CA1289185C - Electronic motor controls, laundry machines including such controls and/or methods of operating such controls - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A control apparatus and method of electronically cyclically controlling the supply of power to an electric motor including steps of setting a desired speed of rotation of the rotor of the motor, sensing the resistance to rotation of the motor and using responses from the sensing means to activate adjustment means to adjust the power supply to the motor to change the motor speed towards said desired speed and then operate the motor within a range of speeds at or close to said desired speed of rotation, switching off the supply of power to the motor, stopping its rotation and then repeating the cycle of operations with the motor running in the reverse direction. The motor is preferably used in a closed washing machine or similar application where rapid reversal is required.

Description

This invention relates to electron:ic controls for electric motors, laundry machines including such controls and/or methods of operating said controls.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electronic motor control for controlling electric motors and/or a laundry machine including such controls and/or a method of operating laundry machine using such controls which will at least provide the public with a useful choice.
Accordingly in one aspect the i~vention may broadly be said to consist in a method of cyclically reversing an electronically commutated motor having a plurality of windings on a stator and a rotor having magnetic poles rotatable relative to said stator and using electronic control apparatus and means to indicate the position of the rotor said method comprising the steps of (a) Initiating and then continuing a correct sequence of commutations for a desired time or desired number of commutations, (b) Removing all power from the windings and allowing the rotor to coast towards zero rotation~
(c) Testing the position of the rotor relative to the stator, and (d) When the rotor is in condition to be reversed and it~
position relative to the stator is known, changing the sequence of commutations to cause the rotor to change direction the correct commutations following automatically to maintain rotor rotation in the changed direction, 1 and repeating the steps to give cyclical reversal for a desired time.
In a further aspect the invention consists in control apparatus for an electronically commutated motor having a plurality of windings on a stator adapted to be selectively commutated and a rotor having magnetic poles rotatable relative to said stator said control apparatus comprising:
~a) Timing means to time the period of rotation or counting means to count the number of rotations of the rotor in a desired direction, (b) Commutation switching means to disconnect power from said windings to allow the rotor to run down towards zero rotation, (c) Detecting means to indicate rotor position relative to said stator, and (d) Pattern reverse means operable in response to a signal from said detecting means when the rotor is in condition to be reversèd to cause the control signals to cause commutation changes which cause said rotor to change direction without testing for rotor direction~
In a still further aspect the invention consists in a method of cyclically controlling the supply of power to an electric motor having a rotor said method including the steps of starting rotation of said rotor in one direction setting an initial ~'power on" time during which power is applied to said motor, switching off power at the end of said initial ~power on~ time/ causing the rotor to slow until in a condition to be reversed, checking the ramp down 1 time the rotor takes to slow to a condition ready for reversal, causing reversal of direction of rotation of said rotor, as soon as the rotor is in condition to be reversed, and repeating the said steps as desired.
In a still further a~spect the invention consists in a method of cyclically controlling the supply of power to an electric motor having a rotor said method including the steps of setting a desired time of rotation of said rotor in one direction starting rotation of said rotor in said one direction setting an initial "power on" time during which power is applied to said motor, switching off power at the end of said initial ~power on~' time, causing the rotor to slow until in a condition to be reversed, checking the ramp down time to rotor takes to slow to a condition ready for reversal, causing reversal of direction of rotation of said rotor, applying power to said rotor for a further "power on" time which is such that said further ~power on1' time plus said ramp down time equals said desired time, switching off power to said rotor at the end of said further "power on" time, again checking the next ramp down time reversing direction of the rotor to said one direction when said rotor is in condition for reversal and applying power to said rotor for a still further ~power on" time which is such that said still further ~'power on~ time plus said next down ramp time equals said desired time and repeating the cycles for a desired length of time, adjusting the ~power on~ time at desired intervals of time so that the adjusted "power on"

s 1 time for a further half cycle plus the down ramp time for a previous half cycle equals said desired time.
In a still further aspect the invention consists in a method of electronically cyclically controlling the supply of power to an electric motor said method including the steps of setting a desired speed of rotation of the rotor of the motor, sensing the resistance to rotation of the motor and using responses from the sensing means to actuate adjustment means to adjust the power supplied to the motor to change the motor speed towards said desired speed and then operate the motor within a range of speeds at or close to said desired speed of rotation, switching off the supply of power to the motor, stopping its rotation and then repeating the cycle of operations with the motor running in the reverse direction.
In a still further aspect the invention consists in an electrical control means for cyclically controlling the supply of electrical power to an electric motor having a rotor said control means comprising switching means to switch power to said motor on and off, coasting timing means to time the length of time said rotor takes from the time power is switched off thereto to the time when said rotor is in condition for reversal of direction of rotation, and reversing means to reverse the direction of said rotor when said rotor is in condition for reversing and to switch on said switching means when reversing is to be effected.

1 In a still further aspect the invention consists in an electronic control means for cyclically controlling the supply of electrical power to an electric motor said electronic control means including setting means operable to set a desired speed of rotation of the rotor of said motor, sensing means to sense resistance to rotation of the motor and adjustment means responsive to said sensing means to adjust the power supplied to the motor to accelerate said motor towards the desired speed and to then operate the motor within a range of speeds at or close to said desired speed of rotation, switching means to switch off the supply of said motor after a desired time and reversing means operable after the motor has substantially stopped to cause the cycle of operating to be repeated with the motor running in the reverse direction.
In a still further aspect the invention consists in an electrical control means for cyclically controlling the supply of electrical power to an electric motor having a rotor said control means comprising switching means to 20 switch power to said motor on and off, power timing means to time the length of power time when power is switched on, coasting timing means to time the length of time said rotor takes from the time power is swikched off thereto to the time when said rotor is in condition for reversal of 25 direction of rotation stroke timing means to time the stroke time during which said rotor rotates between reversals setting means to set said stroke ~iming means to a desired stroke time; algebraic subtracting means to ~l23''~5 1 algebracially subtract a previous coast time from said stroke time to arrive at a time setting for said power time and reversing means to reverse the direction of said rotor when said rotor is in condition for reversing and to switch on said switching means when reversing is to be effected.
In a still further aspect the invention consists in a method of operating a lundry machine having a container for a wash load of soiled fabrics in wash water and a reciprocable agitator in said container and an electric motor driving said agitator said method comprising the steps of starting rotation of said motor in one direction setting an initial "power on~ time during which power is applied to said motor, switching off power at the end of said initial ~'power on~' time, allowing the motor to slow down until in a condition to be reversed, checking the time between the power off condition and a condition when the rotor is in condition to be reversed causing reversal of direction of the rotor as soon as the motor is in condition ; for reversal and repeating the said steps as desired.
In a still further aspect the invention consists in a method of operating a laundry machine having a container for a wash load of soiled fabrics in water and a reciprocatable agitator in said container, an electric motor driving said agitator! setting means to set a desired rate and amplitude of time and/or angle of oscillating rotation of said agitator an electronic control means controlling the supply of electrical power to said electric motor in one of a plurality of sequences said method 1 including the steps of setting a selected one of said plural.ity of sequences so that said agitator is driven in oscillating rotation during a wash phase in a sequence of washing operations, sensing the resistance to oscillation of said agitator due to the wash load in said container and adjusting the power supplied to said electric motor so that a selected rate of removal of soil from said soiled fabrics is substantially achieved.
In a still further aspect the invention consists in a laundry machine including a container for a wash load of soiled fabrics in water a reciprocatable agitator in said container an electric motor driving said agitator, setting means to set a desired rate and amplitude of oscillating rotation of said agitator, electronic control means controlling the supply of electrical power to said electric motor in one of a plurality of selected sequences so that said agitator is driven in oscillating rotation during a wash phase, selecting means for selecting a desired one of said sequences so that a washing action selected from such 20 as delicate, regular, heavy duty, wool, and permanent press washing actions is to be e~fected by the machine said electronic control means including sensing means to sense the resistance to oscillating rotation o~ said agitator due to the wash load in the container and adjustment means 25 responsive to said sensing means to adjust the power applied to said electric motor so that a washing action results such that a selected rate of removal of soil from said soiled fabrics is substantially achieved.

1 To those skilled in the art to which the inYention relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The disclosures and the descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intencled to be in any sense limiting.
Preferred forms of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which, Figure 1 is a block diagram of an electronic control circuit to control an electronically commutated motor driving an agitator and spin tub of a clothes washing machine, Figures 2 and 3 illustrate EMFs in windings with the rotor rotating clockwise in relation to Figure 2 and counterclockwise in relation to Figure 3, Figure 4 is a diagram showing motor stator windings, and electronic power commutation circuitry, Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of a voltage digitising circuit used in the invention.
Figure 6 is a flow diagram of motor reversing sequences.
Figure 7 is a flow diagram of deriving values of index and indexr, Figure 8 is a flow diagram for determining the rotor position, _ g_ .

3~13S

1 Figure 9 is a graph showing the motor and hence the agitator velocity profile during a half cycle of agitator oscillating rotation in a wash mode.
Figure 9a is as Figure 9 but illustrating action when the stoke time is variable, Figure 10 is a graph showing a series of acceleration profiles, Figure 11 is a graph showing resultant curves under operating conditions between the completion of the acceleration mode and the cutoff point of applying power to the motor, Figures 12 to 16 are flow diagrams showing various phases of operation of the control circuit of Figure 1, Figure 16a on the sheet with Figure 15 is a diagrammatic view of a speed sensor for use with the invention, Figures 17, 18 ar,d 19 are figures repeated from a Boyd & Muller U.S. Specification 4,540,9~1 to provide background to the present invention.
This invention relates in general to a laundry machine with a cabinet, a wash water container in its cabinet, a spin tub in the container reciprocating agitator in the spin tub and a motor for driving the agitator in the spin tub. Specifically it relates to sensing means for sensing the load on the agitator 1 and adjusting means operating in response to signals from the sensing means to adjust the power by adjustment of the profile of velocity to the agitator as indicated by a velocity/time graph such that soil removal and washing activity remain substantially - lOa -1 constant according to a desired setting for different loads.
Laundry machines are required to wash a wide variety of fabrics and garments. Different clothes and fabric types require different treatment to achieve an appropriate wash action. In general, with vertical agitator washing machines, as agitator velocity is increased, soil removal and wear and tear also increase. An appropriate balance between soil removal and wear and tear is necessary It is a major objective of laundry machines to wash each type of fabric with an agitator action appropriate to the load type and size. For example, clothes which fall into the broad category of "delicates," often synthetic in origin, or fragile items which are susceptible to damage during the wash but which are typically only slightly soiled, require gentleness of wash action with less emphasis on soil removal, whereas "regular" items such as cottons which are strong when wet can withstand a more vigorous wash action.
Conventional vertical axis laundry machines employ various types of transmissions to convert rotary motion provided by an electric motor into oscillatory motion at the agitator for their wash mode. Such motors are generally of essentially constant speed types. Therefore to provide wash actions suitable for loads ranging from delicate garments to heavily soiled hard wearing garments requires multiple gearing or switched speed motors each of which is costly. Further, as wash load is increased towards rated capacity for a constant amount of water, mean s 1 soil removal typically decreases and mean gentleness increases. Variance of soil removal and gentleness also increases, indicating less uniformity of wash action throughout the wash load. Therefore it is difficult to maintain good wash performance with laundry machines of this type under varying load conditions.
The use of agitator drive systems such as disclosed in the John Henry Boyd Australian Patent Specification AU-A~85 - 183/82 AND THE FISHER ~ PAYKEL United Kingdo~ Patent 10 UKN2095705 wherein the agitator may be directly driven by an electronically controlled motor either with or without a simple speed reduction unit and oscillatory rotation is enabled by periodic reversal of rotation of the motor provides opportunity for varying the speed and rate of reversal of the agitator to obtain the appropriate balance between soil removal and wear and tear for each category of load. However the problem of variation of soil removal and also wear and tear with load si~e still remains.
In a first aspect of the invention the following describes apparatus to carry out an oscillatory rotation of the agitator during a washing phase of the cycle of operations of the washing machine and then on command to spin the spin tub in a SpiD phase of the washing cycle, and is principally concerned with the agitation cycle.
In a further aspect of the invention, later in this specification a detailed description is given of preferred forms of sensing means to sense the wash load in the laundry machine, correcting means to correct for velocity 1 variations, adjusting means to adjust the power applied to the agitator by modification of the profile of velocity as indicated by a velocity/time graph, and setting means to alter the stroke angle of the agitator such that soil removal and wear and tear such that wash performance remain substantially constant for a particular setting with variation of load size.
The preferred form of the :invention is based on the Boyd and Muller U.S. Specification 4,540,921.

