CA2494945C - Raw material for animal feed and animal feed using the same - Google Patents
Raw material for animal feed and animal feed using the same Download PDFInfo
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- CA2494945C CA2494945C CA2494945A CA2494945A CA2494945C CA 2494945 C CA2494945 C CA 2494945C CA 2494945 A CA2494945 A CA 2494945A CA 2494945 A CA2494945 A CA 2494945A CA 2494945 C CA2494945 C CA 2494945C
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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Abstract
The invention is intended to increase digestibility of a vegetable protein raw material that is important as a protein source to be substituted for animal protein, and to provide not only a more useful raw material for animal feed, but also animal feed using the raw material.
The feed raw material having increased digestibility is provided which is produced by acting krill or an enzyme present in krill on a vegetable protein raw material containing hard-to-digest saccharides, such as soybeans, defatted soybean lees, wheat, corn gluten meal, rice bran, defatted rice bran, processed bran, rapeseed oil lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein, to partly decompose the hard-to-digest saccharides. The invention also provides animal feed using the feed raw material thus produced.
The feed raw material having increased digestibility is provided which is produced by acting krill or an enzyme present in krill on a vegetable protein raw material containing hard-to-digest saccharides, such as soybeans, defatted soybean lees, wheat, corn gluten meal, rice bran, defatted rice bran, processed bran, rapeseed oil lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein, to partly decompose the hard-to-digest saccharides. The invention also provides animal feed using the feed raw material thus produced.
Description
DESCRIPTION
Raw Material for Animal Feed and Animal Feed Using the Same TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a raw material for animal feed containing at feast one of vegetable protein (albumin} raw materials, such as soybeans, soybean lees (defatted soybeans), wheat, barley, corn gluten meal, and rice bran, and to animal feed using the raw materials.
BACKGROUND ART
As well known, livestock and cultivated fishes and shellfishes are an important protein supply source for human beings. Feed for breeding and cultivating those livestock, fishes and shellfishes has been studied in many fields for long years, and more efficient feed raw materials have been developed. As raw materials for livestock feed, soybean lees have received attention because of stability in supply and a low cost. In practical use, however, the soybean lees are in a state of sluggish growth because they contain oligosaccharides, a digestive enzyme obstructing substance, an absorption obstructing substance, a growth obstructing substance, etc. For that reason, a method of providing better feed by removing unnecessary components with alcohol washing and pickling is proposed. Also, a feed raw material having improved digestion absorptivity is produced by incultivating and fermenting molds (Aspergillus and Rhizopus), yeasts (Saccharomycea), bacteria (Bacillus and Lactobacillus), etc. solely or in combination of two or more selected from them. Further, as a method of removing unnecessary components in raw materials for animal feed, it is proposed to decompose and remove those unnecessary components by adding cellulase, galactanase or rhamnogalacturonase, which is an enzyme to decompose saccharides or oligosaccharides, and/or phytase which is an enzyme to decompose phytin (phytin acid), and further adding an enzyme, which decomposes protein, for the purpose of increasing digestibility. Those decomposition enzymes are also originated from molds (Aspergillus and Rhizopus), yeasts (Saccharomycea), bacteria (Bacillus and Lacfobacillus), etc. Thus, the above-mentioned methods are intended to provide the required enzymes by cultivating microbes that serve as supply sources for those decomposition enzymes, or by producing them with genetic recombination. However, such techniques require preliminary cultivation of microbes, such as molds, yeast and bacteria, and hence necessitate close management from the microbial point of view. Accordingly, there is a need for further simplifying the overall process.
Meanwhile, the industry of breeding and cultivating fishes and shellfishes is becoming more and more popular over the world, and a demand for coastal fish meal as a feed protein source has noticeably increased. In practice, however, a catch of coastal fishes fairly fluctuates and feed producers are troubled with price fluctuations of fish meal. Although attention has hitherto been focused on vegetable proteins, particularly defatted soybean lees, as substitute protein for fish meal in such a situation, there has been a limit in amount of the added vegetable protein because of problems such as that an amino acid balance is lost due to the difference of amino acids required by fishes and shellfishes under breeding and cultivating from amino acids constituting the vegetable protein, that the vegetable protein contains active factors of obstructing digestive enzymes, and that the hard-to-digest saccharides in plants obstruct digestion and absorption. The amino acid unbalance can be overcome by using a plurality of feed raw materials, but development of a new technique has been demanded to decompose and remove the hard-to-digest saccharides, e.g., phytin (phytic acid).
Against the backdrop described above, with regard to feed for breeding and cultivating fishes and shellfishes, studies have been conducted to increase digestion of the vegetable protein by acting koji (Aspergillus) on defatted soybean lees for fermentation. As a result of studies, it is reported that a growing ability is inferior to the case of employing no soybean lees, but is superior to the case of employing unprocessed soybean lees (see Non-patent Reference 1 listed below).
