CA1129262A - Process for lacquer-coating iron and steel - Google Patents
Process for lacquer-coating iron and steelInfo
- Publication number
- CA1129262A CA1129262A CA330,334A CA330334A CA1129262A CA 1129262 A CA1129262 A CA 1129262A CA 330334 A CA330334 A CA 330334A CA 1129262 A CA1129262 A CA 1129262A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- lacquer
- process according
- coating
- employed
- edges
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/20—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by magnetic fields
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/002—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials the substrate being rotated
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2401/00—Form of the coating product, e.g. solution, water dispersion, powders or the like
- B05D2401/20—Aqueous dispersion or solution
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2601/00—Inorganic fillers
- B05D2601/20—Inorganic fillers used for non-pigmentation effect
- B05D2601/28—Metals
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Abstract
3-11780 +
Process for lacquer-coating iron and steel Abstract of the Disclosure The process according to the invention relates to the coating of iron and steel articles with lacquers in a magnetic field. Lacquers are employed which con-tain at least one ferromagnetic pigment. An increased magnetic flux in the region of edges, corners, points or the like has the effect of producing flawless (i.e. pore-free) coverage with lacquer in these regions. Inc-reased deposition, compared with that on other surface parts, can also be achieved. The process is particu-larly important for the lacquer-coating of automobile bodies, machines and steel furniture.
Process for lacquer-coating iron and steel Abstract of the Disclosure The process according to the invention relates to the coating of iron and steel articles with lacquers in a magnetic field. Lacquers are employed which con-tain at least one ferromagnetic pigment. An increased magnetic flux in the region of edges, corners, points or the like has the effect of producing flawless (i.e. pore-free) coverage with lacquer in these regions. Inc-reased deposition, compared with that on other surface parts, can also be achieved. The process is particu-larly important for the lacquer-coating of automobile bodies, machines and steel furniture.
Description
3-11780 +
Process for lacquer-coatin~ iron and steel When applying liquid lacquers, especially aqueous lacquer suspensions, a difficulty which arises, if the electrophoresis process is not employed, during applic-ation by the dipping or flooding process is that of depositing the lacquer in a sufficiently thick layer and without defects arising (i e.pore-free) in the region of edges, corners, points and the like. This defective covering of the edges is particularly pronounced in the case of primer coating, i.e. when applying the first coat of an anti-corrosion lacquer (of the primer), and in the case of the lacquer-coating of iron and steel has dis-astrous consequences in the form of increased corrosion and rusting.
Attempts have already been made to solve the pro-blem of the defective coating of the edges by adding thixotropic agents to the lacquer and, especially in the case of aqueous sys-tems, by relatively high concentrations of emulsifier in the formulations. It is true that it was possible slightly to improve the covering of the edges in this way, but neither measure can be used for high grade baking lacquers since both measures severely impair the levelling of the lacquer applied.
The object of the invention is to find a process for lacquer-coating iron and steel articles which does not have the cited disadvantages of the known coating pro-cesses. Application of the lacquer should be effec-ted in a controlled manner, either uniformly or in a manner which also enables the lacquer to be deposited in a ~k thicker layer in the region of sharp edges and corners than on the other surface parts of the article. By means of this thicker layer, subsequent corrosion in the region of sharp edges, which in itself is particularly susceptible to corrosion, should be substantially excluded or reduced.
The invention relates to a process for coating iron or steel articles with lacquers with improved uniform and intensified deposition of the lacquer in the region of edges, corners or points by dipping, flooding or spraying, which comprises a) using a lacquer which contains at least one ferromag-netic pigment and b) carrying out the coating in a magnetic field in such a way that the edges, corners or points are located in the region of increased magnetic flux 2 10 m T.
If de~lred, the lacquer may be used in addition t~
other conventlonal lacquer pigments and/or lacquer addi-tiveC. According to the invention, the magnetic field of an electromagnet is preferably used. Magnets which can be used are not only those which have an iron core but also coreless magnets, which, thus, are built up virtually cnly of the magnet coils. In principle, permanent magnets are also suitable if they meet the condition in respect of the magnetic flux.
In general, for carrying out the process according to the inventlon, the article to be coated is introduced into the magnetic field and fastened. However, it is also pos-sible to use a procedure in which the article to be coated with lacquer is itself part of a magnet or, as a result of close contact with a magnet, is virtually part of the magnet.
