent reaches more than 40 orders.These materials are because proportion is less, and higher degree of grinding helps improving the uniformity of mixed feed.
4, the various raw materials in the mixed feed need fully to stir when mixing, and its coefficient of variation should be greater than 10%.
5, the metering of the enzyme in the mixed feed should be: prolease activity is 1～1,000,000 unit in every kilogram of mixed feed, and amylase activity is 0～500,000 unit, and cellulase activity is 0～500,000 unit.
6, in the mixed feed during, can save amylase without energy feed.
In another aspect of this invention, provide a kind of using method of compound feed for shellfish, the operating procedure of this method comprises:
1, get in a compound feed for shellfish bag or the bucket and add 2～18 parts in water, mixing is placed in 5～55 ℃ the environment, shakes every day or stirs 1～6 time.
2, when environment temperature is lower than 20 ℃, placed 2～10 days; Environment temperature was placed 8 hours～5 days in the time of 20～35 ℃; Environment temperature was placed 4 hours～3 days when being higher than 35 ℃.From judging in appearance, goods are with the increase of standing time, and thinning gradually, easily mobile, color deepens gradually, after stablizing to whole variable color, places 1～2 day again, can use.
3, be used for fertile shellfish, above-mentioned fabricated product directly can be splashed and coat or support on the water surface that shellfish is coated with supporting shellfish.According to the shellfish growth needs, consumption is not limit.
4, be used for rich water, when fine, above-mentioned fabricated product directly can be splashed on the water surface of culturing the pool.Cultivate needs according to water colour, consumption is not limit.
The relational language that relates among the present invention:
1, the shellfish that relates among the present invention, it comprises: mud blood clam, the razor clam of hanging, clam, mussel, scallop and oyster etc.
2, shorten with the rising of environment temperature the standing time that relates among the present invention in 5～55 ℃ of scopes, and in 10 days, standing time is of a specified duration more, and the active bait quality of processing is good more.In the active bait process, increase and stir number of times, can shorten the process time of active bait.
3, can take the circumstances into consideration to splash again after the water mixing during fabricated product stiff among the present invention.
4, the protein feeds among the present invention is meant that crude protein content is higher than 18% feedstuff.
5, the energy feed among the present invention is meant that crude protein content is lower than 18% feedstuff.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, further set forth the present invention.Should be understood that these embodiment only to be used to the present invention is described and be not used in and limit the scope of the invention.
Embodiment 1, every kilogram of compound feed for shellfish prescription and using method
Fish meal 200 grams; Dregs of beans 300 grams; Corn 400 grams; Neutral proteinase 5 grams (250,000 unit); Amylase 4 grams (200,000 unit); Microelement pre-mix material 14 grams (microelement pre-mix material is formed: ferrous sulfate monohydrate 7 grams, and monohydrate zinc sulphate 2 grams, manganese sulfate monohydrate 3 grams, copper sulfate monohydrate 0.1 gram, 1% 1 water cobalt chloride, 0.5 gram, 1% sodium selenite, 0.5 gram, zeolite powder adds to 14 grams); Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 25 grams; Calcium carbonate 41.9 grams; Vitamin premix 0.1 gram (form: thiamine 2mg, riboflavin 7mg, nicotinic acid 30mg, calcium pantothenate 7mg, Cobastab by vitamin premix
67mg, 1% Cobastab
120.01mg, 2% biotin 0.05mg and folic acid 0.8mg, wheat bran adds to 0.1 gram); Sodium propionate 10 grams.Fish meal, dregs of beans, maize raw material are crushed to more than 20 orders, and other is more than raw material pulverizing to 40 order, through fully mixing.
Get 3 kilograms of mixed feeds and put in the bucket, add 30 kilograms in water, mixing is added a cover, and the time stirred 1 time every 6 hours by day, when temperature during 15 ℃ of left and right sides, places 6 days; When temperature during, placed 4 days 25 ℃ of left and right sides; When temperature during 40 ℃ of left and right sides, placed 2 days, can use.Be used for the fertile Becquerel water surface that Yu Yangbei is coated with of directly splashing, according to the growth needs of shellfish, consumption is not limit; Being used for rich water should be when fine, and above-mentioned active bait can be splashed on 1 mu of water surface, or looks the water quality girth of a garment and take the circumstances into consideration increase and decrease.
