CA2298440A1 - Slow sinking pellets or granules for use in fish breeding - Google Patents
Slow sinking pellets or granules for use in fish breeding Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2298440A1 CA2298440A1 CA002298440A CA2298440A CA2298440A1 CA 2298440 A1 CA2298440 A1 CA 2298440A1 CA 002298440 A CA002298440 A CA 002298440A CA 2298440 A CA2298440 A CA 2298440A CA 2298440 A1 CA2298440 A1 CA 2298440A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pellet
- granule
- melt
- pellets
- granules
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/10—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by agglomeration; by granulation, e.g. making powders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/25—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to slow sinking, porous granules or pellets with a density of greater than 1 g/cm3 for use in fish breeding. The inventive granules or pellets are obtained by solvent-free melt extrusion of mixtures consisting of biologically active substances, matrix support substances and a solid gas producer.
Description
SLOW SINKING PELLETS OR GRANULES FOR USE IN FISH BREEDING
The present invention relates to slow-sinking pellets or granules for use in fish farming having a density greater than 1 g/cm3, obtainable by solvent-free melt extrusion of mixtures of one or more active components, customary matrix auxiliaries and a solid gas producer. The invention further relates to a process for producing such pellets or granules.
The production of solvent-free active compound formulations by the melt extrusion process is disclosed, for example, by EP-A 240 906 or EP-A 358 105.
EP-A 689 387 describes the production of fishfood by extrusion of fishfood-containing pellets which comprise polyvinylpyrrolidone as binder. Extruding a moist composition results in expansion of the pellets after extrusion due to evaporation of the liquid, leading to a decrease in pellet density.
According to US-A 4 393 087, floating fishfood pellets having a hardenable carbohydrate matrix are obtained which achieve their buoyancy by a content of expanded cereal particles.
US-A 5 171 588 discloses influencing the sedimentation rate of pellets for fish farming by using specific surfactants. However, the use of surfactants is disadvantageous with respect to environmental problems.
JP-A 4267852 describes pellets for fish farming which are obtained by extruding water-containing starch suspensions in the presence of an expansion means, such as sodium hydrogen carbonate for example. In this process, the starch gelatinizes and the action of water and heat results in decomposition of the expansion means with formation of gas. The resulting forms are highly expanded and soft.
For the use of foods or food additives in fish farming, the floating or sinking behavior is of great importance. If the forms sink too rapidly, they are frequently removed too rapidly from the feeding range of many farmed fish, such as salmon or trout, for example, since material which has sunk to the bottom is no longer eaten. This not only adversely affects the food intake, but rotting of the food on the bottom adversely affects the ecological equilibrium of the waters. Forms which float on the vvo~i~ai7~
The present invention relates to slow-sinking pellets or granules for use in fish farming having a density greater than 1 g/cm3, obtainable by solvent-free melt extrusion of mixtures of one or more active components, customary matrix auxiliaries and a solid gas producer. The invention further relates to a process for producing such pellets or granules.
The production of solvent-free active compound formulations by the melt extrusion process is disclosed, for example, by EP-A 240 906 or EP-A 358 105.
EP-A 689 387 describes the production of fishfood by extrusion of fishfood-containing pellets which comprise polyvinylpyrrolidone as binder. Extruding a moist composition results in expansion of the pellets after extrusion due to evaporation of the liquid, leading to a decrease in pellet density.
According to US-A 4 393 087, floating fishfood pellets having a hardenable carbohydrate matrix are obtained which achieve their buoyancy by a content of expanded cereal particles.
US-A 5 171 588 discloses influencing the sedimentation rate of pellets for fish farming by using specific surfactants. However, the use of surfactants is disadvantageous with respect to environmental problems.
JP-A 4267852 describes pellets for fish farming which are obtained by extruding water-containing starch suspensions in the presence of an expansion means, such as sodium hydrogen carbonate for example. In this process, the starch gelatinizes and the action of water and heat results in decomposition of the expansion means with formation of gas. The resulting forms are highly expanded and soft.
For the use of foods or food additives in fish farming, the floating or sinking behavior is of great importance. If the forms sink too rapidly, they are frequently removed too rapidly from the feeding range of many farmed fish, such as salmon or trout, for example, since material which has sunk to the bottom is no longer eaten. This not only adversely affects the food intake, but rotting of the food on the bottom adversely affects the ecological equilibrium of the waters. Forms which float on the vvo~i~ai7~
surface are also not consumed by many types of farmed fish, however.
It is an object of the present invention to find forms which have a sedimentation rate which is favorable for use in fish farming.
We have found that this object is achieved by the pellets or granules defined at the outset.
Biologically active substances for the purposes of this invention are veterinary drugs, in particular those which are suitable for use in fish farming, for example antibiotics, antimycotics, antihelmitics, antiparasitics, and in addition hormones and growth promoters, as well as substances for immunostimulation, for example ~-1,3-1,6-glucans, vitamins, such as vitamins C, E or A or their physiologically acceptable salts or esters, vitamins of the B series, carotenoids, such as ~-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin or zeaxanthin, for example, and in addition mineral substances and/or trace elements. Any mixtures of said substance classes can also be used. The biologically active substances can be present in amounts of from 0.1 to 95, preferably from 5 to 70, particularly preferably.from 20 to 60, ~ by weight.
?5 The: biologically active substances are homogeneously distributed in a matrix of auxiliaries. As matrix auxiliary, at least one melt-processable binder is present. Suitable melt-proaessable binders according to the invention are celluloses or cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose ethers or cellulose esters, for example hydroxyalkylcelluloses, such as hydroxypropylcelluloses, and in addition unsaponified or partially saponified polyvinyl acetate) having Fikentscher's K values of from 10 to 150, preferably from 20 to 90, particularly preferably from 30 to 80, at 20~C measured in acetone (for determination of the K value, see Fikentscher, Cellulosechemie 13 (1932) 58-64 and 71-74), polyvinyl alcohol), homo- or copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone having Fikentscher K values in the range from 20 to 90, for example polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymers with vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate as comonomer, and also pectins, xanthans, guar gum and carob gum, starches, starch derivatives, dextrins, polyfructosans, gelatin, carrageenans or mixtures of said binders. Also suitable are biodegradable polyesters as described in DE-A 44 40 858, for example polyesters based on butanediol, adipic acid and terephthalic acid. Preferably, polyvinyl acetate) or mixtures of polyvinyl-acetate) and starch are used.
The polymeric binders can be used in amounts of from 1 to 99.5, VVJV/xOZ7J
. CA 02298440 2000-O1-31 preferably from 2 to 80, ~ by weight, particularly from 5 to 60~
by weight.
In addition, the matrix can contain, as auxiliary, meltable sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, isomaltol or maltitol, or meltable sugars such as sucrose or glucose, or fats and waxes. These auxiliaries can be used in amounts of from 0 to 50~ by weight.
The use of fillers such as chalk allows the sedimentation rate of the forms to be adjusted, depending on the application.
Auxiliaries which are conventional for drugs or feed and food, such as distintegrants, colorants, release agents, antioxidants, anticaking agents or sorbents, such as highly disperse silicon dioxide, for example, may also be added in the amounts customary therefor.
A gas producer in solid form is added to the pellets or granules according to the invention. Gas producers which are suitable according to the invention are alkali metal carbonates or alkaline earth metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate, and in addition, also, alkali metal hydrogen carbonates such as sodium hydrogen carbonate or potassium hydrogen carbonate. The gas producers are used in amounts of from O.I to 20, preferably from 1 to 10, particularly preferably from 2 to 5, ~ by weight.
The forms according to the invention preferably also comprise natural or synthetic flavorings, for example fish meal, fish meal hydrolyzates, soluble fish protein concentrates and hydrolyzates or other animal meal, or, in particular, fruit flavor mixtures, in amounts of from 0.1 to 20~ by weight.
The pellets or granules according to the invention are produced by solvent-free melt extrusion. Solvent-free means that no water or organic solvents are added to the mixtures to be extruded. The mixtures are processed, in particular, in single- or multi-screw extruders, preferably in twin-screw extruders. The components can be introduced as premix into the extruder, but the melt-processable binder, with or without other auxiliaries, can alternatively be melted first and the biologically active substance can be added to the melt: This is advisable particularly when thermolabile biologically active substances are processed. The components are mixed in the extruder at temperatures in the range from 50 to 180°C, preferably from 80 to VV7V/~t01~' 140~C. All of the components may melt, or else only the melt-processable binders. The action of the shear forces in any case produces homogeneous mixing of all the components. Depending on the type of the biologically active substance, this can also 5 be present as a "solid solution", that is molecularly dispersed, in the matrix of auxiliaries. The term "solid solution" is known to those skilled in the art (see Chiou and Riegelman, J. Pharm.
Sci. 60 (1971) (9), 1281 - 1301).
10 The melt is extruded through a dye or perforated plate and the still plastic composition is subjected to a shaping step. The shaping can be performed, for example, by calendering, cold-cut pelletization or, preferably, by hot-cut pelletization.
15 The granules or pellets obtained according to the invention have densities of from greater than 1 to 3 g/cm3, preferably from 1.1 to 1.8 g/cm3. By using a gas producer which completely or partly decomposes under the processing conditions, they have a porous or 20 film-structure. In contrast to conventional foams, they have a greater density, however. In water, the forms slowly sink. The sedimentation rates at 21~C in 4~ strength aqueous sodium chloride solution are from 0.2 m/min to 10 m/min, preferably from 0.5 to 7 m/min, particularly preferably from 0.7 to 5 m/min. At these 25 sedimentation rates, there is an optimum consumption of the granules or pellets by the fish. The sedimentation rates can be specifically controlled by the amounts of added gas producer. The forms according to the invention are free of surfactants such as detergents.
The pellets or granules can have lengths of from 0.5 to 50 mm, preferably from 1 to 15 mm, and widths of from 0.2 to 20 mm, preferably from 1 to 10 mm. The particle size which is chosen in an individual case will also depend on the type of fish.
The pellets or granules are suitable in principle for all farmed fish or crustaceans, in particular for the farming of trout, salmon trout or salmon.
Examples The mixtures described in the examples below were processed in a twin-screw extruder (ZSK-30, Werner & Pfleiderer) at a product throughput of 7 kg/h. The still-plastic extrudate is shaped to form granules by hot-cut pelletization.
, VV~V/~~17~
The biologically active substance used in the examples below was a vitamin premix of the following composition:
Vitamin A-500.000 IU/g 7.92 g 5 Vitamin E-500 mg/g 396.04 g Vitamin C 396.04 g Inositol 198.02 g Highly dispersed silicon dioxide 1.98 g Example 1 A mixture comprising 14.15% by weight of a copolymer of 60% by weight N-vinylpyrrolidone and 40% by weight of vinyl acetate having a K value of 30, 19.0% by weight of potato starch, 2% by weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 9.25% by weight of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, 5% by weight of fish meal, 0.1% by weight of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 50.5% by weight of a vitamin premix was mixed and extruded.
Temperature of the barrel sections: 83, 92, 101, 100, 100, 105°C
Temperature of the dye: 111°C
The granules had a particle size of 3 mm *5 mm.
gedimentation rate: 3.3 m/min Example 2 A mixture comprising 20.5% by weight of polyvinyl acetate) having a K value of 63, 22% by weight of potato starch, 5% by weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 2% by weight of highly disperse silicon dioxide and 50.5% by weight of vitamin premix was mixed and extruded.
Temperature of the barrel section: 80, 100, 103, 101, 101, 105~C
Temperature of the dye: 111~C
The granules had a particle size of 3 mm * 5 mm.
gedimentation rate: 3.5 m/min Example 3 A mixture comprising 5% by weight of polyvinyl acetate), 39.2%
by weight of potato starch, 2% by weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 3% by weight of highly disperse silicon dioxide, 0.1%
uu~u/4ujy~ CA 02298440 2000-01-31 by weight of BHT, 50.5$ by weight of vitamin premix and 0.2~ by weight of a fruit flavor mixture based on strawberry and raspberry flavors was mixed and extruded.
Temperature of the barrel sections: 45, 80, 101, 101, 102, 120~C
Temperature of the dye: 130~C
The granules had a particle size of 3 mm * 5 mm.
Sedimentation rate: 3.1 m/min -
It is an object of the present invention to find forms which have a sedimentation rate which is favorable for use in fish farming.
We have found that this object is achieved by the pellets or granules defined at the outset.
Biologically active substances for the purposes of this invention are veterinary drugs, in particular those which are suitable for use in fish farming, for example antibiotics, antimycotics, antihelmitics, antiparasitics, and in addition hormones and growth promoters, as well as substances for immunostimulation, for example ~-1,3-1,6-glucans, vitamins, such as vitamins C, E or A or their physiologically acceptable salts or esters, vitamins of the B series, carotenoids, such as ~-carotene, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin or zeaxanthin, for example, and in addition mineral substances and/or trace elements. Any mixtures of said substance classes can also be used. The biologically active substances can be present in amounts of from 0.1 to 95, preferably from 5 to 70, particularly preferably.from 20 to 60, ~ by weight.
?5 The: biologically active substances are homogeneously distributed in a matrix of auxiliaries. As matrix auxiliary, at least one melt-processable binder is present. Suitable melt-proaessable binders according to the invention are celluloses or cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose ethers or cellulose esters, for example hydroxyalkylcelluloses, such as hydroxypropylcelluloses, and in addition unsaponified or partially saponified polyvinyl acetate) having Fikentscher's K values of from 10 to 150, preferably from 20 to 90, particularly preferably from 30 to 80, at 20~C measured in acetone (for determination of the K value, see Fikentscher, Cellulosechemie 13 (1932) 58-64 and 71-74), polyvinyl alcohol), homo- or copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone having Fikentscher K values in the range from 20 to 90, for example polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymers with vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate as comonomer, and also pectins, xanthans, guar gum and carob gum, starches, starch derivatives, dextrins, polyfructosans, gelatin, carrageenans or mixtures of said binders. Also suitable are biodegradable polyesters as described in DE-A 44 40 858, for example polyesters based on butanediol, adipic acid and terephthalic acid. Preferably, polyvinyl acetate) or mixtures of polyvinyl-acetate) and starch are used.
The polymeric binders can be used in amounts of from 1 to 99.5, VVJV/xOZ7J
. CA 02298440 2000-O1-31 preferably from 2 to 80, ~ by weight, particularly from 5 to 60~
by weight.
In addition, the matrix can contain, as auxiliary, meltable sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, isomaltol or maltitol, or meltable sugars such as sucrose or glucose, or fats and waxes. These auxiliaries can be used in amounts of from 0 to 50~ by weight.
The use of fillers such as chalk allows the sedimentation rate of the forms to be adjusted, depending on the application.
Auxiliaries which are conventional for drugs or feed and food, such as distintegrants, colorants, release agents, antioxidants, anticaking agents or sorbents, such as highly disperse silicon dioxide, for example, may also be added in the amounts customary therefor.
A gas producer in solid form is added to the pellets or granules according to the invention. Gas producers which are suitable according to the invention are alkali metal carbonates or alkaline earth metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate, and in addition, also, alkali metal hydrogen carbonates such as sodium hydrogen carbonate or potassium hydrogen carbonate. The gas producers are used in amounts of from O.I to 20, preferably from 1 to 10, particularly preferably from 2 to 5, ~ by weight.
The forms according to the invention preferably also comprise natural or synthetic flavorings, for example fish meal, fish meal hydrolyzates, soluble fish protein concentrates and hydrolyzates or other animal meal, or, in particular, fruit flavor mixtures, in amounts of from 0.1 to 20~ by weight.
The pellets or granules according to the invention are produced by solvent-free melt extrusion. Solvent-free means that no water or organic solvents are added to the mixtures to be extruded. The mixtures are processed, in particular, in single- or multi-screw extruders, preferably in twin-screw extruders. The components can be introduced as premix into the extruder, but the melt-processable binder, with or without other auxiliaries, can alternatively be melted first and the biologically active substance can be added to the melt: This is advisable particularly when thermolabile biologically active substances are processed. The components are mixed in the extruder at temperatures in the range from 50 to 180°C, preferably from 80 to VV7V/~t01~' 140~C. All of the components may melt, or else only the melt-processable binders. The action of the shear forces in any case produces homogeneous mixing of all the components. Depending on the type of the biologically active substance, this can also 5 be present as a "solid solution", that is molecularly dispersed, in the matrix of auxiliaries. The term "solid solution" is known to those skilled in the art (see Chiou and Riegelman, J. Pharm.
Sci. 60 (1971) (9), 1281 - 1301).
10 The melt is extruded through a dye or perforated plate and the still plastic composition is subjected to a shaping step. The shaping can be performed, for example, by calendering, cold-cut pelletization or, preferably, by hot-cut pelletization.
15 The granules or pellets obtained according to the invention have densities of from greater than 1 to 3 g/cm3, preferably from 1.1 to 1.8 g/cm3. By using a gas producer which completely or partly decomposes under the processing conditions, they have a porous or 20 film-structure. In contrast to conventional foams, they have a greater density, however. In water, the forms slowly sink. The sedimentation rates at 21~C in 4~ strength aqueous sodium chloride solution are from 0.2 m/min to 10 m/min, preferably from 0.5 to 7 m/min, particularly preferably from 0.7 to 5 m/min. At these 25 sedimentation rates, there is an optimum consumption of the granules or pellets by the fish. The sedimentation rates can be specifically controlled by the amounts of added gas producer. The forms according to the invention are free of surfactants such as detergents.
The pellets or granules can have lengths of from 0.5 to 50 mm, preferably from 1 to 15 mm, and widths of from 0.2 to 20 mm, preferably from 1 to 10 mm. The particle size which is chosen in an individual case will also depend on the type of fish.
The pellets or granules are suitable in principle for all farmed fish or crustaceans, in particular for the farming of trout, salmon trout or salmon.
Examples The mixtures described in the examples below were processed in a twin-screw extruder (ZSK-30, Werner & Pfleiderer) at a product throughput of 7 kg/h. The still-plastic extrudate is shaped to form granules by hot-cut pelletization.
, VV~V/~~17~
The biologically active substance used in the examples below was a vitamin premix of the following composition:
Vitamin A-500.000 IU/g 7.92 g 5 Vitamin E-500 mg/g 396.04 g Vitamin C 396.04 g Inositol 198.02 g Highly dispersed silicon dioxide 1.98 g Example 1 A mixture comprising 14.15% by weight of a copolymer of 60% by weight N-vinylpyrrolidone and 40% by weight of vinyl acetate having a K value of 30, 19.0% by weight of potato starch, 2% by weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 9.25% by weight of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, 5% by weight of fish meal, 0.1% by weight of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 50.5% by weight of a vitamin premix was mixed and extruded.
Temperature of the barrel sections: 83, 92, 101, 100, 100, 105°C
Temperature of the dye: 111°C
The granules had a particle size of 3 mm *5 mm.
gedimentation rate: 3.3 m/min Example 2 A mixture comprising 20.5% by weight of polyvinyl acetate) having a K value of 63, 22% by weight of potato starch, 5% by weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 2% by weight of highly disperse silicon dioxide and 50.5% by weight of vitamin premix was mixed and extruded.
Temperature of the barrel section: 80, 100, 103, 101, 101, 105~C
Temperature of the dye: 111~C
The granules had a particle size of 3 mm * 5 mm.
gedimentation rate: 3.5 m/min Example 3 A mixture comprising 5% by weight of polyvinyl acetate), 39.2%
by weight of potato starch, 2% by weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 3% by weight of highly disperse silicon dioxide, 0.1%
uu~u/4ujy~ CA 02298440 2000-01-31 by weight of BHT, 50.5$ by weight of vitamin premix and 0.2~ by weight of a fruit flavor mixture based on strawberry and raspberry flavors was mixed and extruded.
Temperature of the barrel sections: 45, 80, 101, 101, 102, 120~C
Temperature of the dye: 130~C
The granules had a particle size of 3 mm * 5 mm.
Sedimentation rate: 3.1 m/min -
Claims (7)
1. A slowly sinking porous granule or pellet having a density greater than 1 g/cm3 for use in fish farming, obtainable by solvent-free melt extrusion of mixtures of biologically active substances, matrix auxiliaries and a solid gas producer.
2. A granule or pellet as claimed in claim 1 having a sedimentation rate of from 0.2 m/min to 10 m/min in a 4%
strength aqueous sodium chloride solution at 21°C.
strength aqueous sodium chloride solution at 21°C.
3. A granule or pellet as claimed in claim 1 or 2, comprising, as solid gas producers, alkali metal carbonates or alkaline earth metal carbonates in amounts of from 0.1 to 20% by weight.
4. A granule or pellet as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, comprising, as matrix auxiliary, at least one melt-processable polymeric binder.
5. A pellet or granule as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4, comprising, as melt-processable binder, polyvinyl acetate) or mixtures of polyvinyl acetate) and starches.
6. A granule or pellet as claimed in one of claims 1 to 5, comprising, as biologically active substances, vitamins.
7. A process for producing granules or pellets as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, by mixing the components without adding solvents in the melt in an extruder and subsequently shaping the mixture, which comprises producing porous shapes having a density of greater than from 1 to 3 g/cm3 by adding solid gas producers.
2 a Leu Gly Pro Ala Leu Val
2 a Leu Gly Pro Ala Leu Val
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19733504A DE19733504A1 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1997-08-01 | Slowly sinking pellets or granulates for fish farming |
| DE19733504.7 | 1997-08-01 | ||
| PCT/EP1998/004551 WO1999005919A1 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1998-07-21 | Slow sinking pellets or granules for use in fish breeding |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2298440A1 true CA2298440A1 (en) | 1999-02-11 |
Family
ID=7837826
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002298440A Abandoned CA2298440A1 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1998-07-21 | Slow sinking pellets or granules for use in fish breeding |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0999756A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2001511365A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1265565A (en) |
| AR (1) | AR016562A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU9155198A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9810852A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2298440A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE19733504A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO20000486L (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999005919A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10359530B4 (en) * | 2003-12-17 | 2006-07-06 | Thomas Becken | baits |
| US20120204801A1 (en) * | 2011-02-14 | 2012-08-16 | Addison Lawrence | System and Method of Shrimp Aquaculture Using Floating Feed |
| KR102588472B1 (en) * | 2016-04-15 | 2023-10-12 | 롯데정밀화학 주식회사 | Feed composition for fish farming and paste feed comprising the same |
| KR102453961B1 (en) * | 2017-03-15 | 2022-10-12 | 롯데정밀화학 주식회사 | Feed composition for fish farming, feed comprising the same and method of manufacturing the same |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57139511A (en) * | 1981-02-13 | 1982-08-28 | Mitsui Petrochem Ind Ltd | Preparation of monofilament |
| US4393087A (en) * | 1981-05-04 | 1983-07-12 | Ralston Purina Company | Process for the production of a floating aquatic food pellet |
| DE3306027A1 (en) * | 1983-02-22 | 1984-08-23 | Edmund 8901 Wehringen Müller | Feedstuff base and foodstuff base for aquatic animals and process for production thereof |
| DE3612211A1 (en) * | 1986-04-11 | 1987-10-15 | Basf Ag | CONTINUOUS TABLET METHOD |
| JPH04267852A (en) * | 1991-02-21 | 1992-09-24 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | Production of dry pellet for fish farming |
| US5573792A (en) * | 1993-06-03 | 1996-11-12 | Isp Investments Inc. | Method of growing fish or crustaceans at increased conversion, growth and survival rates |
-
1997
- 1997-08-01 DE DE19733504A patent/DE19733504A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-07-21 WO PCT/EP1998/004551 patent/WO1999005919A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-07-21 BR BR9810852-2A patent/BR9810852A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-07-21 AU AU91551/98A patent/AU9155198A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-07-21 CA CA002298440A patent/CA2298440A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-07-21 EP EP98943754A patent/EP0999756A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-07-21 CN CN98807861A patent/CN1265565A/en active Pending
- 1998-07-21 JP JP2000504750A patent/JP2001511365A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-07-30 AR ARP980103757A patent/AR016562A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2000
- 2000-01-31 NO NO20000486A patent/NO20000486L/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU9155198A (en) | 1999-02-22 |
| NO20000486D0 (en) | 2000-01-31 |
| EP0999756A1 (en) | 2000-05-17 |
| AR016562A1 (en) | 2001-07-25 |
| NO20000486L (en) | 2000-01-31 |
| JP2001511365A (en) | 2001-08-14 |
| CN1265565A (en) | 2000-09-06 |
| DE19733504A1 (en) | 1999-02-04 |
| BR9810852A (en) | 2000-07-25 |
| WO1999005919A1 (en) | 1999-02-11 |
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