Also, Patent Reference 1 discloses a method of inoculating soybean tees into microbes for fermentation, and decomposing oligosaccharides in the soybean lees, such as sucrose, raffinose and stachyose, for removal. It is stated in Patent Reference 1 that microbes used in ordinary processes for producing brewed foods and fermented foods, such as Aspergillus, Saccharomyces and Lactobacillus, can be used in the disclosed method, and that a growing ability is improved by feeding, to young fries of yellowtails, fermented soybeans prepared by inoculating those microbes into soybeans.
In practice, however, it is known that as a proportion of vegetable protein raw materials in the feed raw materials increases, eating activities of predatory fishes, such as yellowtails and red sea breams are reduced and a solution for such a reduction of the eating activities is demanded (Non-patent Reference 2 listed below). Thus, the eating activities must be induced by adding 5 to 10 % of krill meal.
Further, when using vegetable protein raw materials as raw materials for animal feed, the vegetable protein raw materials must be fermented by preliminarily cultivating microbes which are used in ordinary processes for producing brewed foods and fermented foods.
Thus, there has been a demand for simplifying the processes.
Patent Reference 2 discloses feed for aquatic animals employing a krill enzyme (euphausian enzyme). This feed is prepared by mixing the krill enzyme while it retains activity. In other words, Patent Reference 2 is based on the concept of promoting digestion of animals by applying the krill enzyme along with the feed. However, the disclosed feed cannot be used as universal feed raw materials for the reason that there are many limitations in handling the feed, such as non-use of heating, because the krill enzyme must be refined and added to the feed while keeping activity of the krill enzyme.
Patent Reference 3 discloses usage of autolysed krill preparation as a raw feed material. It states that krill proteases help digestion.
Patent Reference 1 JP,A 5-268881 Patent Reference 2 JP,A 8-242777 Patent Reference 3 W098/34498 Non-patent Reference 1 Journal of The Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, Vol. 59, 1883-1888 (1993) Non-patent Reference 2 Aoki, et al.: Sulsanzoshoku, 48, 73-79(2000) DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Raw Material for Animal Feed and Animal Feed Using the Same TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a raw material for animal feed containing at feast one of vegetable protein (albumin} raw materials, such as soybeans, soybean lees (defatted soybeans), wheat, barley, corn gluten meal, and rice bran, and to animal feed using the raw materials.
BACKGROUND ART
As well known, livestock and cultivated fishes and shellfishes are an important protein supply source for human beings. Feed for breeding and cultivating those livestock, fishes and shellfishes has been studied in many fields for long years, and more efficient feed raw materials have been developed. As raw materials for livestock feed, soybean lees have received attention because of stability in supply and a low cost. In practical use, however, the soybean lees are in a state of sluggish growth because they contain oligosaccharides, a digestive enzyme obstructing substance, an absorption obstructing substance, a growth obstructing substance, etc. For that reason, a method of providing better feed by removing unnecessary components with alcohol washing and pickling is proposed. Also, a feed raw material having improved digestion absorptivity is produced by incultivating and fermenting molds (Aspergillus and Rhizopus), yeasts (Saccharomycea), bacteria (Bacillus and Lactobacillus), etc. solely or in combination of two or more selected from them. Further, as a method of removing unnecessary components in raw materials for animal feed, it is proposed to decompose and remove those unnecessary components by adding cellulase, galactanase or rhamnogalacturonase, which is an enzyme to decompose saccharides or oligosaccharides, and/or phytase which is an enzyme to decompose phytin (phytin acid), and further adding an enzyme, which decomposes protein, for the purpose of increasing digestibility. Those decomposition enzymes are also originated from molds (Aspergillus and Rhizopus), yeasts (Saccharomycea), bacteria (Bacillus and Lacfobacillus), etc. Thus, the above-mentioned methods are intended to provide the required enzymes by cultivating microbes that serve as supply sources for those decomposition enzymes, or by producing them with genetic recombination. However, such techniques require preliminary cultivation of microbes, such as molds, yeast and bacteria, and hence necessitate close management from the microbial point of view. Accordingly, there is a need for further simplifying the overall process.
Meanwhile, the industry of breeding and cultivating fishes and shellfishes is becoming more and more popular over the world, and a demand for coastal fish meal as a feed protein source has noticeably increased. In practice, however, a catch of coastal fishes fairly fluctuates and feed producers are troubled with price fluctuations of fish meal. Although attention has hitherto been focused on vegetable proteins, particularly defatted soybean lees, as substitute protein for fish meal in such a situation, there has been a limit in amount of the added vegetable protein because of problems such as that an amino acid balance is lost due to the difference of amino acids required by fishes and shellfishes under breeding and cultivating from amino acids constituting the vegetable protein, that the vegetable protein contains active factors of obstructing digestive enzymes, and that the hard-to-digest saccharides in plants obstruct digestion and absorption. The amino acid unbalance can be overcome by using a plurality of feed raw materials, but development of a new technique has been demanded to decompose and remove the hard-to-digest saccharides, e.g., phytin (phytic acid).