For assistance in the full understanding of the present invention excerpts from the Boyd and Muller Specification 4,54~,~21 are inserted herein but no Claim is made to the subject matter described and claimed in that Specification.
Referring to figure 1 of the drawings, An electronically commutated motor (ECM) 2 is described in detail in the Boyd/Muller US Specification 4,540,921.
The ECM 2 constitutes a stationary assembly having a plurality of winding stages adapted to be selectively commutated, and rotatable means associated with that stationary assembly in selective magnetic coupling relation with the winding stages. The winding stages are commutated without brushes by sensing the rotational position of the rotor as it rotates within the stationary assembly. DC
voltage is selectively applied by commutation circuit 17 to the winding stages in preselected orders of sequences leaving at least one of the winding stages unpowered at any one time while the other winding stages are powered in l response to a pattern of control signal from voltage digitizing circuit 13.
The control apparatus comprises a general purpose microcomputer 10 eg an Intel 8049 which receives commands for example from a console 11 haYing a series of push buttons or other user operable controls 9 and the microcomputer 10 stores patterns of signals which feed-through a Pulse width modulation control means 18 and a comutation control signal generator 8 (which are described in more detail later) to a three phase power bridge s~itching circuit 17. The necessary power supplies are fed by a DC Power supply 12. In addition signals are fed from a winding of the ECM which is unpowered when other windings in the stator of the ECM are under power. This will be explained further later~ Signals from the motor windings are fed to a voltage digitising circuit 13J as described in the Boyd Muller Specification and below in relation to Figure 4 of this specification, and are thence supplied to the microcomputer 10. Power switching circuits also ~eed through a current sensing circuit 5 to the microcomputer 10. A loop position error indicator 15 and a speed demand rate velocity timer 16 are provided and a commutation rate sensing device 14 but any other rotor speed and position varying device may be used as will be explained further later~ A pulse width modulàtion control circuit ?8 is provided.
In broad terms a clothes washing machine according to *Trademark 1 the present invention when operated to cause washing, functions as follows.
The operator selects a desired set of washing requirements by operating push buttons controlling its console microcomputer. As a result the console microcomputer sends a series of data values to the motor control microcomputer 10 and these are placed into registers (memory locations) of the same name, in the motor control microcomputer 10. Data transmitted from the console is broken up into 3 groups:
Group 1 contains the command words:
OOH - ~3RAKE

Group 2 contains error codes:

08H - PARAMETER range error detected O9H - PARITY error detected OAH - COMMAND error detected Group 3 contains parameter data:
OBH to 7FH

The motor control microcomputer program knows which group to expect during each communication, therefore if the program has got out of step with the console in any way this will be picked up as a range error.
However due to this data structure some data in group 3 may be outside their working range so within the listing some parameters are offset after they have been received so that they 1 fall within the correct value to be used within the program To maintain function overviews, at the beginning of the wash cycle the console microcomputer 19 controls the filling of the bowl. While the bowl is filling a spin command is sent to the motor control microcomputer. The spin speed is very low, approximately 70 rpm, and its main purpose is to mix the soap powder while the bowl is being filled. Once the bowl is filled the console then sends a WASH command to the motor controller 10 to start the agitate cycle. This agitate cycle starts from rest, ramps up to speed, maintains this speed for a predetermined time and then coasts to a stop all within one forward or reverse cycle of the agitator. Once the agitator has stopped the process is repeated in the opposite direction thus producing an agitating motion. The console microcomputer 19 determines all these parameters which determine what sork of wash is required eg. gentle cycle, and is loaded into the motor controller 10 before the start of the cycle.
The motor controller 10 continually modifies these wash parameters to account for the load in order to maintain the most effective dirt removal to gentleness ratio. ~ecause of the agitating motion the load is shuffled around the bowl and this affects how fast the agitator ramps to speed and how long it takes to come to a stop at the end of the stroke. Therefore to maintain constant wash effectiveness these parameters are monitored and modified each stroke cycle to maintain th~ ideal conditions requested by the console microcomputer.
The motor controller 10 will continue this action until it receives another command from the console microcomputer, In a ~3~

little more detail, the wash mode runs as follows.
On receiving a ~'WASH" command a jump is made to the WASH
routine. Low speed windings of the motor are set and a brake is set off. The routine then waits for the Console microcomputer to send the wash cycle parameters, ie:

(1) TSTROKE The time for rotation of the agitator in one direction.
~2) WRAMP The time it takes to reach speed from rest.
(3) ENDSPD The velocity which the agitator must reach after the wash ramp time is up.
When these have been placed in the appropriate registers they are then checked for errors. Checks ~or other errors are also made including a check to make sure the motor is stationary.
A routine now sets LORATE = ENDSPD = ACCSPD. LORATE is the motor speed, ACCSPD is the speed that the motor must reach to obtain the correct wash ramp rate. ACCSPD may become greater than END~PD to achieve the correct acceleration ramp.
As is explained in more detail later, the speed rate timer RATETMR used in the timer interrupt routine for the speed reference count is loaded with the count set in LORATE
previously.
The position error counter 15 is cleared and current trip and pattern error circuits are reset. In the wash mode the program bypasses the spin cycle routine.
At this point the plateau time, TFLAT~ is calculated from l the original information sent by the Console microcomputer. To do this it sets the coast time at 180mS. ~his is a time chosen which guarantees that the motor will have coasted to a stop with very little load. Thus the plateau time is calculated:
TFLAT = TSTROKE - WRAMP - 15 (180mS time count) using a long timer a count of 15 gives:
127 x 96uS x 15 = 180mS ~approx)~
The routines up to this point have only been setting the wash parameters for the first stroke. The following values as referred to above, are set in the random access memory in the motor control microcomputer 10:-TSTROKE total stroke time, ie. from rest to peak speed and to rest again.
WRAMP time to full speed ENDSPD full speed count LORATE (set at ENDSPD) speed rate ACCSPD (set at ENDSPD) acceleration rate ALGFLG (set FALSE) end of ramp flag ENDFLG (set FALSE) plateau time flag SLECTR position error counter RATETMR (set at LORATE) sets speed reference to speed loop error counter TFLAT calculated from above parameters; time at maximum speed At this point the wash cycle can beginO
~5 To actually set the motor into motion we must fir~t set bit pattern pointers INDEXR and INDEX. For the wash cycle the direction of motion has arbitrarily been set at CCW (counter clockwise) for the first stroke, thus:
INDEXR = 12D
INDEX = 00 and the direction register DIRECT _ 01H for CCW.