Suitable ferromagnetic pigments for the process accor-ding to the invention are in particular the iron oxide coloured pigments, such as black iron oxide, brown iron oxi-de. However, nickel powder is also suitable.
According to the invention, the concentration of the ferromagnetic pigment in the lacquer employed is between 5 and 70% by weight, based on the binder of the particular lacquer; the binder is to be understood as meaning the base resin, which can be mixed with the corresponding curing agent. The lacquer can also contain several ferromagnetic pigments at the same time.
The process according to the invention can be used with virtually all lacquer-coa-ting methods and thus, for example, also with powder-coating processes.
Preferably. however, it is used for those methods in which liquid lacquers, especially aqueous systems, are employed. The technical effect of the invention is particularly pronounced when aqueous lacquer suspensions are used. In principle, suitable lacquers are those which contain thermoplastics as the base resins and also those in which the base resins are curable synthetic resins. Base resins based on thermoplastics are, for example, saturated polyesters, PVC, polyvinyl propionate, polyamides and polyacrylates. Curable synthetic resins are in particular epoxide resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins and melamine-formaldehyde resins, and these can be combined with components necess-ary for curing. Both the base resins based on thermo-plastics and the base resins based on thermosetting syn-thetic resins can also contain several resins of the particular resin category at the same time.
The process according to the invention can be used, for example, for the lacquer-coating, and especially for the pri~ing with primers, of automobile bodies, machines and equipment and parts thereof, and of steel furniture. It is preferably used with the dipping and flooding methods of application. In principle, however, it can also be used for methods of application which do not have any great industrial significance, for example in spraying or in spreading by means of a brush.
The invention is illustrated in more detail with the aid of the following examples.
_, . . ,.. . . . , ~ .. . . . . .
~ 2 Example l:
650 g of a solid bisphenol A epoxide resin (epox-ide content = 0.6 mol/kg), 350 g of a saturated polyester (acid number ab~ut 50, melting point about 95C), 650 g of red iron oxide (BAYER, type 130 F) and 5 g of a flow control agent (Modaflo ~, MONSANTO) are melted together in a Co-kneader (BUSS AG, Switzerland) and, after cooling, the mass is ground to a particle size of about lOO ~m A suspension with a solids content of about 40% by weight is prepared from this powder by adding water and this sus-pension is then ground further in a bead mill to a particle size of about lO ~m. After adding 50 g of glycerine, a phosphated ("bonderised") steel sheet is dippedir~othe suspension, the dip bath being provided with an electromagnet as shown in Figure l. After a few seconds, the metal sheet coated with lacquer is withdrawn from the suspension and dried for lO minutes at room temperature. It is then baked at 200C for lO minutes.
After baking, the metal sheet has a flawless, and in particular pore-free, coating of lacquer on all edges and surfaces.
Example 2:
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the magnetic poles are reversed (reversal of the direction of current in the magnet coil). The result is equally as good as in Example l.
Example 3: (comparison example) The procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the dipping ~tion is carried out in the absence of the artificial magnetic field (current switched off in the magnet coil). The edges of the baked metal sheet ~re exposed in parts and have many pores.
Exam~le 4:
A mixture of 600 g of a ~olid bisphenol A epoxide resin ~epoxide content = l.O mol/kg), 5 g of "Uresin B"~
(flow control agent from Hoechst~, 300 g of benzoguanamine-methylol methyl ether, 200 g of TiO2 and 300 g cf black 13, iron oxide (BAYER, type 216 F) is processed, as in Example 1. to an aqueous suspension. After addîng 1.5 g of amino coconut fatty acid oxethylate and 50 g of polypropy-lene glycol to the 40% suspension, the formulation thus formed is used in the following way to coat a deep-drawn tin-plate mug.
A bar magnet is placed centrally on the base of the mug, as shown in Figure 2, with the south pole facing upwards, so that the north pole adheres firmly to the base of the mug and the latter virtually becomes part of a larger composite magnet. The mug connected to the magnet is now inclined (as can be seen from Figure 2) and lowered into thelacquer suspension. The entire article is rotated about the longitudinal axis of the magnet, so that the mug is coated with lacquer by the dippingmethod exceptfor a central region, which is not intended to be lacquer-coated. This procedure is followed by drying and baking in the manner described in Example 1. A uniform film with pore-free coverage of the edges results.