Embodiment 2, not every kilogram of compound feed for shellfish prescription and using method during the energy content feed
Fish meal 300 grams; Dregs of beans 600 grams; Neutral proteinase 1 gram (50,000 unit); Microelement pre-mix material 14 grams (microelement pre-mix material is formed: ferrous sulfate monohydrate 7 grams, and monohydrate zinc sulphate 2 grams, manganese sulfate monohydrate 3 grams, copper sulfate monohydrate 0.1 gram, 1% 1 water cobalt chloride, 0.5 gram, 1% sodium selenite, 0.5 gram, zeolite powder adds to 14 grams); Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 25 grams; Calcium carbonate 49.9 grams; Vitamin premix 0.1 gram (form: thiamine 2mg, riboflavin 7mg, nicotinic acid 30mg, calcium pantothenate 7mg, Cobastab by vitamin premix
67mg, 1% Cobastab
120.01mg, 2% biotin 0.05mg and folic acid 0.8mg, wheat bran adds to 0.1 gram); Sodium propionate 10 grams.Fish meal, more than dregs of beans raw material pulverizing to 20 order, other is more than raw material pulverizing to 40 order, through fully mixing.
Get 3 kilograms of mixed feeds and put in the bucket, add 30 kilograms in water, mixing is added a cover, and the time stirred 1 time every 6 hours by day, when temperature during 15 ℃ of left and right sides, places 6 days; When temperature during, placed 4 days 25 ℃ of left and right sides; When temperature during 40 ℃ of left and right sides, placed 2 days, can use.Be used for the fertile Becquerel water surface that Yu Yangbei is coated with of directly splashing, according to the growth needs of shellfish, consumption is not limit; Being used for rich water should be when fine, and above-mentioned active bait can be splashed on 1 mu of water surface, or looks the water quality girth of a garment and take the circumstances into consideration increase and decrease.
Embodiment 3, every kilogram of compound feed for shellfish prescription and using method
Shrimp crab meat 200 grams; Barley 680 grams; Alkali protease 1 gram (
1Ten thousand units); Amylase 10 grams (500,000 unit); Cellulase 10 grams (500,000 unit); Microelement pre-mix material 14 grams (microelement pre-mix material is formed: ferrous sulfate monohydrate 7 grams, and monohydrate zinc sulphate 2 grams, manganese sulfate monohydrate 3 grams, copper sulfate monohydrate 0.1 gram, 1% 1 water cobalt chloride, 0.5 gram, 1% sodium selenite, 0.5 gram, zeolite powder adds to 14 grams); Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 35 grams; Calcium carbonate 41 grams; Vitamin premix 0.1 gram (form: thiamine 2mg, riboflavin 7mg, nicotinic acid 30mg, calcium pantothenate 7mg, Cobastab by vitamin premix
67mg, 1% Cobastab
120.01mg, 2% biotin 0.05mg and folic acid 0.8mg, wheat bran adds to 0.1 gram); Sodium propionate 8.9 grams.Shrimp crab meat, barley material are crushed to more than 20 orders, and other is more than raw material pulverizing to 40 order, through fully mixing.
Get 3 kilograms of mixed feeds and put in the bucket, add 6 kilograms in water, mixing is added a cover, and the time stirred 1 time every 6 hours by day, when temperature during 15 ℃ of left and right sides, places 6 days; When temperature during, placed 4 days 25 ℃ of left and right sides; When temperature during 40 ℃ of left and right sides, placed 2 days, can use.