1 The wash ramp time WRAMP is loaded into a long timer for the beginning of the wash ramp cycle. Commutation now takes place, and the motor is started up.
After passing through the required time for or number of commutation routines the prograrn ends. ~t the end of the agitate cycle the console microcomputer 19 will send a command to the motor controller microco~nputer 10 to stop the agitate cycle and turn on the pump to drain the wash bo~l before going into the spin mode.
As will be explained in more detail later, to enable motor reversal to be effected the invention requires to determine the position of the rotor during coasting o~ the rotor after power to the stator has been cut off. It will be clear however that this aspect of the invention cannot be put into use until the rotor itself has been operating under an electronically commutated sequence. Accordingly when the rotor has been stopped e.g. at the very start of a washing cycle it is necessary to start the motor when the position of the rotor is not known Accordingly the technique described in the Boyd Muller Specification in particular at page 55 is preferably used. In this technique the digitised voltages received from the voltage digitising circuit are tested and as soon as complementary bits or logic levels in the proper test bit order have been sensed operations proceed to advance in sequence to commutate the winding stages. If complementary bits are not sensed in the predetermined proper test bit order in a predetermined time period operations take place to advance commutations in the sequence rapidly and force commutate the 1 motor, thus causing the rotor to oscillate briefly~ Th~s if for example clockwise rotation is required and the sensing indicates that the rotor is starting to run in the counterclockwise direction, the rotor runs for a short di~tance in this direction (one or a few commutations occurring) ~ntil the force commutating is effected to cause it to run in the correct direction.
Thus referring to Figure 4 there is provided a three phase motor 20 with a common point 21 and a switching bridge in which three switching devices 22, 23 and 24 connect the lower supply positive rail 25 to the ends of the windings 26, 27 and 28 and three further switches 31, 32, and 33 connect the ends of the windings to the power supply negative rail 35. The upper switches 22, 23 and 24 may be referred to as the A+, B+ and C~
switches and the lower switches 31, 32 and 33 ~ay be referred to as the A , B- and C- switches When the motor is stationary there is no information as to the position of the rotor so it is not known as to which pair of switches to turn on to get the rotor to rotate in the correct direction so a selected upper and lower switch are turned on.
Statistically there is a 50~ chance the rotor will rotate in the correct direction and a 50~ chance that it will rotate in the incorrect direction. An algorithm is provided in the microprocessor 10 that onc~e power has been applied senses whether the motor is going in the correct or the wrong direction and in the event that the rotor is rotating in the wrong direction the algorithm advances commutation signals quickly through the sequence of commutations until the correct sequence l is adopted and the rotor synchronises with the commutated supply and is now running in the right direction. It may take three or four switchings or more to synchronise the rotor and so with the starting algorithm 50% of the time it will start correctly and will just run into synchronism and 50% of the time it will start in the wrong direction and ther. stop and recover and then come back in the right direction. I'hus with this arrangemert every time the direction of the motor is reversed then if the present invention as will be described further later is not used then the motor is allowed sufficient time to coast to zero and then is started up using this starting algorithm. This start up algorithm is described in Boyd & Muller 4J~40J921 more fully at col 8 line 23 et seq and col 23 line 57 et seq and col 2~ line 43 to col 26 line 44. There must be some random initial rotation ie. some oscillation of the rotor and there must be time to start correct direction of rotation.
A random start means that the rotor will start in the wrong direction in 50~ of all starts. Start up algorithm restores the correct direction of rotation in a time dependent on the initial rotor position, the pair of switches first energised and the ~otor load.
With a three phase 8 pole ECM as described by Boyd and Muller there are 24 commutations per rotor revolution. With an 8 to 1 coupling ratio between motor and agitator (e.g. by belt and pulley arrangement) and typical agitator stroke angles of 145 to 250 o~ arc and acceleration times of 120 to 200 milliseconds respectively the motor is required to accelerate to speed in the range of 7 to 30 commutations. At startup the 1 motor may require 1 to 2 comm~tation angles to restore correct rotation, a significant proportion of the acceleration period.
The resultant effect is a delay in reversal followed by rapid acceleration to speed often with some overshoot.
Gentleness of wash action in the washing machine is related to the acceleration of the agitator. Hence erratic reversal decreases gentleness. Further, delays in reversals also can reduce the rate of soil removal. The overall effect is reduction in desired wash performance.
Thus according to the present invention a more positive acceleration and consequently a more positive rate of soil removement and rate of wash action is achieved by monitoring the speed and position of the rotor while the rotor is coasting Then when the position of the rotor is monitored down to a position in which it is in condition for reversal, power is switched to the motor such that Torque is generated to cause the rotor to reverse direction preferably within a single commutation angle and allo~ the motor to run in the opposite direction without reverting to the start up algorithm.
Accordingly the rotor may be accelerated up to speed and maintained at speed using the power switching sequence as described in Boyd & Muller 4,540,921 referring to the tables 1 and 2 therein and in particular at col 6~ lines 24 to 39 where the following passage appears:
~The winding stages of motor M as explained for instance in the aforementioned Alley U.S. Patent 4,2~0,544 are commutated without brushes by sensing the rotational position of the rotatable assembly or rotor 15 as it rotates l within the bore of stator 13 and utilising electrical signals generated as a function of the rotational position of the rotor to sequentially apply a DC voltage to each of the winding stages in different preselected orders or sequences that determine the direction of the rotation of the rotor. Position sensing may be accomplished by a position detecting circuit responsive to the back EMF of the ECM to provide a simultated signal lndicative of the rotational position of the ECM rotor to control the timed sequential application of voltage to the winding stages of the motor."
The present invention is concerned with the monitoring of speed and position of the rotor while coasting and using this information to reverse the motor preferably in a single commutation.
If the rotor to the motor is rotated and voltage measurements taken at the ends of the phases with respect to the star point 21 i.e. the centre of the three phase windings, EMFs will be generated and in Figures 2 and 3 such EMFs have been plotted. The Figures illustrate a single electrical revolution of the rotor in degrees and essentially show the wave forms of a three phase generator with the exception that the wave forms instead of being sinusoidal are trapezoidal. The three phases have been indicated by the letters A (pecked line), B (full 25 line) and C (slashed line). For example in B phase it will be seen that in Figure 2 the EMF goes from a maximum negative at zero degrees through zero voltage to a maximum positive, stays at a maximum positive for 120 then goes from maximum through s l zero voltage to maximum negative stays at maximu~ negative for 120 and then starts to rise again from zero degrees. It will be seen that in Figure 2 the sequence (which represents rotation in a clockwise direction) has a different sequence of EMF
S generations as compared with Figure 3 which represents a counterclockwise direction of rotation. Referring now to Figure 4, applying voltages to the windings and assuming that winding 26 is A, winding 27 is C and winding 28 is B and that if we wish to have power on the motor at zero degrees such that we have a maximum EMF across the motor and thus maximum Torque in clockwise direction, switches 22 (A+) and 33 (C-) would be switched on, connecting power from the positive rail 25 through switch 22 to the A phase windings 26 through the neutral point 21 and the C phase windings 27 through switch 33 to negative rail 35. Thus referring again to Figure 2 with the notation therein indicated to obtain maximum Torque in the motor the connections would be A+ and C- to the 60~ angle and then ~+ and C- at the 120 angle to Bl and A- to 180 angle then C+ and A-to the 240 angle, C+, B- to the 300 angle, A+ to B- to the 360 angle, the sequence commencing at A+ and C- again. Thus there is a sequence of six different patterns and each goes to 60 of angle of rotation giving 360 in rotation. Referring to the tables herein, Table I summarises the sequence of control signals required for each step in the sequence described above.
Referring to Table I it will be seen that the rows numbered 5 down to 0 correspond to the sequence of digital signals required to control the A+, B+ and C+ switches 22 $o 24 and the A~

and C- switches on or off~ A 0 in the -` ~21?~

l table indicates that the switch is turned on and a 1 in the table denotes that the switch is turned off. This is a negative notation because of the manner of operation of the microcomputer. Two further control lines are used to control whether or not the upper or lower switches are p~lse width modulated to control motor current. Thus the microcomputer 10 is programmed to contain the pattern shown in Table I. The six columns from left to right for each switch control line show each step in the sequence described above with each step indexed from 0 to 5 in the row marked INDEX. Counterclockwise rotation is obtained by applying the control signals of Table 2 which is the reverse of the sequence of Table 1. The value of INDEX
therefore is a reference of position in the commutation sequence for each table at any time. At each commutation INDEX is incremented by 1 until a maximum value of 5, then reset to 0 to continue the cycle. In each table another index is referenced "INDEXR" as mentioned in connection with flow diagrams discussed below. The INDEXR row has entries which are unique to each pattern in the sequence and different for Table I and Table 2 so that a given pattern is uniquely indentified for clockwise and counterclockwise rotation. Determination of khe time for commutation is explained in detail in Boyd~Muller and excerpts are giYen later. Now during coasting ~as described by Boyd~Muller) transitions in,signals from comparators monitoring E~lF signals contain position information. To repower the motor while still spinning such that the motor continues to run in sequence in the same direction requires that values of INDEX and INDEXR be co~puted such that correct switching sequence is ~'2~

1 intitated as explained in Boyd/Mull~r. In this specification is explained methods of repowering the motor such that the motor reverses direction by determining safe speeds for reversal and computing suitable values of INDEX and INDEXR such that correct Switching sequence for reverse direction is initiated,preferably in a single commutation period.
It will be noted from the diagram of Figures 2 and 3 that for any 60 commutation interval in the unpowered phase the EMF
is going from the maximum in one sense through a zero to a maximum in the other sense and it is that phase which is going to be turned on in the next commutation interval so that the microcomputer can determine when to turn that phase on by determining when that phase crosses through the zero point.
This is effected by the use of voltage comparators for example by circuitry as shown in Figure 5 in which VA is a measure of this voltage to zero volts appearing in winding 26, VB is a measure of the voltage to zero volts in winding 28 and YC is a meaure of the voltage to zero volts in winding 27. When for example a voltage VC is greater than the voltage VN on the neutral point N ~21) Figure 4 the output of the comparator 36 will be high. ~hen the voltage is less than the voltage VN at the neutral point, the output of the comparator 36 is low and the output of these comparators is fed directly into the microcomputer 10 which reads in the comparatives. It is to be noted that the output is comparative when the circuitry is looking at the comparator for the unused winding at any one ti~e which will change sense when the EMF in that winding crosses zero. The microcomputer is then informed that it i~ almost time s l to commute and in accordance with the present invention with each successive zero crossing in a sequence, if there is a low to a high transition the next one is a high to a low transition then low to high,high to low,and continuing in that way. Thus the microcomputer knows where each winding is in the sequence and it knows which of the comparatives to look for for the next EMF sensing. The microcomputer looks for a transition and it also knows whether it should be low going high or high going low so that it can compute from the sequence where the rotor is in relation to the windings and what the next indications will be from the comparatives. Accordingly the microcomputer follows either table 1 or table 2 depending on the direction of rotation and cycles continue with the correct switches being turned on at the correct time.
In the A,B, & C circuits of figure 5, as shown with reference to the C circuit resistance 37 and capacitance 38 provide a filter effect reducing the sensitivity to transients.
Now during coasting, the EMFs are still present in the motor and thus zero crossing transitions will also still be present and result in signals being sent by the comparators to the microcomputer these signals being digitised by the digitisin~
circuit 13, figure 5.
The Boyd Muller Specification describes operations for repowering an ECM after coasting under control of the apparatus therein described and is repeated with reference to Figures 17, 18 and 19 as follows.
~ 'In ~igure 17 the relaying routine of step 588 is shown.

Operations commence with BEGI~ ~51 and proceed to produc~ the l OFF pattern (all ones on lines 62) at step 653 to t~rn off the motor M. At step 655 microcomputer 61 issues a Low on line DB6 (figure 3) producing a High on line H from NAND gate 157, and causing relay 147 in high low speed circuit 41 to switch from the low speed connection arrangement to a high speed connection arrangement. Microcomputer 61 waits for 10 milliseconds as b~
any suitable routine, such as counting from a preset number down to zero, in step 657 in order to permit the relay 147 armature 155 to come to rest in the high speed position. However, during this waiting period, the rotor 15 of motor M has, or may have, rotated through a significant angle for commutation purposes.
Accordingly, at step 659 a routine is executed for determining the value of INDEX from the sensed digitized voltages on comparator outputs A, B, and C of Figure 6 when the winding stages are temporarily unpowered, and resuming producing patterns of digital signals on lines 62 beginning with the pattern of digital signals (and thus a corresponding set of control signals from control signal generator 51) indentified by the value of INDEX so determined. The digitized back emfs for three wye-connected winding stages S1, S2 and S3 are illustrated in Figure 1B and tabulated in Tables III and IV for clockwise and counterclockwise rotation respectively.
In Figure 18 and in the first three rows of Tables III and IV, the logic levels of the digitized voltages on input lines 07 1 and 2 of microcomputer 61 (fig 1, 4,540,921) are shown when rotor 15 (fig 2 4,540~921) is ¢oasting. Each of the six columrs show- the logic levels of the digitized back emfs present at any given time. As the rotor turns, the logic levels of a given l column are replaced by the logic levels in the column next to the ri~ht. When the right most column is reached, the logic levels begin again in the left-most column is reached, the logic levels begin again in the left-most column, cycling through the Columns as before. Figure 18 shows superimposed on the logic zeros and ones a waveshape of the digitized back emfs on the input lines 0, 1 and 2. The digitized back emfs at any one time and their changes to other values at other times bear sufficient information to permit sensing the position of the turning rotor 15 and to identify the proper point in sequence for beginning commutation of such turning rotor and for resuming commutation whenever commutation is interrupted or discontinued.
Accordingly, the index-determining operations of step 659 as described in further detail in Figure 19 are used in relaying routine 588 in the preferred embodiment, and are used in other embodiments of the invention whenever it is d~sired to begin commutation in sequence.
In Figure 19 operations commence with BEGIN 671, and microcomputer 61, (fig 1 4,5~0,921) inputs all the lines 0, 1 and 2 of port P1 at once by maskin~ with ALLHI=07 (binary 00000111). As a result there resides in microcomputer 61 (fig 1 4,540,921) a three bit binary number having binary digits corresponding to each of the digitized voltages on the three lines. This binary number is designated DATA1 and stored in step 673. Then at step 675, micromputer 61 inputs all the lines 0, 1 and 2 of port P1 again in search of digitized voltages corresponding to an adjacent column of digitized voltages in Figure 18.

l The digitized voltages just obtained in step 675 are sorted and designated DATA2. In step 683, DATA1 is compared with DATA2. If they are the same number, (i.e. DATA1-DATA2=)) the rotor has not turned sufficiently to move to the adjacent rightward column in Figure 18 and in the Table III or IV
corresponding to the direction of rotation. When DhTA1-DATQ2 a branch is made back to step 675 to input another set, or instance, of digitized voltages until an instance of digitized voltages is found at step 675 which is different from DATA1. At step 685, the difference DATA2-DATA1 is computed.
When step 689 is reached, microcomputer 61 has stored values of DATA1 and DATA2 which are in adjacent columns of one of the Tables III or IV. Each Table III or IV lists values of R3, which is the difference DATA2-DATA1, in the column corresponding lS to the digitized back emfs in DATA1. Beneath a value of difference R3 in each of column of Table III or IV are values of INDEX and INDEXR. The values of INDEX and INDEXR are precisely the values for identifying the proper Table I or Table II and the proper column therein containing the digital signal pattern which microcomputer 61 can and does then produce to resume commutation of the winding stages at the proper point in sequence. (Beneath the tabulated value of R3 in Table III is an entry designated~'Offset R3~ which is a number calculated in the program listing of Appendix I for microcomputer table lookup purposes).
If the direction determined is counterclockwise, a branch is made from step 689 to step 691 for table lookup in a table in microcomputer 61 (fig 1 of 4,540t921~ having the information found in Table IV in rows R3 and INDEX. When INDEX is found, INDEXR is reset by adding 12 to INDEX. If the direction determined is clockwise, a branch is made from step 689 to step 693 for table lookup in a table in microcomputer 61 (fig 1 of 4,540,921) having the information found in Table III in rows R3 and INDEX. INDEXR is reset as equal to INDEX when the directior, is clockwise. After step 691 or step 693 is executed, RETURN
679 is reached.
The operations of Figure 19 can be described more generally as follosls. ~licrocomputer 61 ~fig 1 of 4,540,921) identifies successive patterns of the control signal s and of the digital signals of Tables I and II by values of an index designated INDEX. A value of the index is determined from the sensed digitized voltages when the winding staFes are temporarily unpowered. Microcomputer 61 (fig 1 of 4,540,921) resumes producing successive patterns of the digital signals which causes control signal generator 51 (fig 1 of 4,540,921) to generate successive patterns of the control signals in sequence beginning with a pattern of the digital signal s and control signals determined from the sensed di~itized voltages. The lookup table information stored in microcomputer 61 {fig 1 of 4,540,921) is a function, i e. a predetermined correspondence between members of two sets of numbers. The sets of numbers involved here are val~les of INDEX on the one hand and values of the differences R3. E~uivalently, Tables III and IV can be regarded as tabulating INDEX as a function OI digitized back emf itself. It i5 also to be understood that there are a multitude of equivalent ways made known by the disclosure made herein7 of l setting up a function relating the di~itized back emf information to some variable such as INDEX which can be used to determine the proper point for beginning in sequence when commutation begins again. When the successive patterns of digital signa~s and control signals are identified by values of an index, the index is advantageously determined as a function of a number represented by the sensed digitized voltages when the winding stages are temporarily unpowered, and microcomputer 61 tfig 1 of 4,540,921) resumes producing patterns beginning with the pattern of the control signals identified by the value of the index so determined. The index is determined as a first f~nction of a number represented by the sensed digitized voltages when the winding stages are temporarily unpowered and the preselected sequence is for clockwise rotation of the rotatable means 15 (fig 1 of 4,540,921) and determined as a second function of the number so represented when the preselected sequence is for counterclockwise rotation, and microcomputer 61 (fig 1 of 4,540,g21) resumes produoing patterns beginning with the pattern of the control signals identified by the value of the index so determined. The value of the index is also determined as a function of the difference of first and second numbers represented by different instances of the sensed digitized voltages, and microcomputer 61 begins with the pattern of the control signals identified by the value of the index so determined.
The value of the index is determined as a function of the difference of first and second numbers represented by different instances of the sensed digitized voltages unless one of the ~` ~2~ 15 l numbers is in a set of predetermined numbers, such as 0 and 7, and micrcomp~ter 61 begins with the pattern of the control signals identified by the value of the index so determined. A
difference of first and second numbers represented by different instances of the sensed digitized voltages is calculated and a value of the index is determined as a function of the difference unless the difference is in a set of predetermined numbers, such as 0, +3, and -3, and microcomputer 61 (fig 1 of 4,540,921) begins with the pattern of the control signals identified by the value of the index so determined. Microcomputer 61 (fig 1 of 4,540,921) in this way prevents sensed digitized voltages representing a number in a predetermined set, such as 1 and 7, from being used to determine the beginning pattern of control signals. Microcomputer 61 ~fig 1 of 4,540,921) repetitively senses the digitized voltages while the winding stages are t~mporarily unpowered and determines the beginning pattern of the control signals as soon as a change occurs in any one of the sensed digitized voltages. Il Table 3 herein is e~uivalent to Table III in the Boyd Muller specification.
It is to ~e noted that in Boyd/Muller when the motor is operated in the agitate mode to reverse motor direction a definite time is allowed for the rotor to coast to a stop and then random restarting is effected with a 50% chance that the rotor will start in the wrong direction necessitating adjustment of the commutation to reverse the rotor direction and accelerate to speed in the right direction. This gives irregular accelerations to the rotor and thus causes irregular washing s l action to result. Accordingly this invention is a mathematical way of finding where the rotor is and where the switching in the sequences will be. Thus with a transition the microcomputer calculates which switches should be on at any one time.
s If we want to start at that time we apply power with those switches so set or indexed these tables and start applying power.
Timers are provided as follows:
- SHORT TIMER, LONG TIME'R, COMMUTATION TIMER.
In this implementation an INTEL 8049 1 chip microcomputer is used for motor control microcomputer 10. It contains an 8 bit timer. This timer can be driven by either an external oscillator or directly from the ALE pulse which is divided by a factor of 32 before entering the timer (ALE = CLOCK/32). Tne microprocessor clock runs at 10 MHZ so therefore a ( 10MHZ/ 15)/32-20.833 KHZ clock signal is applied to the timer.
This provides a count every 48 microseconds in the timer and in operation the timer is loaded with a count of 2 thus providing an interrupt pulse every 96 microseconds. This interrupt rate provides the base timing to the motor controller, On interrupt the program is forced to jump to a Timer Interrupt Routine. On entry to this routine the timer is reloaded with a count of 2 to provide the 96 microsecond base time This routine has two major functions:
(i) Decrementing Timer Register counts every 96 ~icroseconds, and setting the appropriate timeout flag when the counts reach zero.

1 There are three timer registers used.
(a) Short Delay Timer (b) Commutation Delay Timer (c) Long Delay Timer.
The registers (a) and (b) are decremented each interrupt, therefore using a count of 01H to OFFH timers (a) and (b) can achieve time intervals of 96 microseconds to 24 millisenconds (ie. 256 x 96 microseconds). For extended time delays using register (c), an intermediate prescaler register which is initially set to 7FH (127) is decremented every interrupt. Only when the Prescaler Register reaches zero is the register (c) decremented. Therefore the long timer can achieve time intervals of 127 x 96 = 12 milliseconds to 127 x 256 x 96 microseconds - 3 seconds, In order for the main program to use these time delays a count must be put into the appropriate Timer Register. The timer flag must then be tested periodically to see whether the time is up.
(ii) The second function of this routine is to provide the Speed Demand Rate function 16 of fi~ 1. ie. to provide a count rate to position error counter 15 equal to the required motor commutation rate. This a achieved by setting the Speed Rate Timer Register (RATETMR) equal to the count for t~e period of the required commutation rate eg. ACCSPEED, ENDSPD. Thus on every timer interrupt the RATETMR is decremented and once it is zero the Position Error Counter 15 is decremented. The RATETMR is automatically reloaded with the correct l count and the cycle repeats for contin~ous operation.
Referring now the Figure 6 which is a flow chart of the reversing seq~ence of the present invention it will be assumed that the microcomputer has timed out the application of power to the motor and the motor is switched off i.e. all power is disconnected from the stator. A long timer 40 is set to 15~-2G0 milliseconds preferably 180 milliseconds which is an arbitrary - maximum time of coasting. As stated power is turned off as indicated in block ~1 and a check is made in block 42 of the register DIRECT prGvided in the microcomputer 10 to indicate whether the motor is going clockwise or counterclockwise, In the event that direction of rotation is clockwise the register ~alue is changed to counterclockwise ready for starting in the next direction and vice versa, so that the appropriate blocks 43 and 44 are used as required. There is a second timer called the short timer 45 which is set to a value of 40 milliseconds. This timer provides a safety feature in that should the rotor stop then of course the succession of EMFs ~ill also stop and no measurable signals will be transmitted to the microcomputer to work on. ~ccordingly the second timer assists in avoiding maloperation.
There is a third timer which is the commutation timer 46 which is set to 20 milliseconds. Now that value corresponds to a rate of occurrence of zero crossings su~fici~ntly low as to allow re~ersing to take place. Next there is a tag rotor (tag corresponding to R3 in the Boyd Muller Specification) position indicator, block 47, which senses the position of the rotor.

~ 36-l This is related to tables 4 and 5, table 4 being ~sed when it is required to go from clockwise to counterclockwise and table 5 when it is required to go from counterclockwise to clockwise as is explained more fully in figure 8. Thus a start is made by inputting the values of A, B and C, that is the outputs of the voltage digitising circuit. These are stored in memory as data 1 (block 60 figure 8) that is the location. Then the values corresponding to the EMF signals are inputted again and stored as data 2 block 61. These data 1 and data 2 are then compared in block 62. If they are equal and if the short timer is not equal to zero bock 63 that is to say a transition has not yet been reached the computer (as indicated by line 48) takes the measurements again of A, B and C, comparing them to the previous value. As soon as data 1 is not equal to data 2, data 1 is then subtracted from data 2 and this gives a value in hexadecimal for the transition. That is put into the storage register called "Tag" block 64. Then the flow diagram is traversed further to see if the modulus of data 2 minus data 1 equals 0, 1, 2 or 4 each of which is one of the allowed values. If it is not9 there is something wrong and it is a matter of going back to the beginning and restarting the whole procedure a~ain because the values are incorrect for whatever reason. Normally however such values are correct and there is a valid change and the routine above set forth is then move~d o~t of. If there is no transition within 40 milliseconds as indicated by the short timer then the rotor is down to a speed at which reverse direction can take place. If a transition is obtained within 20 milliseconds as l indicated by commutation timer then the rotor is still spinning at a rate greater than that allowable for reversal and it is nececsary to run through the sequence againf If the long timer has not reached 0 as checked in block 49 then we have to check to see if the commutation timer is equal to 0 as checked in block 5G, if it is not, then it is known that the rotor is still spinning. The sequence goes around monitoring the position, keeping up to date and getting a new value of the rotor position every time the sequence has gone through. If the long timer which is set for 180 milliseconds (a little longer than the expected coasting time)~ times out then it is necessary to apply a dynamic brake, e.g. by short circuiting all the windings one to the other. The short timer 45 is a safety device which ensures that the routine is not continually gone through lS searching for a timing out when in fact the rotor has stopped and although looking for a change no such change will occur because there is no EMF generated to create such a change. Thus when the com~utation period gets greater than 40 milliseconds the device times out. Assuming that a transition has been found within the allowable parameters then values are derived for INDEX and INDEXR at block 53 which is explained in detail in figure 7. When the rotor i3 down to a speed at which reversal can take place, information stored in register TAG and direction register DIRECT defines where the rotor is and its direction of rotation. Accordingly values of IN~EX and INDEXR according to either Table 4 (clockwise to counterclockwise rotor position sensing) or Table 5 (counterclockwise to clockwise rotor 1 position sensing) are chosen and windings energized which will cause a torque to the rotor which cause the rotor to reverse direction from its previous direction. If for example the E~IF
from the motor windings when the rotor is coasting are those resulting from clockwise rotation, such E~lFs will follow the pattern of Figure 2, and supposing the rotor is in a position where EMF C is high, EMF B is low and EMF A is changing from low to high i.e. the transition point 55 in Figure 2 is reached and has been reached in time greater than 20 milliseconds ~in normal operation) after transition point 56 has been reached. If power were applied to continue in the same direction the switchings to the windin~s would be A+ and ~- but since it is required to reverse direction and it will be seen that in Figure 3 transition point 57 corresponds to transition point 55 in Figure

2 so that to provide reverse torque switchings B+ and A- will energize the required windin~s. In some circumstances energizing of C- instead of A- may be used since EMF A is falling to the right of transition point 57 while C is rising.
Thus in Table 4, Index 3 relating to table 2 is chosen in preference to Index 4 and when the EMF in the selected winding drops back to zero due to rotor speed dropping to zero commutation increments to index 4 in Table 2 and sequence continues in selected order. The position loop error counter 15 is set to a restart value in block 53a the speed demand rate 16 ~5 is set to a restart speed in block 53b and the microcomputer then returns the timing to a main commutation programme. Of course during agitate the reverse routine shown in Figure 6 is l reverted to at each reversal until the end of the wash cycle determined in this method by command module 11 which commands microcomputer 10 to cease and a further routine entered into e.g. draining then spinning.
It will be seen that by following the reverse routine in which the position of the rotor is monitored down to a point and speed in which the rotor is in condition for reversal a reversal can be effected in a single commutation period causing the motor to pass through the stop and reverse direction without loss of rhythm unless braking has had to be effected. When braking is effected it may be necessary to go back to the start routine above described in which the selected switches are turned on and indications from the windings used to indicate whether the rotor is moving in the right direction. If it is not, then the motor is force commutated to change direction of the rotor and pick up acceleration speed as above described. However this does not happen usually in practice but the smooth transition with change of direction within about one commutation period effected, Furthermore even with dynamic braking in which the motor winding ends are connected together it is still possible to monitor the velocity of the rotor down to the point of reversal thus reducing the time in which reversal is effected. In the voltage digitizing circuit of Fig 5, unlike the ~oyd Muller circuitry, the star point voltage VN is brought into the circuit 13. The voltage at the star point is the vector sum of the three EMF's generated in the windings and varies at the commutation rate. The signals from the comparators are not in .

1 the same sequence as an open circuit when coasting but are in synchronism with the rotor when accordingly the velocity of the rotor can be measured and reversal commenced when the velocity falls to a cesired level. Thus in testing for transitions and the agitating sequence has not been interrupted then the changes which take place are monitored and the numbers go from all O's to all 1's not all at the same time, but the pattern is sufficient to enable the time for reversal to be determined.
Thus referring figure 4, braking is effected by making switches 31, 32 and 33 conductive there is a small voltage drop in these switches and although VA VB and VC all move together and therefore it is not possible to tell the poC.ition of the rotor, the comparators of figure 5 will detect small volta~e variations (about 1 or 2 volts) between the VA VB and VC voltage and the YN voltage to enable the rate of movement to the indicated and passed on to microcomputer 10.

~L~

~:~QB cLo-c~L~ R O~Q~IQ~I

P2 Rail L i ne D i s a ~ e q u ç ns~ e _o~ t t~s D 7 Top 0 1 0 1 0 I

G 6 Bt~ 1 0 1 0 1 0 I
T

________________________~_______________ ___________ A 5'B-) 1 1 1 1 C C

L

4tC~) 1 1 1 0 0 S

I 3(A-) 1 1 0 0 G
N 2(B+) 1 0 0 A

L 1(C-) O O

OtA+) O 1 1 1 1 0 __________________________________________________ INDEX: 1 2 3 4 5 INDEXR: ! 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 5 C 0~1 TR OL: A~ B~ B+ C+ C~ A~
SIGNALS: C C- A- A- B B-DIG IT ISED

MASK: (B) (A) (C) (B) (,q) (C) _ 42--~11 DAT~_E~OR_C~ B-cLo--c~-w~ B-o~-A~

P2 Rail Line ~isa~l~ SeQ~ sf~ ~Ls D 7 Top 0 1 0 1 0 I

C 6 Btm 1 0 1 0 1 0 T 5(B-) O 0 A
L 4(C+) 1 0 0 S 3(A-) 1 1 0 0 I

G 2(B+) 1 1 1 0 0 N
A 1(C-) l 1 1 1 0 0 L

S O(A+) O 1 1 1 1 0 __________________________________________________ I~DEX: G 1 - 2 3 4 5 INDEXR: 12 13 14 15 16 17 CONTROL A+ C~ C+ ~+ ~+ A~
SIGNALS: B- E- A- A- C- C-DIGITISED

MASK: (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) ~Q~I

CLoCKWISE liQ.l'Q.B~Sl.l`IO~_ S~ISl~C
( LOW TO HIG~S~:D WINpI~lGSl ~EX: 6 2 3 1 5 4 TAG: 2 -4 1 -2 4 - 1 10 ( DATA2-DATA 1 ) INDEX: 5 ` O 1 2 3 4 INDEXR: 5 0 1 2 3 4 ~PPENpIX
~BLE IV

CLOCKWISE TO CQlLN~cl~o~lI~E
BOTOR POSj~lQ~I SENSING

B 0 0 l l 1 O

Y.EX: 6 2 3 l 5 4 TAG: 2 -4 l -2 4 _l ( DAT A2 - DAT A l ) INDEX: 3 2 l 0 5 4 INDEXR: 15 14 13 12 17 16 ~t~ 5 ~L~Q
COU NT EE Cl,O CKW T~_~Q~,L~OÇ~I,~
EOTO1( POSITION~LSI~G

HEX: 3 2 6 4 5 TA~: 2 - 1 4 -2 1 -4 (DATA2-DATAl ) INDEX: 3 2 1 O 5 4 INDEXR: 3 2 1 O 5 4 l Turning now to the second aspect of the invention, as stated above the digitising circuit 13 is responsive to the Back EMF of the ECM 2 to provide a simulated signal indicative of the position of the ECM rotor.
Ve1ocity control of the ECM 2 is provided by a microcomputer controlled digital implementation of a position control loop referred to later. Position and velocity feedback information is contained in the outputs of the voltage di~itisine circuit 13. Commutation rate sensing software 14 in the motor control microprocessor 10 supplies a count of one to ~osition error counter 15 for each commutation. Each count decrements the counter by one. The count rate is therefore proportional to motor velocity. Requested velocity information is provided by speed demand rate timer hardware/software 16 which supplies a count rate to position error counter 15 equal to the required motor commutation rate, that rate having been indirectly selected by appropriate actuation of manual selection controls in the user controls 9. Speed demand rate timer 16, amplifier stages, pulse width modulation controls 18, commutation control signal generator 8, commutation circuit 17, voltage digitising circuit 13 and commutation rate sensing circuit 14 define the feed back ~osition control loop the summation point being the position error counter 15.
The position error coun~er 15 algebraically sums the ~ositive pulse rates from the speed demand rate 16 and th~
negative commutation rate sensing device 14. The output from ~IL289~8~

l the position error counter 15 appears as an error signal being the algebraic difference between the two counts which controls the current (and hence power) in the motor by a Pulse Width Modulated Control Circuit 18 with current limit control 5. The error is the difference between the desired count as indicated from the speed demand rate indicator 16 as compared with the commutation rate device 14. A zero PWM rate is the e~uivalent of a zero count and a 100Z PWM rate is the equivalent of a full scale count, This aspect is explained ~ore fully in Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 476071, fi1ed March 8, 1985 by Fisher & Paykel Limited and which explai~s improved pulse width modulated control methods for controlling current (ar.d hence power) to an inductive load with special ~pplications to D.C, Motors. In this way the Digital Position control loop is arranged so that when the ECM is rotating at a speed less than that requested by Speed Demand Rate Timer 16 low speed power is increased until current limit is effected to give faster acceleration but during steady speed operation the error and hence PWM pulses are maintained and controlled to control the power input to the ECM to that which is sufficient to maintain speedO
User controls ~ are provided and in the preferred embodiment include a command microcomputer 19 which translates the user commands into signalc to th,e motor control microcomputer 10.
Thus the speed demand rate is set by commands initiated by the user controls 9 and these controls have commands relating to a wash program0e selection e.g. delicate, regular, heavy duty~

_ 48-~39~S
l wcol, permanent press and also a selector relating to water level e.~. low, medium and high water level. Each of these imposes a different power demand, stroke angle, acceleration rate and speed from the other on the wash load imposed on the agitator 1 which is mounted wil;hin a spin tub 3 and water container 4 in the known way, In figure 1 the motor 2 is shown driving direct to the agitator 1 but of course an indirect drive could also be used.
The above describes an electronic controlling circuit which enables the speed of the motor 2 to be controlled.
Referring now to figure 9 this indicates a profile of velocity against time of one half cycle in the oscillatory rotation of the agitator by the motor 2. A~ may be seen power is applied to the motor to achieve three steps in the half cycle, an initial step 120 of acceleration from zero velocity to a desired maximum velocity a second step 121 at which the maximum velocity is maintained until a cutoff point 122 is reached when power is removed from the motor and a third step during which the rotating assembly of the motor and the agitator then coasts to a stop substantially in accordance with either for example curve 123 or as is shown in smaller pecked lines curve 124, the curve 124 starting from a ~ifferent cutoff point 125 which will be explained further later. Thus there are three different times, an acoeleration time 1~8, a plateau time referenced 129 when substantially constant speed is maintained sub~ect to matters discussed below and a coasting t~me referenced 130. The sum of these times results in a total stroke time.