Example 5: (comparison example) The procedure of Example 4 is repeated except that the iron oxide pigment is replaced by the same amount of TiO2. The resulting lacquer film is in the main like-wise uniform. However, the edges of the test metal sheet are exposed in parts and have many pores.
Example 6:
A direct current source is applied to two coils Ml and M2 in accordance with Figure 3 7 in such a way that an electric current flows in the same direction through both coils. A dip bath is placed in the magnetic field which forms between the coils and this bath is filled with a coating formulation according to Example 1.
A test metal sheet (P) made of steel is lowered into the dip bath and raised again. After customary pre-drying and baking of the coating, the metal sheet shows flawless and in particular pore-free coverage of all 321~Z
edges and surfaces with lacquer.
Ex~mple 7: -The same experiment is carried out using anelectrical alternating voltage and this leads to the same result.
Process for lacquer-coatin~ iron and steel When applying liquid lacquers, especially aqueous lacquer suspensions, a difficulty which arises, if the electrophoresis process is not employed, during applic-ation by the dipping or flooding process is that of depositing the lacquer in a sufficiently thick layer and without defects arising (i e.pore-free) in the region of edges, corners, points and the like. This defective covering of the edges is particularly pronounced in the case of primer coating, i.e. when applying the first coat of an anti-corrosion lacquer (of the primer), and in the case of the lacquer-coating of iron and steel has dis-astrous consequences in the form of increased corrosion and rusting.
Attempts have already been made to solve the pro-blem of the defective coating of the edges by adding thixotropic agents to the lacquer and, especially in the case of aqueous sys-tems, by relatively high concentrations of emulsifier in the formulations. It is true that it was possible slightly to improve the covering of the edges in this way, but neither measure can be used for high grade baking lacquers since both measures severely impair the levelling of the lacquer applied.
The object of the invention is to find a process for lacquer-coating iron and steel articles which does not have the cited disadvantages of the known coating pro-cesses. Application of the lacquer should be effec-ted in a controlled manner, either uniformly or in a manner which also enables the lacquer to be deposited in a ~k thicker layer in the region of sharp edges and corners than on the other surface parts of the article. By means of this thicker layer, subsequent corrosion in the region of sharp edges, which in itself is particularly susceptible to corrosion, should be substantially excluded or reduced.
The invention relates to a process for coating iron or steel articles with lacquers with improved uniform and intensified deposition of the lacquer in the region of edges, corners or points by dipping, flooding or spraying, which comprises a) using a lacquer which contains at least one ferromag-netic pigment and b) carrying out the coating in a magnetic field in such a way that the edges, corners or points are located in the region of increased magnetic flux 2 10 m T.
If de~lred, the lacquer may be used in addition t~
other conventlonal lacquer pigments and/or lacquer addi-tiveC. According to the invention, the magnetic field of an electromagnet is preferably used. Magnets which can be used are not only those which have an iron core but also coreless magnets, which, thus, are built up virtually cnly of the magnet coils. In principle, permanent magnets are also suitable if they meet the condition in respect of the magnetic flux.
In general, for carrying out the process according to the inventlon, the article to be coated is introduced into the magnetic field and fastened. However, it is also pos-sible to use a procedure in which the article to be coated with lacquer is itself part of a magnet or, as a result of close contact with a magnet, is virtually part of the magnet.
Suitable ferromagnetic pigments for the process accor-ding to the invention are in particular the iron oxide coloured pigments, such as black iron oxide, brown iron oxi-de. However, nickel powder is also suitable.
According to the invention, the concentration of the ferromagnetic pigment in the lacquer employed is between 5 and 70% by weight, based on the binder of the particular lacquer; the binder is to be understood as meaning the base resin, which can be mixed with the corresponding curing agent. The lacquer can also contain several ferromagnetic pigments at the same time.
The process according to the invention can be used with virtually all lacquer-coa-ting methods and thus, for example, also with powder-coating processes.