Against the backdrop described above, with regard to feed for breeding and cultivating fishes and shellfishes, studies have been conducted to increase digestion of the vegetable protein by acting koji (Aspergillus) on defatted soybean lees for fermentation. As a result of studies, it is reported that a growing ability is inferior to the case of employing no soybean lees, but is superior to the case of employing unprocessed soybean lees (see Non-patent Reference 1 listed below).
Also, Patent Reference 1 discloses a method of inoculating soybean tees into microbes for fermentation, and decomposing oligosaccharides in the soybean lees, such as sucrose, raffinose and stachyose, for removal. It is stated in Patent Reference 1 that microbes used in ordinary processes for producing brewed foods and fermented foods, such as Aspergillus, Saccharomyces and Lactobacillus, can be used in the disclosed method, and that a growing ability is improved by feeding, to young fries of yellowtails, fermented soybeans prepared by inoculating those microbes into soybeans.
In practice, however, it is known that as a proportion of vegetable protein raw materials in the feed raw materials increases, eating activities of predatory fishes, such as yellowtails and red sea breams are reduced and a solution for such a reduction of the eating activities is demanded (Non-patent Reference 2 listed below). Thus, the eating activities must be induced by adding 5 to 10 % of krill meal.
Further, when using vegetable protein raw materials as raw materials for animal feed, the vegetable protein raw materials must be fermented by preliminarily cultivating microbes which are used in ordinary processes for producing brewed foods and fermented foods.
Thus, there has been a demand for simplifying the processes.
Patent Reference 2 discloses feed for aquatic animals employing a krill enzyme (euphausian enzyme). This feed is prepared by mixing the krill enzyme while it retains activity. In other words, Patent Reference 2 is based on the concept of promoting digestion of animals by applying the krill enzyme along with the feed. However, the disclosed feed cannot be used as universal feed raw materials for the reason that there are many limitations in handling the feed, such as non-use of heating, because the krill enzyme must be refined and added to the feed while keeping activity of the krill enzyme.
Patent Reference 3 discloses usage of autolysed krill preparation as a raw feed material. It states that krill proteases help digestion.
Patent Reference 1 JP,A 5-268881 Patent Reference 2 JP,A 8-242777 Patent Reference 3 W098/34498 Non-patent Reference 1 Journal of The Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, Vol. 59, 1883-1888 (1993) Non-patent Reference 2 Aoki, et al.: Sulsanzoshoku, 48, 73-79(2000) DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a raw material for animal feed which employs at least one of vegetable proteins such as soybeans, defatted soybean lees, wheat, corn gluten meal, rice bran, defatted rice bran, processed bran, rapeseed oil cakes, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein, and which has increased digestibility of the protein and an effect of inducing eating activities of animals, as well as to animal feed using the raw material for animal feed.
The present invention resides in a raw material for animal feed, which have the following features (1 ) to (8).
(1 ) A raw material for animal feed, comprising a material prepared by processing a vegetable protein raw material with a not-autolyzed krill component.
(2) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (1 ), wherein the treated material is obtained by mixing the vegetable protein raw material and the not-autoiyzed krill component, and then aging a mixture.
(3) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (1 ) or (2), wherein the krill component is an enzyme present in krill or an enzyme solution containing the enzyme present in krill.
(4) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (3), wherein the enzyme solution is an enzyme solution having an enzyme activity to decompose hard-to-digest saccharides.
(5) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above (1 ) to (4), wherein a raw material or an additives for animal feed which has protease inhibitory effects is used together when the vegetable protein raw material is processed with the not-autolyzed krill component.
The present invention resides in a raw material for animal feed, which have the following features (1 ) to (8).
(1 ) A raw material for animal feed, comprising a material prepared by processing a vegetable protein raw material with a not-autolyzed krill component.
(2) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (1 ), wherein the treated material is obtained by mixing the vegetable protein raw material and the not-autoiyzed krill component, and then aging a mixture.
(3) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (1 ) or (2), wherein the krill component is an enzyme present in krill or an enzyme solution containing the enzyme present in krill.
(4) A raw material for animal feed according to the above (3), wherein the enzyme solution is an enzyme solution having an enzyme activity to decompose hard-to-digest saccharides.
(5) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above (1 ) to (4), wherein a raw material or an additives for animal feed which has protease inhibitory effects is used together when the vegetable protein raw material is processed with the not-autolyzed krill component.
(6) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above (1 ) to (5), wherein the vegetable protein raw material is one or more selected from among a group consisting of soybeans, defatted soybean lees, corn gluten meal, raw bran, processed bran, wheat, rapeseed oil lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein.
(7) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above (1 ) to (6, wherein the krill component is an Antarctic krill component.
(8) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above (1 ) to (7), wherein the raw material for animal feed is a feed raw material for fishes, echinoderms andlor crustaceans.
(9) A raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above (1 ) to (8), wherein the animal feed is animal feed for fishes belong to Sparidae, Salmonidae, Carangidae, or Scombridae.
Also, the present invention resides in animal feed having the following feature (10).
Also, the present invention resides in animal feed having the following feature (10).