Embodiment 4, every kilogram of compound feed for shellfish prescription and using method
Digested tankage 257 grams; The cottonseed dregs of rice 400.5 grams; Paddy 300.49 grams; Acid protease 20 grams (1,000,000 unit); Amylase 10 grams (500,000 unit); Cellulase 10 grams (500,000 unit); Microelement pre-mix material 0.24 gram (form: ferrous sulfate monohydrate 0.09 gram, monohydrate zinc sulphate 0.04 gram, manganese sulfate monohydrate 0.05 gram by microelement pre-mix material, copper sulfate monohydrate 0.021 gram, 1% 1 water cobalt chloride, 0.025 gram, 1% sodium selenite, 0.005 gram, zeolite powder adds to 0.24 gram); Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 0.35 gram; Calcium carbonate 0.41 gram; Vitamin premix 0.01 gram (form: thiamine 0.2mg, riboflavin 0.7mg, nicotinic acid 3mg, calcium pantothenate 0.7mg, Cobastab by vitamin premix
60.7mg, 1% Cobastab
120.001mg, 2% biotin 0.005mg and folic acid 0.08mg, wheat bran adds to 0.01 gram); Sodium propionate 1 gram.Digested tankage, the cottonseed dregs of rice, more than paddy raw material pulverizing to 20 order, other is more than raw material pulverizing to 40 order, through fully mixing.
Get 3 kilograms of mixed feeds and put in the bucket, add 36 kilograms in water, mixing is added a cover, and the time stirred 1 time every 6 hours by day, when temperature during 15 ℃ of left and right sides, places 6 days; When temperature during, placed 4 days 25 ℃ of left and right sides; When temperature during 40 ℃ of left and right sides, placed 2 days, can use.
Claims (5)
1. the preceding compound feed for shellfish that needs enzymolysis of use is characterized in that the crude protein content that described feed is made of in proportion protein feeds, energy feed, mineral matter, vitamin, enzyme and anticorrisive agent is higher than 15% even matter powder; Each composition percentage by weight is composed as follows: protein feeds 20～65.75%, energy feed 30.049～68%, mineral matter 0.1～9%, vitamin 0.001～0.01%, enzyme 0.1～4% and anticorrisive agent 0.1～1%; Described protein feeds is one or both in fish meal, shrimp crab meat, digested tankage, dregs of beans, the cottonseed dregs of rice, the rapeseed dregs; Described energy feed is the plant kernel of corn, barley, wheat or paddy; Described vitamin is the mixing of B family vitamin and vitamin A, D, E, K; Described mineral matter is the mineral matter salt that contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, selenium.
2. compound feed for shellfish as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described enzyme is a protease, amylase and cellulase, and wherein, described protease is neutrality, acidity or alkali protease; Prolease activity is 1～1,000,000 unit in every kilogram of mixed feed, and amylase activity is 0～500,000 unit, and cellulase activity is 0～500,000 unit.
3. compound feed for shellfish as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described anticorrisive agent is the preparation that can suppress growth of microorganism.
4. compound feed for shellfish as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise adding certain proportion water before use, enzymolysis under preference temperature is characterized in that, getting even matter powder by weight places container to add 2～18 parts in water for 1 part, stir, in 5～55 ℃ environment, place a couple of days, stir every day 1～2 time, after being thin shape, directly splash on the water surface that foster shellfish is coated with.