Preferably. however, it is used for those methods in which liquid lacquers, especially aqueous systems, are employed. The technical effect of the invention is particularly pronounced when aqueous lacquer suspensions are used. In principle, suitable lacquers are those which contain thermoplastics as the base resins and also those in which the base resins are curable synthetic resins. Base resins based on thermoplastics are, for example, saturated polyesters, PVC, polyvinyl propionate, polyamides and polyacrylates. Curable synthetic resins are in particular epoxide resins, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins and melamine-formaldehyde resins, and these can be combined with components necess-ary for curing. Both the base resins based on thermo-plastics and the base resins based on thermosetting syn-thetic resins can also contain several resins of the particular resin category at the same time.
The process according to the invention can be used, for example, for the lacquer-coating, and especially for the pri~ing with primers, of automobile bodies, machines and equipment and parts thereof, and of steel furniture. It is preferably used with the dipping and flooding methods of application. In principle, however, it can also be used for methods of application which do not have any great industrial significance, for example in spraying or in spreading by means of a brush.
The invention is illustrated in more detail with the aid of the following examples.
_, . . ,.. . . . , ~ .. . . . . .
~ 2 Example l:
650 g of a solid bisphenol A epoxide resin (epox-ide content = 0.6 mol/kg), 350 g of a saturated polyester (acid number ab~ut 50, melting point about 95C), 650 g of red iron oxide (BAYER, type 130 F) and 5 g of a flow control agent (Modaflo ~, MONSANTO) are melted together in a Co-kneader (BUSS AG, Switzerland) and, after cooling, the mass is ground to a particle size of about lOO ~m A suspension with a solids content of about 40% by weight is prepared from this powder by adding water and this sus-pension is then ground further in a bead mill to a particle size of about lO ~m. After adding 50 g of glycerine, a phosphated ("bonderised") steel sheet is dippedir~othe suspension, the dip bath being provided with an electromagnet as shown in Figure l. After a few seconds, the metal sheet coated with lacquer is withdrawn from the suspension and dried for lO minutes at room temperature. It is then baked at 200C for lO minutes.
After baking, the metal sheet has a flawless, and in particular pore-free, coating of lacquer on all edges and surfaces.
Example 2:
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the magnetic poles are reversed (reversal of the direction of current in the magnet coil). The result is equally as good as in Example l.
Example 3: (comparison example) The procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the dipping ~tion is carried out in the absence of the artificial magnetic field (current switched off in the magnet coil). The edges of the baked metal sheet ~re exposed in parts and have many pores.
Exam~le 4:
A mixture of 600 g of a ~olid bisphenol A epoxide resin ~epoxide content = l.O mol/kg), 5 g of "Uresin B"~
(flow control agent from Hoechst~, 300 g of benzoguanamine-methylol methyl ether, 200 g of TiO2 and 300 g cf black 13, iron oxide (BAYER, type 216 F) is processed, as in Example 1. to an aqueous suspension. After addîng 1.5 g of amino coconut fatty acid oxethylate and 50 g of polypropy-lene glycol to the 40% suspension, the formulation thus formed is used in the following way to coat a deep-drawn tin-plate mug.
A bar magnet is placed centrally on the base of the mug, as shown in Figure 2, with the south pole facing upwards, so that the north pole adheres firmly to the base of the mug and the latter virtually becomes part of a larger composite magnet. The mug connected to the magnet is now inclined (as can be seen from Figure 2) and lowered into thelacquer suspension. The entire article is rotated about the longitudinal axis of the magnet, so that the mug is coated with lacquer by the dippingmethod exceptfor a central region, which is not intended to be lacquer-coated. This procedure is followed by drying and baking in the manner described in Example 1. A uniform film with pore-free coverage of the edges results.
Example 5: (comparison example) The procedure of Example 4 is repeated except that the iron oxide pigment is replaced by the same amount of TiO2. The resulting lacquer film is in the main like-wise uniform. However, the edges of the test metal sheet are exposed in parts and have many pores.
Example 6:
A direct current source is applied to two coils Ml and M2 in accordance with Figure 3 7 in such a way that an electric current flows in the same direction through both coils. A dip bath is placed in the magnetic field which forms between the coils and this bath is filled with a coating formulation according to Example 1.