(10) Animal feed prepared by mixing the raw material for animal feed according to any one of the above (1 ) to (9).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a graph showing the efficacy of soybean flour, soybean milk and glair, which have protease inhibitory effects, on krill enzymes.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
A raw material for animal feed according to the present invention is a feed raw material that is used for stock raising, poultry farming, and fish farming, and that is employed as a protein supply source. The feed of the present invention is especially suitable for cultivating fishes and crustaceans. Examples of the cultivated fishes, echinoderms and crustaceans include red sea breams, salmons, young yellowtails, hardtails, trout, turbots, tunas, eels, sea urchin and shrimps, which are usually cultivated.
In the present invention, any type of vegetable protein raw material can be used so long as it is usually employed substituted for an animal protein raw material of raw materials for animal feed. Main examples of the vegetable protein raw materials include soybeans, defatted soybean lees, corn gluten meal, raw bran, processed bran, wheat, rapeseed oil lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein.
Krill used in the present invention is preferably an Antarctic krill because of being abundant as natural resources and having high enzyme activity. However, any other type of krill can also be employed so long as it has a comparable level of activity.
A krill component, which can be krill per se, a minced krill, or an enzyme present in krill which is selectively obtained by squeezing the krill, is mixed with the vegetable protein raw material, and then aging the mixture.
It is to be noted that the krill, and the krill squeezed liquid, each containing the in-krill present enzyme, must have activity effective in decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides. This activity can easily confirmed with thin layer chromatography. The activity of decomposing the hard-to-digest saccharides is measured as follows. Taking krill as an example, the krill is minced and a solid part is separated for removal.
After adding an oligosaccharide, such as cellobiose or maltohexaose, to it so as to have a final concentration of 1 %, a resulting solution is agitated at 40 °C for 2 hours. Then, the solution is subjected to centrifugal separation for 10 minutes under conditions of 3000 rpm and 4 °C, and a resulting 10 ~L of supernatant is spotted on a silica gel thin-layer plate and developed by using a solution of butanol : propanol water (1 : 3 : 2) for color development with a solution of orcinol sulfuric acid. The activity of decomposing the hard-to-digest saccharides is confirmed by checking whether spots of the oligosaccharide, such as cellobiose or maltohexaose, disappear completely and only spots of monosaccharides, which are possibly ~i-glucose, a-glucose, etc., appear as a result of the above-mentioned process. Then, the krill used in the present invention is limited to one for which the activity has been confirmed in such a way.
The krill squeezed liquid is also used after confirming the activity in the same way as that described above.
A raw material for animal feed according to the present invention is produced through steps of adding the krill, the minced krill or the krill squeezed liquid to the vegetable protein raw material containing the hard-to-digest saccharides, aging a resulting mixture at 20 to 60 °C, preferably 30 to 50 °C, for 1 to 48 hours, preferably 2 to 6 hours, holding the mixture at temperatures not lower than 80 °C, preferably 85 °C, for 10 minutes for sterilization under heating, and drying it. During the aging step, the mixture is agitated. When the agitation is difficult to perform, clear water may be added so that sufficient aging is ensured.
Though the time for the aging has to be controlled depending on the amount of the enzyme for the amount of vegetable protein, it is favorable to choose the condition to produce less free amino acids because free amino acids make the feed consumption rate lower.
Animal feed is prepared by using, as a raw material, the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention.
The animal feed of the present invention can be produced by processing and shaping the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention together with any other type of feed raw material.
Since the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention can be provided in the powdery form through the heating and drying steps after processing the krill, it can easily be employed as raw materials for various types of feed, particularly as a substitute for animal protein. Regarding the field of fish farming, the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention can be used as a substitute for fish meal.
Operation By adding the krill, the minced krill, or the krill squeezed liquid, each having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides, to the vegetable protein raw material containing the hard-to- digest saccharides, and then aging the mixture, digestibility of the vegetable protein is improved.
Also, the improved digestibility of the vegetable protein gives the raw material for animal feed with the effect of inducing eating activities of animals.
Thus, it is possible to provide the raw material for animal feed, which can noticeably reduce a proportion of the animal protein raw material used in the feed. Further, the animal feed using the raw material for animal feed can be provided.
1~
The present invention will be described in more detail below in connection with Examples. Note that the present invention is in no way restricted by the following Examples.
Example 1 After mincing 25 kg of krill having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides, 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at 40 °C
for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean lees (hereinafter referred to as "soybean lees processed with minced krill").
Example 2 saccharides After squeezing krill having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides to obtain 10 weight% of squeezed liquid (enzyme solution) from the krill, 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at 40 °C for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean lees (hereinafter referred to as "soybean lees processed with krill enzyme liquid").
Example 3 After mincing 25 kg of krill having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides, 250 g of glair and 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at 40 °C for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean lees (hereinafter referred to as "krill-processed soybean lees added with glair").
Example 4 Breeding experiments were conducted for 56 days using red sea bream (average weight of 17.9 g) as test fish. Mixed compositions of breeding feed used in the experiments are shown in Table 1, and breeding results are shown in Table 2 and 3 given below.