5. the using method of compound feed for shellfish as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described feed is used to culture the mud blood clam, the razor clam of hanging, clam, mussel, scallop and oyster.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2004100380581A CN100398001C (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2004-05-17 | Bait with enzymolysis being needed before use for shellfish |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2004100380581A CN100398001C (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2004-05-17 | Bait with enzymolysis being needed before use for shellfish |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1785035A CN1785035A (en) | 2006-06-14 |
| CN100398001C true CN100398001C (en) | 2008-07-02 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CNB2004100380581A Expired - Fee Related CN100398001C (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2004-05-17 | Bait with enzymolysis being needed before use for shellfish |
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Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101422228B (en) * | 2008-11-12 | 2011-11-02 | 江南大学 | Flavoring enzymolysis preparation method using procambarus clarkia head |
| CN102090527B (en) * | 2009-12-14 | 2013-01-09 | 王宝山 | Sinonovacula biological feed and preparation method thereof |
| CN101773209A (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2010-07-14 | 浙江科盛饲料股份有限公司 | Compound feed for shellfish |
| CN101912050B (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2014-11-12 | 大连海洋大学 | Micro-granulated feed for shellfish and production technique thereof |
| CN103461225B (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2015-12-23 | 仙桃市强农水产专业合作社 | Swamp eel net cage artificial bionic state offspring breeding method |
| CN104799124B (en) * | 2015-05-20 | 2017-12-08 | 湖北省金谷药业有限公司 | A kind of colored clam mixed feed |
| CN105248991A (en) * | 2015-10-15 | 2016-01-20 | 无锡市南阳湖水产科技有限公司 | Aquaculture feed for coelomactra antiquata aquatic product |
| CN106213057A (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2016-12-14 | 广西正五海洋产业股份有限公司 | A kind of feed formula improving scallop yield |
| CN106259114A (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2017-01-04 | 北海金不换水产贸易有限公司 | A kind of Vietnam white clam natural seawater method |
| CN109566860A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-04-05 | 大连海洋大学 | One seed oyster special compound feed |
| CN115633746A (en) * | 2022-11-16 | 2023-01-24 | 江苏海洋大学 | Universal shellfish microcapsule feed and preparation method thereof |
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| CN1043428A (en) * | 1989-10-13 | 1990-07-04 | 蒋祥太 | Additives poultry composite feed and preparation method thereof |
| CN1301498A (en) * | 1999-12-28 | 2001-07-04 | 中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所 | Duck fodder and preparing method |
| US6299928B1 (en) * | 1998-03-19 | 2001-10-09 | Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. | Fine granular feeds for fry |
| CN1383734A (en) * | 2002-01-24 | 2002-12-11 | 沈阳大学 | Crucian carp feed |
| CN1451294A (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2003-10-29 | 浙江大学 | Pre-mixing agent for processing active feed for shellfish |
| CN1451295A (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2003-10-29 | 浙江大学 | Process for preparing enzymolysis feed for breeding shellfish |
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2004
- 2004-05-17 CN CNB2004100380581A patent/CN100398001C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1043428A (en) * | 1989-10-13 | 1990-07-04 | 蒋祥太 | Additives poultry composite feed and preparation method thereof |
| US6299928B1 (en) * | 1998-03-19 | 2001-10-09 | Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. | Fine granular feeds for fry |
| CN1301498A (en) * | 1999-12-28 | 2001-07-04 | 中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所 | Duck fodder and preparing method |
| CN1383734A (en) * | 2002-01-24 | 2002-12-11 | 沈阳大学 | Crucian carp feed |
| CN1451294A (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2003-10-29 | 浙江大学 | Pre-mixing agent for processing active feed for shellfish |
| CN1451295A (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2003-10-29 | 浙江大学 | Process for preparing enzymolysis feed for breeding shellfish |
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| CN1785035A (en) | 2006-06-14 |
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| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| EE01 | Entry into force of recordation of patent licensing contract |
Assignee: The department of Zhejiang holds the feed Limited Company Assignor: Zhejiang University Contract fulfillment period: 2009.3.1 to 2015.2.28 contract change Contract record no.: 2009330000453 Denomination of invention: Bait with enzymolysis being needed before use for shellfish Granted publication date: 20080702 License type: Exclusive license Record date: 2009.3.13 |
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| LIC | Patent licence contract for exploitation submitted for record |
Free format text: EXCLUSIVE LICENSE; TIME LIMIT OF IMPLEMENTING CONTACT: 2009.3.1 TO 2015.2.28; CHANGE OF CONTRACT Name of requester: ZHEJIANG KESHENG FEED CO., LTD. Effective date: 20090313 |
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| C17 | Cessation of patent right | ||
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Granted publication date: 20080702 Termination date: 20130517 |