~9~
l Of these times the acceleratio~ time 128 and the plateau time 129 are electronically controllable but the coasting time 130 is dependent on mechanical conditions involving the inertia of the rotatin~ assembly including the rotor of the motor and the agitator and associated drive gear against which is acting the resistance of the load of f`abrics placed in the spin tub 3.
Accordingly the coast time 130 will depend on and vary according to the load placed in the washing machine plus other smaller factors such as the effect of heating up of bearings.
A desired washing action w:ill vary from a gentle action if the "delicate" control is actuated to a heavy duty vigorous action if the "heavy duty" control is actuated. In a particular washing machine which has been made, five types of washing actions had been provided as mentioned above namely delicate, regular, heavy duty, wool and permanent press and three different water levels so that it is possible to have 15 combinations or 15 different agitator velocity profiles that must be achieved.
To do this command microcomputer 19 feeds commands based on information from user controls 9 to the motor control microcomputer 10 which define the acceleration time, the stroke time and the maximum speed of rotation according to the selection made in the user control circuit 9 and which have been preprogrammed into the command microcomputer 19.
Motor control microcomputer 10 retains this information and commar.ds the motor to agitate following the required profile via the digital position control loop as explained below repeatedly 1~9~
l until instructed to stop by the command microcomputer 19.
The method for control of acceleration time 128 can be explained with reference to figure 10.
In figure 10 are shown typical curves of the velocity/time 5 showing the effect of velocity demand on acceleration. Thus figure 10 is a plot of velocity versuC time for the motor. The information provided by operating the user control in circuit 9 is based on the motor being started at zero speed and that the contents of the position error eounter is at zero~ Accordingly the command defines an acceleration rate i.e. req~ested velocity that must be achieved in the acceleration time 12a of figure 9.
That velocity can be provided ei~her as motor RPM, agitator RPM
or commutation rate and suitable circuitry provided dependent on the type of information provided. The various curves ~1 to ~4 in fi~ure 10 show the different acceleration rates resulting from velocity demand rates for one resistance to rotation of the motor and show the time taken to reach a maximum velocity or speed.
As can be seen in figure ~ acceleration rate increases with increasing speed demand rate. Each curve is essentially llnear over its first portion. Time to reach requested speed is almost independent of speed demand rate but is a function of the loop gain of the position control loop.
For any given velocity profile the acceleration must be such that a set speed i.e. the plateau speed 121 shown in figure 9 must be achieved in a certain time. Accordingly the command must be set to provide a definite acceleration rate i.e.

1 reaching the set speed in a given timeD However the load on the agitator is not at this tiG,e known and therefore initially a speed demand rate is initialised which will reach the maximum speed in the given time ~nder arbitrary predetermined Conditions, The preferred method of operation is to initially set a speed rate demand which will result in an acceleration rate which is slightly less than that ultimately desired and then to adjust the speed demand rate upwardly to the desired speed over the next dew cycles. Thus giving a wash action which is more gentle than would be obtained by moving quickly to the maximum speed with the possibility of overload occurring. This is achieved by adjusting the loop ~ain of the velocity control loo~ in any known way such that the time taken to reach the required plateau speed when speed demand rate timer 16 is loaded with that plateau speed rate is greater than the range of times required. One way is to adjust the error value contained in position error counter 15 required to achieve 100% PWM rate. If the load in the machine is light the agitator will accelerate to speed more quickly than if the load is heavy. Accordingly the present invention provides program~ing of the microcomputer such that the speed at the end of the required acceleration time is measured. If that speed is below the required speed the microcomputer issues an instruction to increase the speed demand rate at the beginning of the next agitator stroke. Similarly if the motor is above speed at that time the command is to reduce the speed demand rate and thus reduce the power applied to bring the motcr up to the plateau speed. This testing of the :' .
:

~9185 l acceleration rate is carried out on each half cycle whether that half cycle is in the forward direction as shown in figure 20 or in the reverse direction. Thus the oscillating rotation i.e.
the back and forth motion of the motor 2 and the agitator l is such that the resistance to oscillation or rotation is measured at each half cycle and by modifying the acceleration rate to always bring that acceleration rate to a position where the plateau speed is achieved in the set acceleration time and substantial uniformity of operation is thus attained. Thus acceleration is controlled to achieve the desired plateau speed in the desired time, and this acceleration speed is maintained within practical limits.
Plateau speed is maintained by adjusting the speed demand rate 16 to the speed de~and rate required for the plateau speed at time 127 in figure 9.
However consideration must now be given to the circumstances illustrated in figure 11. In this figure the demanded velocity is chown by a pecked line 130. A series of curves are shown, the upper curve 131 showing an overshoot and curve 132 shows a le~ser overshcot while curves 133 and 134 show two undershooting curves of velocity. This is brought about by the varying position error count in the position error counter 15. If there is a heavy load i~ takes considerable power to get to speed and the power to get to speed is greater than that re~uired to maintain that speed and that is indicated by a large counter value in the position error counter 15 and hence a high PWM
ratio in circuit 18. Accordingly at the time of reaching the , , . . ~

~2~ 3S
l ~oint 135 in figure 11 (which corresponds with point 127 in figure 9) there is more power applied to the motor than required to maintain the motor at the de0anded velocity 137 and the motor will thus continue to accelerate for a short time and overshoot as can be seen by either of curve~ 131 and 132. This can be provided for by adjusting the value set in the Fosition error counter 15~ If the initial position error count is set ak a low level there is an undershoot b~elow point 135 with the power then being levelled off by the abovle checking of the speed and comparing that speed with a desired count rate or alternatively the acceleration power can be maintained to above point 135 so that there is an overshoot and then the automatic error counting is carried out to reduce the overshooting curve dcwn to the demanded velocity straight line 137. The value of the Fosition error counter or the speed demand rate can be adjusted at any time under control of the microcomputer so that the actual count can be updated or modified as desired and since the counter is within the microcomputer, it can be loaded at any time.
Now the value of that counter at 127 in figure 9 is an indirect measure of the wash load. Where we have a high value in the counter we have a large wash load9 a small value in the counter shows a small wash load. Now to further increase the power that we have applied to the load as that load increases in excess of that required to maintain the profile as explained to maintain a given level explained in background we can adjust the amount of overshoot to obtain any profile. What is done is that the value of the counter is adjusted such that with only water - 5~-. :;. -,-: ' ~ - ;...... ..

1 in the bowl there is no overshoot then as clothes are added or as the load is increased the value is adjusted in the counter to allow small amount of overshoot. This small amount of overshcot increases the stroke length of the agitator slightly and increases the turnover in the clothes. This is explained above in the background material but essentially wash action is provided by movement of clothes through the water and how vigorous this movement is determines the soil removal. However by increasing the stroke length slightly the required wash requirements are maintained. I'he acceleration rate and velocity desired in for example delicate wash are such that slight lengthening of the stroke angle does not result in excessive washing action.
The function of maintaining acceleration rate by adjusting the speed command rate and controlling overshoot allows slight increases so that under very heavy loads the stroke length is increased slightly. If the acceleration rate is not controlled then typically with a velocity controlled motor if just a final speed is requested, the error in position error counter increases and the acceleration rate decrease with load and results in a decreased stroke angle and lowered soil level removal.
It is necessary now to look at the coasting time and curves of figure 9. As stated above the deceleration rates of the agitator and motor are not electronically controllable. The rotating assembly can only be allowed to coast to a stop or be braked to a stop and thus are not electronically controlled.

1 NGW if the coast time were fixed so that it could be guaranteed that the motor would coast to a stop before an attempted reverse or almost to a stop before reversal could be effected it would be possible to end up with a shorter stroke time as the load increases because we have the sitation that the maximum time to coast to standstill is when there are no clothes in the water.
As the clothes load increases the coasting time becomes shorter and thus the area under the curve in figure 9 becomes less and since that area is proportional to the stroke angle that we are applying to the clothes load or the agitator if deceleration is effected more quickly then the stroke angle applied to the load is decreased which is disadvanta~eous. The opFosite effect i~
however desired namely that it is desired to increase stroke to the load as the load increases and therefore the following techniqu~ is also adopted. The stroke time is set to a predetermined figure by a command received from circuit ~. This stroke time is for practical purposes the same for all wash duties. This means that as the coast time decreases the plateau time must be increased so that the point 122 in figure 9 is not a point fixed in time but a point which is determined as follows. For each half cycle, the microprocessor measuree the time to coast from plateau speed to substantially zero speed and the microprocessor subtracts that time from the stroke time and also subtacts the rèquired acceleration tiwe from the stroke tiwe which leaves a plateau time required for the next stroke so that for each half cycle of the agitator the microprocessor calculates a new plateau time depending on the last coa~ting 893L8~i l time and as may be seen from fig~re 9 two different coasting ti~es and two examples of different plateau times are shown. In the first the platea~ time is the time to extend from point 127 to poir,t 122 and for the second, assuming the same acceleration time, from the point 127 to the point 125 and the deceleration or coasting curves are as showr. by the lines 123 and 124 respectively. Accordingly at least in the preferred form the invention comprises the combination of the three techniques for controlling acceleration and altering the acceleration time as desired controllirg the overshoot or undershoot in relation to the desired ma~imum speed in the second zone of figure 9, recalcuiating the plateau time for each half cycle depending on the coasting time in the last half cycle and then reversir.g the rotating assembly immediately at or near zero speed. This allows the maintenance of an; required washing p~rformance.
Corrections are made continously and by monitoring the curves such as those shcwn in figure 9 on a oscilloscope it can be seen that variations occur substantially all the time because the load on the agitator may well depend on the position of the clothes in the container and those clothes may be bunched or balled in some cases and almost i~mediately the bunching can be freed by the agikator action so that the load on a rest half cycle is considerably lighter than when the clothes are bunched. The time to ~ccelerate to a given speed may take a number of strokes to settle out as there is a high averaging put on which prevents big disturbances for example if a bunching is only momentary then if it were not for some delay in averaging %~
l out there could be violent disturbances in the speed of actuation of the agitator and this could cause too vigorous an actior. and with a heavy load then there is ar increased power input which is what is requirecl.
In a less preferable alternative it is possible to allow the stroke time to vary. In such an alternative the maximum speed would be more closely monitored so that extra area under the curve of figure 9 and therefore the extra stroke angle for heavier loads would be gained by extending the power cut off point as required.
The sequence of operations will now be explained in relation to the flow diagrams shown in figures 12 to 16. The flow chart of the main routine shown in figure 12 can be explainecl with reference to figure 9. This is the routine required to agitate and the first initial block 140 is shown in more detail in figure 13 where the notations are: T stroke is stroke time, W-ramp is ramp time, and End-speed is the maximum required speed. Once initialisation has taken place there are four things to do, first it is necessary to start at the beginning of the strG~e to accelerate till point 127 in figure 9 ls reached to maintain a plateau speed along the plateau 121 shown in figure 9 and then to coast to a stop after power has been switched off at 122 and then to reverse the direction of agitation and recommence the cycle in a ~upside down"
disposition from that shown in figure 9. These steps are shown in figure 12 where acceleration is shown in block 141 malntain plateau speed shown in block 142 the decelerate or coast is 9~

l shown in block 143 change direction is shown in block 144 and additionally in block 145 there is a decision to be made as to whether agitation is to be concluded and if so the command microcomputer 19 sends a signal to the motor contro]
microcomputer to interrupt the sequence at a selected time that agitation is to be ended. If the answer is no then the accelerate maintain coast and change direction cycle is maintained for a further cycle and so on ur.til the interrupt signal is given. A yes (Y) an.swer results in the end of agitation and the washing cycle then goes into a further routine which does not form part of the present invention.
Now referrin@ to figure 13 when initialisation is commânded the parameters fed to the motor control microcomputer 10 are stroke time and acceleration time but it is necessary for the plateau time i.e. for the point of 122 to be calc~lated. Thus the acceptance of the agitate parameters are shown in block 150 and in block 151 there is a calculation of the initial plateau time shown as initial T-flat. This time is arbitrârily selecteà
for the first stroke as the stroke time (which is a set time) minus the ramp time W-ramp which is the acceleration time and then an arbitrary 150 milliseconds which is taken to be a reasonable coasting time. Thus f~r the first stroke the T~flat time equa1s the initial T-flat time i.e. the time obtained by the calculation shown in block 151. This procedure is necessary since on initialisation there is no information a~ to what the real coast time is going to be so an estimate is made and subsequently after every stroke the actual coasting time is ~2~39~5 l measured and used as will be explained later.
As a next step it is necessary to know the speed to which the motor is to be accelerated. Again there is no information as to the speed likely to be attained in the time interval 128 on applying a known amount of power and accordingly as is shown in block 153 the speed to which the motor is to be accelerated referred to as ACC speed is shown as being the end speed i.e.
the maximum speed to be obtained for the particular wash programme selected and the end speed for example as it is seen in figure 10 for any given velocity demand. Acceleration at the commencement is virtua1ly linear and if commands are given to supply Fower to the motor so that a substantially linear acceleration is obtained up to the fixed demanded speed and for the first stroke the demanded velocity is to be equal to the lS plateau speed i.e. End-speed. Ho~ever ac explained abo~e it is preferably to arrange the gain of the position loop such that acceleration is always less than normally required if initial acceleration speed demand rate equals End-speed when the agitator is operating in water only. The practical result of this is that End-speed or maximum speed is not actually achieved in ti~e interval 1~8 for the first stroke.
Looking now at figure 14 which is a flow chart during the acceleration phase the timer is set to W-ramp which is a fixed time in block 154. This ti~er is a kimer which is set to the time and then counts down to zero so it is set with an initial value that is equ2l to the time that is required. It is set running which automatically happens when the timer is loaded and . ~

l the microco~puter senses when it gets to zero so in future it knows how long it has taken to do something so the acceleration time is t~e acceleration portion shown in figure 9 namely slGpe 120. As shown in block 155 the microcom~uter then loads the speed demar.d rate 16 and this is set at a rate equal to the acceleration speed which for the first stroke as we haye discussed above is the End speed as shown in block 153 figure 13. As shown in block 156 the rotor is started and acceleration takes place while as shown in block 157 the timer runs down to zero and at this stage the motor velocity ~-ill have reached about point 12~ and at that point as shown in block 158 the actual speed is measured by use for exan~ple of the commutation rate sensing shown in block 14 fi~ure 1 where the interval between commutations is measured by the motor control n!icorcomp~ter. That actual speed is cGmpared w1th the spee~
which is required in block 159. If it is less than the End-speed then the microcomputer checks to see if the acceleration speed is less than an arbitrary maximum as seen in block 160. If it is then the acceleration speed is incremented one step and retesting is carried out as seen in block 161. If the actual speed is not less than End-speed or acceleratiQn speed is not less than the maximum then a check is made as in block 162 to check if the actual speed is greater than the End-speed. If no then again the te~t is ended, If it is greater than End-speed then as indicated in block 163 tests are made to see if the actual speed is greater than an arbitrary minimum, if so then the acceleration speed is decremented by one ~l~89~

l step as indicated in block 164. In this wa~ the acceleration rate is adjusted to provide an acceleration which will achieve the required demanded velocity within the time W-r~lp. This process is effected for each half cycle.
Looking now at figure 15 which is the flow chart to maintain the plateau speed. The timer has been set to T-flat which initially was the timing calculated in block 151 of fieure 13.
At point 127 figure 9 the speed demand rate is set to End-speed and the motor is intended to just maintain that speed. If the motor is not up to speed or above speed by this method t~le motor will automatically settle to the End-speed~ The position error counter is also adjusted for whatever overshoot is required ard this is illustrated in the flow chart of figure 15 where a test is made by the microcomputer in block 165 to see if the acceleration speed is greater than the End-speed if not, then no adjustment is made as indicated in block 166. I~ it is greater, then the position error counter is adjusted by an increment which is a constant K times the acceleration speed minus the End-speed. Of course if undershoot is desired the sien in this formula would be reversed. However in practice undershoot is not desired if the required speed is not achieved after initialisation step. After the ad~ustment has been made in block 173 the motor continues at its desired speed until the timer counts down~to zero as shown in block 174 At this stage, which is point 122 on the curve of figure 9, power is cut off to the motor. It is to be noted that the question of compensation is one where if there is a large load of clothes then l acceleratio~ speed will be m~ch greater than the End-speed and an overshoot curve such as that of 131 or 132, figure 11, will be followed and the result of this is that the stroke angle will increase slightly as the load increases. The higher the load the slightly greater the stroke angle and this has an improved effect in maintaining a wash rate substantially con~ctant as between a light and a heavy load. It is noted that the stroke time is maintained but the stroke angle increases. With a traditional agitator washing machine with an induction motor it has a fixed speed so that not only does the stroke time stay the same but the stroke angle is virtually always constant although under heavy lo2d it mâ~ reduce slightly. With a traditional machine the actual stroke profile virtually does not change with load. The power that goes into the load increases but only sufficient to maintain that pr~file. The present invention modifies the profile in accordance with the lOâd and that is novel. Thus in modifying the profile the present invention actually overadapts the acceleration power tc &ive an overshoot to ~ive a greater area under the curve of figure 9 and thus apply extrâ power where there is a heavier load which is a desired result of the present invention. Thus the time to coast to zero is an indirect measure of the load on the agitator.
Hâving reached point 122 and the timer indicated in block 171 has timed out as shown in block 17l1 a coasting time of 180 milliseconds (just greater than the expected coast time) is chosen as shown in block 175 (figure 16) the motor turred off as in block 176 and then the motor coasts and the agitator will 9~S

l slow down under the load imposed by the clothes and other frictional effects.
The microcomputer waits on speed to fall to zero or the timer to empty to zero as shown in block 177 whether the timer reaches zero or not is tested in block 178. If the timer equals zero then braking is effected as chown in block 179 and the coding T-flat - initial T-flat selected in the microcomputer ac shown in block 180. In such a case the mokor is restarted under circumstances above outlined in which it may restart in the right direction or the wrong direction at random and force com~utating is necessary as described above. If the timer dces not eoual zero, the microcomputer is programmed to T~flat which equals the remainder of the 1inear time plus the initial T-flat time. The time to coast to zero speed is an indirect measure of the load on the agitator. The position and speed of the rotor is measured and the information supplied to the microcomputer as is described above.
As described above~ while the rotor is coasting, EMFs are generated in the one or more unused windings and these EMFs can be sensed to indicate when an EMF changes sense i.e. crosses over a zero point. However other position or velocity and direction sensing devices can be provided e.g. Hall effect devices or light intercepting devices or with non ECM type eg.
brush, indiction or synchronous motors, it is still possible to measure the EMFs. However with such motors we do not r.eed to know position, only speed~ Thus the microcomputer senses when the rotor is approaching a position in which it is ln condition 8~i l for reversing and the time taken to reach this position is measured and used in calculating a new value of T-flat for the next half cycle. This is effected by taking the remainder of the timer of block 171 and if this time is not zero then the rotor has reduced to zero speed in less than 150 milliseconds.
Thus the calculation shown in block 151 (figure 13) of T-stroke minus W-ramp minus 150 milliseconds is modified by taking away the difference between 150 milliseconds and the actual time taken for the rotor to come to zero and that provides a new calculation for the plateau time which is substituted for that shown in block 151. However if the timer does get to zero in block 178 then the rotor is braked to stop in block 179 and the T-flat selected to be used is the initial T-flat as indicated in block 180. Once the rotor is at or near stopped, then unless the rotor has been bra~ed to a stop a~ illustrated in block 17 then for an EC~I, reversal is usually effected in a single commutation period as is deccribed above.
In the event that agitation is to cease as illustrated at 145 in figure 12 then other parts of the washing cycle take over for example the drain is opened and the water allowed to drain out. As described above, the ~oasting time of a previous half cycle is algebraically subtracted from the stroke time to give the "power on" time for the next half cycle. However different adjustments are possible e.~. only every tenth or other nu~ber half cycle could be used to make the adjustment or the coasting times over a period, eg. over one second averaged tc give a 'power on" time for the next second~

_ 65-l An important aspect of the invention resides in the measuring of the coast time from the stroke time to give a ~'power on" time for the next half cycle. Thus although this invention ha~ been described in relation to an electronic2lly 5 Commutated motor which gives added advantages in controllin~

acceleration rates and maximum speeds, an important advantage of the invention is this aspect can be gained using other motor types for example an induction motor. Such a motor may only be accelerated in a manner broadly dependant on the number of poles in its rotor and the load. However by controlling the cut off point 122 at which power is applied to the motor by subtractin&
the coast time of one ~.alf cycle from the stroke time to give an acceleratior. time and plateau time for the next half cycle, considerable control is given to the rate of extractin~ dirt consistent with a desired de~ree of gentleness of waching.

Thus referring to figure 16a, a speed sensor driven by 2 rotor has a rin~ nlagnet 71 the multiple holes of which actuate a Hall effect transducer 72, the signals from which are in the form of pulses which vary in lines according to the speed of rotation of the ring magnet 71. When the pulse time reaches a predetermined len~th of time, reversing is effe~ted.
` Also photo sensitive devices can be used, for example as described in U.S Patent Specification 4,005,347~ In either case, the time between switching off power to the motor and the motor being in condition for reversing is measured and used in a next half cycle to determine the "power on" time which will give the 9~L8~
1 re~uired washing action.
Although the above descriptions are based on using a fixed stroke time/ the invention in this as~ect can also be put into effect with a variably stroke time operation.
Thus where the stroke time is to be variable according to the 102d in the washing tub and referrin to figure 9a, which is similar to figure 9, the acceleration time 81 plus the plateau time 82 are set by the operator according to a required gentleness Gr vigorousness of washine to a fixed ~'power on"
time. A small load will give a coast time indicated between pcints 83 and 84 with a delay curve 85. A large load gives a steeper delay curve 86 hith a coast time indic~ted between ~oints 83 and 87 and accordin~ly the motor hill be in condition for revercal much earlier than in the li~t load coast time curve 85. If reversing is thus effected with a shortened stroke ti~e more consistent washing performances will be obtained, whether the load is small or lar~e.

This application is a divisional of co-pending Canadian application Serial No. 518,195 filed September 15, 1986.

Claims (30)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A method of electronically controlling the supply of power to an electric motor, which method includes the steps of (a) setting a desired speed of rotation, (b) setting an initial supply of power and applying that power to the stator windings of said motor for a predetermined period to accelerate the rotor, (c) determining the speed attained at the end of the period of acceleration, which speed depends on the resistance to rotation of the motor, (d) switching off the power supply to the motor, (e) repeating steps (b) to (d), but with the motor running in the reverse direction and with the power adjusted in accordance with the previously attained speed to adjust the acceleration and thereby change the motor speed towards said desired speed, and (f) repeating the forward and reverse cycles as desired.

2. A method according to claim 1 which includes the steps of sensing resistance to rotation by setting an acceleration rate, sensing the speed obtained in a given time, comparing the obtained speed with said desired speed of rotation and adjusting the power applied during a next acceleration period, to give an acceleration rate which will accelerate the rotor closer to the desired speed.

3. A method according to claim 1, which includes the further step of sensing resistance to rotation by measuring the time the rotor takes to run down from a "power off" condition to a condition in which the rotor is in condition to be reversed.

4. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3 which includes the steps of effecting acceleration to cause the rotor to rotate initially just below a desired speed and adjusting the supply of power so that the speed rises to said desired speed.

5. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3, which includes the steps of effecting acceleration to cause the rotor to accelerate to a speed just above the desired speed and adjusting the power supply so that the speed falls to the desired speed.

6. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3 which includes the step of adjusting the level of overshoot or undershoot in relation to a desired plateau level of constant speed to give a desired vigorousness of motion to the rotor.

7. A method according to claim 5 which includes the step of adjusting the level of overshoot or undershoot in relation to a desired plateau level of constant speed to give a desired vigorousness of motion to the rotor.

8. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 7 which includes the steps of:
(a) initiating and then continuing a correct sequence of commutations selected from a desired time of and a desired number of commutations, (b) removing all the power from the windings and allowing the rotor to coast towards zero speed of rotation, (c) testing and establishing the position of the rotor relative to the stator at least during a latter part of the coasting of the rotor, and (d) when the rotor has slowed to a condition in which application of reversed commutation will cause reversal of rotation but is still rotating and the position of the rotor relative to the stator is known, without delay applying power to the stator windings by effecting entry into said correct sequence of the commutations, the position of entry into said correct sequence being determined by the direction of rotation of the rotor before stopping and the position of the rotor relative to the stator, to cause the rotor to change direction, the correct commutations following automatically to maintain rotor rotation in the changed direction, and repeating the steps (b) to (d) of this claim to give cyclical reversal for a desired time.

9. A method according to claim 8, which includes the steps of detecting the polarity and sequence of EMFs in said windings after power has been removed therefrom and at least as the rotor nears a position where it is in condition for reversing, checking the voltage transition points between positive and negative for each winding and changing the sequence of commutations to cause reversal about the time when a voltage transition point occurs in a selected winding.

10. A method according to claim 9, which includes the steps of testing the EMF from at least one winding for polarity and frequency and changing the sequence of commutation when the frequency has fallen to a value such that the rotor is in condition for reversing and the EMF
is at or near a zero crossing between opposite polarities in a selected winding.

11. A method according to claim 10, which includes the step of testing the EMFs from all the windings to indicate the position of the rotor.

12. A method according to any one of claims 9, 10 or 11 wherein said change in the sequence of commutations occurs within a single commutation change to cause a change in direction of rotation of the rotor.

13. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 or 11 using an electronically commutated motor.

14. A method according to claim 8 using an electron-ically commutated motor.

15. A method according to claim 12 using an electron-ically commutated motor.

16. A method of operating a laundry machine having a container for a wash load of soiled fabrics in wash water, a spin tub in said container and a reciprocatable agitator in said spin tub, said agitator and said spin tub being driven by an electric motor, the supply of power to said electric motor being cyclically controlled by a method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14 or 15 in one of a plurality of sequences and said method including the steps of setting a selected one of said plurality of sequences so that said agitator is driven in oscillating rotation during a wash phase in a sequence of washing operations, and adjusting the power supplied to said electric motor so that a selected rate of removal of soil from said soiled fabrics is substantially achieved.

17. A method of operating a laundry machine having a container for a wash load of soiled fabrics in wash water, a spin tub in said container and a reciprocatable agitator in said spin tub, said agitator and said spin tub being driven by an electric motor, the supply of power to said electric motor being cyclically controlled by a method according to claim 13 in one of a plurality of sequences and said method including the steps of setting a selected one of said plurality of sequences so that said agitator is driven in oscillating rotation during a wash phase in a sequence of washing operations, and adjusting the power supplied to said electric motor so that a selected rate of removal of soil from said soiled fabrics is substantially achieved.

18. A method according to claim 16 including the step of setting said desired speed of rotation and the power applied to said motor so that washing action selected from such as delicate, regular, heavy duty, wool, and permanent press washing actions is to be effected by the machine, sensing means sensing the resistance to oscillating rotation of said agitator due to the wash load in the container and adjustment means being responsible to said sensing means to adjust the power applied to said electric motor so that a washing action results such that a selected rate of removal of soil from said soiled fabrics is substantially achieved.

19. An electronic control means for cyclically controlling the supply of electrical power to an electric motor having a rotor and a stator which includes:
(a) setting means operable to set a desired speed of rotation of the rotor of said motor, (b) means to set an initial supply of power and apply that power to said rotor for a predetermined period to accelerate said motor to attain an initial speed and to maintain that speed, (c) speed determining means to determine said initial speed which speed is dependent on the resistance to rotation of said motor, (d) switching means to switch off the supply of said motor after said predetermined period and, (e) adjusting means responsive to control signals from said speed determining means to adjust the supply of power in accordance with the previously attained speed to adjust the acceleration and thereby change said motor speed towards a desired speed, and (f) reversing means operable when said motor is in condition for reversing to cause cycles of forward and reverse rotation to be repeated as desired.

20. Electronic control means according to claim 19 wherein acceleration setting means are provided, the acceleration setting being varied according to power supplied as adjusted by said adjusting means.

21. Electronic control means according to claim 19 wherein resistance to rotation sensing means is provided to sense resistance to rotation of the rotor, said resistance to rotation means comprising timing means to measure the time the rotor takes to run down from "power off" condition to a condition in which the rotor is in condition to be reversed.

22. Electronic control means according to any one of claims 19, 20 or 21 wherein reversing means are provided comprising:
(a) timing means to time the period of rotation or counting means to count the number of rotations of the rotor in a desired direction, (b) switching means to disconnect power from the windings of said stator to allow the rotor to run down towards zero speed of rotation, (c) detecting means to test, establish and indicate rotor position relative to said stator, and (d) pattern reverse means operable in response to a signal from said detecting means when the rotor has slowed to a condition in which application of reversed commutation will cause reversal of rotation but is still rotating to cause control signals to effect entry into a sequence of commutations which cause said rotor to change direction without testing for rotor direction.

23. Electronic control means according to any one of claims 19, 20 or 21 which includes:
(e) a commutating circuit responsive to said control signals to cause electrical power from a power source to be applied commutatively to said windings and intended to cause said rotor to rotate in a desired direction, (f) testing means responsive to any EMF generated in at least one unpowered winding to test the frequency and polarity of EMFs generated in that unpowered winding, (g) commutation reversing means to reverse commutation to give the correct sequence of commutation to rotate the rotor in a desired direction when the frequency has fallen to a value at which the rotor is in condition for reversal and the EMF of a selected winding is at or near a zero crossing between opposite polarities.

24. Electronic control means according to claim 22, which includes:

(h) a commutating circuit responsive to said control signals to cause electrical power from a power source to be applied commutatively to said windings and intended to cause said rotor to rotate in a desired direction, (i) testing means responsive to any EMF generated in at least one unpowered winding to test the frequency and polarity of EMFs generated in that unpowered winding, (j) commutation reversing means to reverse commutation to give the correct sequence of commutation to rotate the rotor in a desired direction when the frequency has fallen to a value at which the rotor is in condition for reversal and the EMF of a selected winding is at or near a zero crossing between opposite polarities.

25. Electronic control means according to any one of claims 19, 20, 21 or 24 wherein braking means to brake the rotor are provided comprising switching means having some impedance to connect one end of each winding to a similar end of other windings, the other ends of the windings being connected together and comparator means are provided to compare the voltages between opposite ends of the windings to enable the speed of the rotor during braking to be monitored.

26. The combination of electronic control means according to any one of claims 19, 20, 21 or 24 and an electric motor connected to said control means so as to be controlled thereby.

27. The combination of electronic control means according to claim 25 and an electric motor connected to said control means so as to be controlled thereby.

28. The combination according to claim 26 wherein said electric motor is an electronically commutated motor.

29. The combination according to claim 27 wherein said electric motor is an electronically commutated motor.

30. A laundry machine including a container for a wash load of soiled fabrics in water, a spin tub in said container, a reciprocatable agitator in said spin tub, the combination of one of claims 27, 28 or 29 with said electric motor for selectively driving said spin tub and said agitator, and said electronic control means for controlling the supply of electrical power to said electric motor in one of a plurality of selected sequences so that, in use, said agitator is driven in oscillating rotation during a wash phase and selecting means for selecting a desired one of said sequences so that a washing action selected from such as delicate, regular, heavy duty, wool and permanent press washing actions is to be effected by the machine, adjustment means being provided responsive to sensing means to adjust the power applied to said electric motor so that a washing action results such that a selected rate of removal of soil from said soiled fabrics is substantially achieved.