Table 1 Mixed Compositions of Feed Used in Tests for Breeding Red Sea Bream Zone Z_o_n_e Zone 3 Zone 4 Exam le Exam le Exam le Fish meal 61.5 34.4 34.3 34.6 Soybean lees 37.5 rocessed with krill Krill-processed soybean lees added 37.5 with lair Soybean lees processed with 26.4 krill enz me li uid Fish oil 8.0 8.1 8.7 8.1 Rice bran 15.5 5.0 4.5 4.8 Krill meal 11.1 Wheat 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Starch 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Mixture of vitamin2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 and minerals Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 2 Zone Zone 2 ~ Zone Zone 4 1 ~ 3 Exam le Exam le Exam le 2 Start of breedin 17.9 17.9 17.8 17.8 8'" Week after 60.6 59.5 61.1 62.0 start of I
breedin Increase of wei 42.7 41.6 43.2 44.2 ht Table 3 Feed Conversion Rate Free amino acids (%) / Total amino acids in the feed Zone _ ___ 84.1 2.4 1 fish meal ~
Zone Exam le 77.4 8.5 Zone Exam le 83.3 6.5 Zone Exam le 85.2 4.3 As will be apparent from those test results, a significant difference in growth of the test fish was not found between Zone 1, in which no defatted soybean lees were added, and other Zones. Thus, it was confirmed that a large amount of defatted soybean lees processed with the minced krill or the krill squeezed liquid (enzyme liquid) can be added to feed for red sea bream. In other words, the effectiveness of aging of the defatted soybean lees with krill was confirmed.
The growth of the zone 3, wherein glair, which has protease inhibitory effects, was used together, was in no way inferior to that of the zone 2, wherein glaire was not used. There was a negative correlation between free amino acids I Total amino acids in the feed (%) and feed consumption rate{%).
Example .
Breeding experiments were conducted for 84 days using rainbow trout {average weight of 10.6 g) as test fish. Mixed compositions of breeding feed used in the experiments are shown in Table 4, and breeding results are shown in Table 5 and 6 given below.
Table 4 Mixed Compositions of Feed Used in Tests for Breeding Rainbow Trout Zone Zone Zone Zone_8 Zone Zone Components Fish ExampleExample Example Krill Commer-meal meal 1 3 2 cial onl enzyme Anchov meal 55.50 28.00 28.00 28.50 43.20 _26_.00 Krill meal 11.10 12.50 12.50 Defatted 25.00 soybean lees processed with commercial enz me Soybean lees 37.50 processed with krill Krill-processed 37.50 soybean lees added with lair Soybean lees 26.40 processed with krill enzyme li uid Wheat meal 20.50 10.20 10.20 9.80 20.50 11.50 8~
defatted rice bran Ta ioca starch5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Sardine oil 14.00 14.30 14.30 14.20 13.80 15.00 Mixture of 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 vitamin and minerals Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 5 Results of Tests for Breeding Rainbow Trout Zone Zone Zone Zone 9 Zone Fish Example Example Krill Commer-meal 1 2 meal cial only ' enz me Start of breedin10.63 10.61 10.59 10.61 10.60 End of breeding27.24 27.61 29.15 25.06 23.61 84 da s Increase of 16.61 17.00 18.56 14.45 13.01 weight Table 6 Feed Conversion Free amino acids Rate / Total amino acids (%) in the feed Zone 5 fish meal 96.2 1.6 Zone 6 Exam le 87.4 7.3 Zone 7 Exam le 88.7 5.5 As will be apparent from Table 5, in comparison with the control zone in which no defatted soybean lees were added, the zone using the minced krill (Example 1 ) and the zone using the krill enzyme liquid (Example 3) are more effective in increasing weight (growth). Also, these two zones are more effective than the krill meal zone (zone 9) in which only krill meal was added. Thus, it was confirmed that processing the defatted soybean lees was effective. Further, it was confirmed that fish growth was inferior in the zone using commercially available cellulase (commercial enzyme zone). In other words, the necessity of aging the defatted soybean lees with krill was found.
There was a negative correlation between free amino acids I Total amino acids in the feed (%) and feed consumption rate(%).
Test example 1 Effects of protease inhibitors on krill eznymes In this test example, Summer krill which was caught in February 2002 and Winter krill which was caught in May 2002 were used.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a graph showing the efficacy of soybean flour, soybean milk and glair, which have protease inhibitory effects, on krill enzymes.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
A raw material for animal feed according to the present invention is a feed raw material that is used for stock raising, poultry farming, and fish farming, and that is employed as a protein supply source. The feed of the present invention is especially suitable for cultivating fishes and crustaceans. Examples of the cultivated fishes, echinoderms and crustaceans include red sea breams, salmons, young yellowtails, hardtails, trout, turbots, tunas, eels, sea urchin and shrimps, which are usually cultivated.
In the present invention, any type of vegetable protein raw material can be used so long as it is usually employed substituted for an animal protein raw material of raw materials for animal feed. Main examples of the vegetable protein raw materials include soybeans, defatted soybean lees, corn gluten meal, raw bran, processed bran, wheat, rapeseed oil lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein.
Krill used in the present invention is preferably an Antarctic krill because of being abundant as natural resources and having high enzyme activity. However, any other type of krill can also be employed so long as it has a comparable level of activity.
A krill component, which can be krill per se, a minced krill, or an enzyme present in krill which is selectively obtained by squeezing the krill, is mixed with the vegetable protein raw material, and then aging the mixture.
It is to be noted that the krill, and the krill squeezed liquid, each containing the in-krill present enzyme, must have activity effective in decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides. This activity can easily confirmed with thin layer chromatography. The activity of decomposing the hard-to-digest saccharides is measured as follows. Taking krill as an example, the krill is minced and a solid part is separated for removal.
After adding an oligosaccharide, such as cellobiose or maltohexaose, to it so as to have a final concentration of 1 %, a resulting solution is agitated at 40 °C for 2 hours. Then, the solution is subjected to centrifugal separation for 10 minutes under conditions of 3000 rpm and 4 °C, and a resulting 10 ~L of supernatant is spotted on a silica gel thin-layer plate and developed by using a solution of butanol : propanol water (1 : 3 : 2) for color development with a solution of orcinol sulfuric acid. The activity of decomposing the hard-to-digest saccharides is confirmed by checking whether spots of the oligosaccharide, such as cellobiose or maltohexaose, disappear completely and only spots of monosaccharides, which are possibly ~i-glucose, a-glucose, etc., appear as a result of the above-mentioned process. Then, the krill used in the present invention is limited to one for which the activity has been confirmed in such a way.
The krill squeezed liquid is also used after confirming the activity in the same way as that described above.
A raw material for animal feed according to the present invention is produced through steps of adding the krill, the minced krill or the krill squeezed liquid to the vegetable protein raw material containing the hard-to-digest saccharides, aging a resulting mixture at 20 to 60 °C, preferably 30 to 50 °C, for 1 to 48 hours, preferably 2 to 6 hours, holding the mixture at temperatures not lower than 80 °C, preferably 85 °C, for 10 minutes for sterilization under heating, and drying it. During the aging step, the mixture is agitated. When the agitation is difficult to perform, clear water may be added so that sufficient aging is ensured.
Though the time for the aging has to be controlled depending on the amount of the enzyme for the amount of vegetable protein, it is favorable to choose the condition to produce less free amino acids because free amino acids make the feed consumption rate lower.
Animal feed is prepared by using, as a raw material, the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention.
The animal feed of the present invention can be produced by processing and shaping the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention together with any other type of feed raw material.
Since the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention can be provided in the powdery form through the heating and drying steps after processing the krill, it can easily be employed as raw materials for various types of feed, particularly as a substitute for animal protein. Regarding the field of fish farming, the raw material for animal feed according to the present invention can be used as a substitute for fish meal.
Operation By adding the krill, the minced krill, or the krill squeezed liquid, each having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides, to the vegetable protein raw material containing the hard-to- digest saccharides, and then aging the mixture, digestibility of the vegetable protein is improved.
Also, the improved digestibility of the vegetable protein gives the raw material for animal feed with the effect of inducing eating activities of animals.
Thus, it is possible to provide the raw material for animal feed, which can noticeably reduce a proportion of the animal protein raw material used in the feed. Further, the animal feed using the raw material for animal feed can be provided.
1~
The present invention will be described in more detail below in connection with Examples. Note that the present invention is in no way restricted by the following Examples.
Example 1 After mincing 25 kg of krill having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides, 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at 40 °C
for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean lees (hereinafter referred to as "soybean lees processed with minced krill").
Example 2 saccharides After squeezing krill having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides to obtain 10 weight% of squeezed liquid (enzyme solution) from the krill, 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at 40 °C for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean lees (hereinafter referred to as "soybean lees processed with krill enzyme liquid").
Example 3 After mincing 25 kg of krill having the activity of decomposing hard-to-digest saccharides, 250 g of glair and 30 kg of defatted soybean was added to the minced krill, and a resulting mixture was agitated under heating at 40 °C for 2 hours, thereby preparing decomposed and defatted soybean lees (hereinafter referred to as "krill-processed soybean lees added with glair").
Example 4 Breeding experiments were conducted for 56 days using red sea bream (average weight of 17.9 g) as test fish. Mixed compositions of breeding feed used in the experiments are shown in Table 1, and breeding results are shown in Table 2 and 3 given below.
Table 1 Mixed Compositions of Feed Used in Tests for Breeding Red Sea Bream Zone Z_o_n_e Zone 3 Zone 4 Exam le Exam le Exam le Fish meal 61.5 34.4 34.3 34.6 Soybean lees 37.5 rocessed with krill Krill-processed soybean lees added 37.5 with lair Soybean lees processed with 26.4 krill enz me li uid Fish oil 8.0 8.1 8.7 8.1 Rice bran 15.5 5.0 4.5 4.8 Krill meal 11.1 Wheat 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Starch 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Mixture of vitamin2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 and minerals Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 2 Zone Zone 2 ~ Zone Zone 4 1 ~ 3 Exam le Exam le Exam le 2 Start of breedin 17.9 17.9 17.8 17.8 8'" Week after 60.6 59.5 61.1 62.0 start of I
breedin Increase of wei 42.7 41.6 43.2 44.2 ht Table 3 Feed Conversion Rate Free amino acids (%) / Total amino acids in the feed Zone _ ___ 84.1 2.4 1 fish meal ~
Zone Exam le 77.4 8.5 Zone Exam le 83.3 6.5 Zone Exam le 85.2 4.3 As will be apparent from those test results, a significant difference in growth of the test fish was not found between Zone 1, in which no defatted soybean lees were added, and other Zones. Thus, it was confirmed that a large amount of defatted soybean lees processed with the minced krill or the krill squeezed liquid (enzyme liquid) can be added to feed for red sea bream. In other words, the effectiveness of aging of the defatted soybean lees with krill was confirmed.
The growth of the zone 3, wherein glair, which has protease inhibitory effects, was used together, was in no way inferior to that of the zone 2, wherein glaire was not used. There was a negative correlation between free amino acids I Total amino acids in the feed (%) and feed consumption rate{%).
Example .
Breeding experiments were conducted for 84 days using rainbow trout {average weight of 10.6 g) as test fish. Mixed compositions of breeding feed used in the experiments are shown in Table 4, and breeding results are shown in Table 5 and 6 given below.
Table 4 Mixed Compositions of Feed Used in Tests for Breeding Rainbow Trout Zone Zone Zone Zone_8 Zone Zone Components Fish ExampleExample Example Krill Commer-meal meal 1 3 2 cial onl enzyme Anchov meal 55.50 28.00 28.00 28.50 43.20 _26_.00 Krill meal 11.10 12.50 12.50 Defatted 25.00 soybean lees processed with commercial enz me Soybean lees 37.50 processed with krill Krill-processed 37.50 soybean lees added with lair Soybean lees 26.40 processed with krill enzyme li uid Wheat meal 20.50 10.20 10.20 9.80 20.50 11.50 8~
defatted rice bran Ta ioca starch5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Sardine oil 14.00 14.30 14.30 14.20 13.80 15.00 Mixture of 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 vitamin and minerals Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 5 Results of Tests for Breeding Rainbow Trout Zone Zone Zone Zone 9 Zone Fish Example Example Krill Commer-meal 1 2 meal cial only ' enz me Start of breedin10.63 10.61 10.59 10.61 10.60 End of breeding27.24 27.61 29.15 25.06 23.61 84 da s Increase of 16.61 17.00 18.56 14.45 13.01 weight Table 6 Feed Conversion Free amino acids Rate / Total amino acids (%) in the feed Zone 5 fish meal 96.2 1.6 Zone 6 Exam le 87.4 7.3 Zone 7 Exam le 88.7 5.5 As will be apparent from Table 5, in comparison with the control zone in which no defatted soybean lees were added, the zone using the minced krill (Example 1 ) and the zone using the krill enzyme liquid (Example 3) are more effective in increasing weight (growth). Also, these two zones are more effective than the krill meal zone (zone 9) in which only krill meal was added. Thus, it was confirmed that processing the defatted soybean lees was effective. Further, it was confirmed that fish growth was inferior in the zone using commercially available cellulase (commercial enzyme zone). In other words, the necessity of aging the defatted soybean lees with krill was found.
There was a negative correlation between free amino acids I Total amino acids in the feed (%) and feed consumption rate(%).
Test example 1 Effects of protease inhibitors on krill eznymes In this test example, Summer krill which was caught in February 2002 and Winter krill which was caught in May 2002 were used.
Solutions (12%w/v) of soybean flour and glair power were prepared. To 3.0 mL of the squeezed krill liquid of Summer krill and Winter krill, 0.1 mL of water, soybean flour solution, soybean milk and glair solution was added respectively. The concentration of soybean flour or glaire was 0.4% in solid. Protease activities and glycosidase activities were measured of these squeezed krill liquid. These activities were compared with the value of control, wherein the activity (measured by the increase of Absorbance) of control was 1.
As shown in Fig.1, soybean flour, soybean milk and glair inhibited the protease of krill, however they did not inhibit the gfycosidase of krill.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is able to provide a raw material for animal feed using vegetable protein, which can increase digestibility of the vegetable protein and develop an effect of inducing eating activities of animals.
Also, the present invention is able to provide animal feed using the raw material for animal feed as a raw material, which can noticeably reduce a proportion of an animal protein raw material used in the feed.
As shown in Fig.1, soybean flour, soybean milk and glair inhibited the protease of krill, however they did not inhibit the gfycosidase of krill.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is able to provide a raw material for animal feed using vegetable protein, which can increase digestibility of the vegetable protein and develop an effect of inducing eating activities of animals.
Also, the present invention is able to provide animal feed using the raw material for animal feed as a raw material, which can noticeably reduce a proportion of an animal protein raw material used in the feed.
Claims (6)
1. A feed for fishes, echinoderms and/or crustaceans, comprising a material prepared by mixing a vegetable protein raw material with krill squeezed liquid containing an enzyme having an activity to decompose hard-to-digest saccharides, aging the mixture and sterilizing the mixture under heating.
2. A feed for fishes, echinoderms and/or crustaceans, comprising a material prepared by mixing a vegetable protein raw material with a not autolyzed krill component containing an enzyme having an activity to decompose hard-to-digest saccharides and a raw material or additives for feed which has protease inhibitory effects, aging the mixture and sterilizing the mixture under heating.
3. A feed for fishes, echinoderms and/or crustaceans according to any on of Claims 1 or 2, wherein said krill component is an enzyme present in krill or an enzyme solution containing said enzyme present in krill.
4. A feed for fishes, echinoderms and/or crustaceans according to any one of Claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein said vegetable protein raw material is one or more selected from among the group consisting of soybeans, defatted soybean lees, corn gluten meal, raw bran, processed bran, wheat, rapeseed oil lees, cottonseed oil lees, and potato protein.
5. A feed for fishes, echinoderms and/or crustaceans according to any one of Claims 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein said krill component is an Antarctic krill component.
6. A feed for fishes, echinoderms and/or crustaceans according to any one of Claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the feed is for fishes belong to Sparidae, Salmonidae, Carangidae, or Scombridae.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002-232501 | 2002-08-09 | ||
| JP2002232501 | 2002-08-09 | ||
| PCT/JP2003/009773 WO2004014145A1 (en) | 2002-08-09 | 2003-08-01 | Animal feed material and animal feed using the material |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2494945A1 CA2494945A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| CA2494945C true CA2494945C (en) | 2011-03-22 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2494945A Expired - Fee Related CA2494945C (en) | 2002-08-09 | 2003-08-01 | Raw material for animal feed and animal feed using the same |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (2) | JP4804003B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003252452B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2494945C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO20050128L (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004014145A1 (en) |
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| JP5850364B2 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2016-02-03 | 国立大学法人東京海洋大学 | Fishing bait |
| CN102763766A (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2012-11-07 | 田卫东 | Biological feed containing pomace and bean dregs and preparation method thereof |
| CN102845645B (en) * | 2012-09-20 | 2013-12-11 | 合肥基石生物工程有限公司 | Preparation method of soluble easily-digested feed for young livestock and poultry |
| RU2555826C2 (en) * | 2013-05-07 | 2015-07-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Тихоокеанский научно-исследовательский рыбохозяйственный центр" (ФГБНУ "ТИНРО-Центр") | Method of obtaining production combined feed for young sea cucumber and its implementation |
| RU2537547C1 (en) * | 2013-07-02 | 2015-01-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Дальневосточный государственный технический рыбохозяйственный университет" | Trepang fodder product preparation method |
| CN104054938B (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2016-05-18 | 范治淮 | A kind of health care coating feed of grass carp and preparation method thereof |
| CN104054936A (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2014-09-24 | 范治淮 | High-efficiency feed special for grass carp and preparation method of high-efficiency feed |
| CN104054941B (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2016-05-18 | 范治淮 | Special coated feed of a kind of grass carp and preparation method thereof |
| WO2015184341A1 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2015-12-03 | Ohio Soybean Council | Mitigation of anti-nutritional substances in plant meal |
| KR101735691B1 (en) | 2016-08-09 | 2017-05-15 | 김재군 | Manufacturing Method of Feed Composite For Cultured Fishes Containing Sulfur |
| JP7365016B2 (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2023-10-19 | 株式会社カネカ | High purity vegetable protein |
| WO2020045295A1 (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2020-03-05 | 株式会社カネカ | Vegetable protein for animal feed and method for manufacturing same |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2169887A1 (en) * | 1995-03-03 | 1996-09-04 | Wolfgang Spring | Use of krill enzymes in feedstuff |
| CA2197137A1 (en) * | 1997-02-07 | 1998-08-07 | Biozyme Systems Inc. | Method and apparatus for co-drying krill hydrolysate, liquid marine protein and dry carrier |
| US6555155B2 (en) * | 1996-10-21 | 2003-04-29 | Biozyme Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for harvesting, digestion and dehydrating of krill hydrolysates and co-drying and processing of such hydrolysates |
-
2003
- 2003-08-01 WO PCT/JP2003/009773 patent/WO2004014145A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-08-01 AU AU2003252452A patent/AU2003252452B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-08-01 CA CA2494945A patent/CA2494945C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-08-01 JP JP2004527319A patent/JP4804003B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-01-10 NO NO20050128A patent/NO20050128L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO20050128L (en) | 2005-03-31 |
| JP4804003B2 (en) | 2011-10-26 |
| AU2003252452A1 (en) | 2004-02-25 |
| JP2010227128A (en) | 2010-10-14 |
| JP5047337B2 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
| AU2003252452B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 |
| NO20050128D0 (en) | 2005-01-10 |
| JPWO2004014145A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
| CA2494945A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| WO2004014145A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
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