A test metal sheet (P) made of steel is lowered into the dip bath and raised again. After customary pre-drying and baking of the coating, the metal sheet shows flawless and in particular pore-free coverage of all 321~Z
edges and surfaces with lacquer.
Ex~mple 7: -The same experiment is carried out using anelectrical alternating voltage and this leads to the same result.
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A process for coating iron or steel articles with lacquers with improved uniform and intensified deposition of the lacquer in the region of edges, corners or points by dipping, flooding or spraying, which comprises a) using a lacquer which contains at least one ferro-magnetic pigment and b) carrying out the coating in a magnetic field in such a way that the edges, corners or points are located in the region of increased magnetic flux ? 10 m T.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein a lacquer is used which contains one or more ferromagnetic pigments in a total concentration of 5 to 70% by weight, based on the binder.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein an aqueous lacquer system is employed.
4. A process according to claim 3, wherein an aqueous lacquer suspension is employed,
5, A process according to claim 1, wherein a lacquer is employed which contains solid lacquer particles of a thermoplastic or a mixture of thermoplastics.
6, A process according to claim 1, wherein a lacquer is employed which contains lacquer particles of a curable synthetic resin or of a mixture of curable synthetic resins,
7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the lacquer particles of the lacquer employed consist of a curable synthetic resin from the series comprising epox-ide resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin or of a corresponding mixture of resins.
8. A process according to claim 1, wherein coating is carried out by the dipping or flooding method.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH693878A CH635526A5 (en) | 1978-06-26 | 1978-06-26 | METHOD FOR COATING IRON AND STEEL. |
| CH6938/78-7 | 1978-06-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1129262A true CA1129262A (en) | 1982-08-10 |
Family
ID=4317407
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA330,334A Expired CA1129262A (en) | 1978-06-26 | 1979-06-22 | Process for lacquer-coating iron and steel |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS555793A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1129262A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH635526A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2925343A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2429622A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2027365B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7904968A (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS56472B2 (en) * | 1973-04-21 | 1981-01-08 | ||
| GB8322710D0 (en) * | 1983-08-24 | 1983-09-28 | Shell Int Research | Preparing aqueous binder composition |
| US6428860B1 (en) * | 2001-05-11 | 2002-08-06 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Method for manufacturing magneto-rheological or electro-rheological substance-impregnated materials |
| US6581740B2 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2003-06-24 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Multiple disc clutch pack having rheological film layer |
| US20130089733A1 (en) * | 2011-10-06 | 2013-04-11 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Structural panels stiffened by magnetically-assisted application of thick polymer coatings |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1359208A (en) * | 1963-03-09 | 1964-04-24 | Process for producing a coating on various items | |
| DE1546927A1 (en) * | 1964-08-28 | 1970-10-22 | Egli Dipl Ing Dr Jur Arnold R | Process for the production of layer coatings from thermoplastic masses on magnetic substrates as well as parts of devices for its execution |
| US3913520A (en) * | 1972-08-14 | 1975-10-21 | Precision Thin Film Corp | High vacuum deposition apparatus |
| CH568799A5 (en) * | 1973-09-29 | 1975-11-14 | Basf Ag | |
| US4021587A (en) * | 1974-07-23 | 1977-05-03 | Pram, Inc. | Magnetic and electrostatic transfer of particulate developer |
| US4024295A (en) * | 1975-04-07 | 1977-05-17 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coating process utilizing propelled particles |
-
1978
- 1978-06-26 CH CH693878A patent/CH635526A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1979
- 1979-06-21 GB GB7921708A patent/GB2027365B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-06-22 DE DE19792925343 patent/DE2925343A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1979-06-22 CA CA330,334A patent/CA1129262A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-06-25 FR FR7916237A patent/FR2429622A1/en active Granted
- 1979-06-26 NL NL7904968A patent/NL7904968A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-06-26 JP JP8065579A patent/JPS555793A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2027365B (en) | 1982-07-28 |
| CH635526A5 (en) | 1983-04-15 |
| FR2429622A1 (en) | 1980-01-25 |
| JPS555793A (en) | 1980-01-16 |
| GB2027365A (en) | 1980-02-20 |
| DE2925343A1 (en) | 1980-01-10 |
| NL7904968A (en) | 1979-12-28 |
| FR2429622B1 (en) | 1983-07-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |