AU2002324699A1

AU2002324699A1 - Topical composition for Follicular Delivery of an Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitor

Info

Publication number: AU2002324699A1
Application number: AU2002324699A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Joyce T Chou; Prakash Parab
Original assignee: SkinMedica Inc
Current assignee: SkinMedica Inc
Priority date: 2001-08-15
Filing date: 2002-08-13
Publication date: 2003-05-29
Anticipated expiration: 2022-08-13

Description

TOPICAL COMPOSITION FOR FOLLICULAR DELIVERY OF AN ORNITfflNE DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITOR

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to a topical formulation that enhances the delivery, and preferably increases the retention time, of an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor (hereinafter referred to as an "ODC inhibitor") in the hair follicles of mammalian skin, preferably human skin, to regulate, preferably decrease, the rate of hair growth. The preferred ODC inhibitor is 2-(difluoromethyl)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, which is also identified as alpha-(difluoromethyl) ornithine (hereinafter referred to as "DFMO"). DFMO hydrochloride is most preferred and is henceforth referred to herein by its USAN name "Efiornithine." Eflomithine is a highly charged compound that does not readily penetrate the sldn or hair follicles. The composition of the present invention comprises an ODC inhibitor, preferably DFMO, its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates, optical enantiomers (R,S) and racemic mixtures (RS), more preferably Efiornithine and certain pharmaceutical solubilizers found by the present inventors to enhance the delivery of the ODC inhibitor into hair follicles, as judged by an in vitro cadaver skin model disclosed herein. Background of the Invention

[0002] ODC inhibitors, particularly, DFMO and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates, are known to be topically useful in regulating hair growth in mammals, particularly humans (see U.S. Patents 4,720,489 and P.D.R., 55 Edition, 2001, pages 1031-1033).

[0003] PCT WO 98/25603 discloses an isomeric pharmaceutical formulation containing DFMO. Examples 7 and 8 respectively teach preparation of a [-]-DFMO containing lotion and topical solution. Patentees teach that the lotion formulation is useful for the treatment or prevention of sldn melanoma. The solution is disclosed to be suitable for topical treatment or prevention of proliferative sldn disorders. The treatment of such conditions does not require delivery of drug to the hair follicles. More importantly, there is no appreciation whatsoever of enhancement of deliveiy of DFMO to the sldn, much less to the hair follicle. Although Example 7 employs Poloxamer 235, there is no disclosure whatsoever of any advantage for it other than its known use as a co-emulsifier.

[0004] U.S. Patent 5,851,537 discloses the topical application of alpha-DFMO monochloride monohydrate for preventing skin cancer. The drug, carried in a hydrophilic cream base, is applied to actinic keratoses. Hydrophilic cream contains 0.025% methyl paraben, 0.015% propyl paraben, 1% sodium lauryl sulfate, 12% propylene glycol, 25% stearyl alcohol, 25% petrolatum and 37% water. There is no disclosure whatsoever of a follicular delivery enhancing component or the desirability of including it. In point of fact, patentees state that the compositions of their invention contain no absorption enhancer. [0005] U.S. Patent 4,720,489 discloses a process for reducing the rate and altering the character of human hair growth. The process comprises applying to the sldn a composition containing an ODC inhibitor. Patentees, however, fail to disclose or even appreciate the desirability of targeting the ODC inhibitor to the hair follicle or the need to use a follicular delivery enhancer for such purpose.

[0006] U.S. Patent 5,648,394 discloses a topical composition for inhibiting mammalian hair growth. The composition comprises about 1 to 20 parts by weight of a water- soluble, hair-growth-inhibiting drug dispersed in about 99 to 80 parts by weight of an oil-in-water emulsion based vehicle. In parts by weight, the vehicle is comprised of water 78 to 87; glyceryl stearate 2.8 to 4.8; PEG-100 stearate 2.7 to 4.7; cetearyl alcohol 1.9 to 3.3; ceteareth-20 1.6 to 2.7; mineral oil 1.7 to 2.7; stearyl alcohol 1.0 to 2.0; and dimethicone 0.3 to 1.0. Patentees contend that compositions of the invention are superior in efficacy to a water-ethanol composition containing penetration enhancers. They state that this suggests that the compositions of the invention achieve either enhanced skin penetration of the active or increased residence time of the active at the treated site. Patentees, however, fail to teach or even suggest which composition ingredient, or combination of ingredients, accounts for the enhanced skin penetration or increased residence time. Thus, one skilled in the art would attribute it to the entire composition as opposed to any particular composition component or combination of components.

[0007] Patentees prepared the vehicles of Examples I and II (see Col. 2 of U.S.

5,648,394). Test compositions containing 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 percent DFMO were then prepared using the two vehicles. A composition containing 10 percent DFMO in water-ethanol was also prepared. The compositions were then tested for hair growth inhibition using the hamster flank model (see Example, Col. 3 of U.S. 5,648,394). The test results (set forth in the table in Column 3 of U.S. 5,648,394) demonstrate that, in each case, the DFMO composition prepared using the vehicle of Example II had a higher percentage of inhibition than the respective DFMO composition prepared using the vehicle of Example I. Consequently, even if one skilled in the art were to select, for example, ceteareth-20, out of the ten ingredients that make up the vehicle, he or she would be led away from the present invention. Although the vehicle of Example II contained less ceteareth- 20 than the vehicle of Example I, patentees test results show that the percentage of inhibition obtained with the use of the vehicle of Example II was higher. Thus, if one skilled in the art wishing to increase the percentage of inhibition is led to ceteareth-20, he or she would be led by the teaching of this patent to reduce the amount of ceteareth-20 contained in the composition. The skilled artisan would not increase the amount of ceteareth-20 or, for that matter, the amount of any other ingredient(s) of the vehicle.

[0008] The prior art, typified by U.S. Patent 5,648,394, demonstrates the effectiveness of ODC inhibitors for inhibiting hair growth by measuring changes in flank organ hair mass in adult male hamsters treated with ethanol solutions of the ODC inhibitors. The standard hamster flank organ mass study is described in, for example, U.S. Patents 4,720,489, 5,095,007, 5,096,911 and 5,132,293.

[0009] Prior art topical DFMO compositions generally show relatively low efficacy in humans. Possibly the presumed levels of DFMO achievable in human follicles through use of prior art topical DFMO compositions are insufficient to cause sustained and effective inhibition of target enzyme ornithine decarboxylase ("ODC").

[0010] Complicating matters is the fact that with hair mass analysis, it is very difficult to differentiate the efficacy of different DFMO formulations. This is in part due to physical effects of lotion-based formulations on hamster hair.

[0011] The present inventors hypothesized that hair follicle atrophy could represent a surrogate end point for DFMO efficacy.

[0012] Clinical studies that were later carried out confirmed that hair follicle atrophy is indeed a valid marker for DFMO efficacy.

[0013] The half-life of ODC in the hair follicle is about thirty minutes. In order to block ODC enzyme when it is present in the hair follicle, the ODC inhibitor must be present in the follicle in sufficient amount and for a prolonged duration.

[0014] Thus, an aim of the present invention was to identify excipients that would target a high concentration of an ODC inhibitor, preferably DFMO and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, optical enantiomers and racemic mixtures, more preferably Efiornithine, to the hair follicle and, ideally, keep it there for a prolonged duration.

[0015] In order to determine differences in the efficacy of DFMO in lotion-based formulations, as well as the onset of action of DFMO, independent of hair growth, the present inventors had to develop a method of analysis of human hair follicle bulbs.

[0016] Another goal of the present invention was to develop a formulation that would enhance the delivery of an ODC inhibitor, particularly DFMO and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, optical enantiomers and racemic mixture, to the pilosebaceous unit target site (consisting of the hair follicle, hair shaft and sebaceous gland) and maintain its concentration over a prolonged period of time. Since ornithine decarboxylase has a fifteen-minute to one-hour half-life it is highly desirable that the ODC inhibitor be present in the hair follicle for as long a time as is possible.

Summary of the Invention

[0017] The present invention is based on the surprising finding that of the many penetration enhancers known to the determatological prior art, only a very select few were found by the present inventors to be effective in enhancing follicular penetration of ODC inhibitors, such as DFMO and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates, optical enantiomers and racemic mixtures, particularly Efiornithine. [0018] As noted earlier, the present inventors were required to develop an in vitro cadaver scalp/beard sldn model to assess the degree of enhancement provided to the follicular take- up of the ornithine carboxylase inhibitor.

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0019] The present invention will now be described in greater detail and with reference to the examples and drawings in which:

[0020] Figure 1 is a graph of the follicular enhancement ratio of Efiornithine from steareth-20/steareth 100 Lotion A to the commercially available Vaniqa^® Cream formulation (containing 13.9% Efiornithine), at 3 and 24 hours, in cadaver beard skin (5 donors, n=2) employing the hair plucking technique;

[0021] Figure 2 is a graph comparing, at 3 hours, the follicular enhancement ratio of Efiornithine from steareth-20/steareth-lOO Lotion A, steareth-20/steareth-100 Lotion B, and poloxamer 185 lotion to the commercially available Vaniqa^® Cream formulation (containing 13.9% Efiornithine), in cadaver scalp skin (1 donor, n=4) employing the hair plucking technique; and

[0022] Figure 3 is graph comparing, at 3 hours, the follicular enhancement ratios of Efiornithine from aqueous solutions of, respectively, poloxamer 407, steareth-20/steareth-100, poloxamer 185 and lauryl dimethylamine oxide (hereinafter referred to as "LDAO"), to the commercially available Vaniqa^® Cream formulation (containing 13.9% Eflornithine), in cadaver scalp skin (1 donor, n=4) employing the hair plucking technique.

[0023] In its simplest form the topical compositions of the present invention comprise a water soluble, preferably highly water soluble, ODC inhibitor, an amount of an enhancing agent that enhances the follicular delivery and/or increases the residence time of the ODC inhibitor in the hair follicle, and a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous vehicle for the enhancing agent and ODC inhibitor.

[0024] Water-soluble ODC inhibitors that can be employed in the composition of the present invention are those described in U.S. Patents 4,201,788, 4,413,141, 4,421,768 and 4,720,489.

[0025] In choosing ODC inhibitors for use in the practice of the instant invention those known to have undesirable secondary pharmacological effects should be avoided. For example, 5- hexyne-l,4-diamine is known to cause increases in brain 4-aminobutyric acid levels.

[0026] Preferably, the water-soluble ODC inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of 2-(difluoromethyl)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, alpha-ethynyl ornithine, 6-heptyne- 2,5-diamine, 2-methyl-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and optical enantiomers and racemic mixtures (R, S and RS) thereof. 2-(Difiuoromethyl)-2,5- diaminopentanoic acid, its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, its (R) and (S) enantiomers and racemic mixture (RS) is more preferred. Efiornithine is most preferred. [0027] The ODC inhibitor, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or optical enantiomer or racemate thereof is preferably present in the composition in an amount that is effective to produce a hair growth inhibiting effect on the hair follicle in which case the follicular delivery enhancing agent serves to increase such delivery and/or increase the retention time of the ODC inhibitor in the follicle so that the efficacy of the ODC inhibitor is increased.

[0028] Alternatively, the ODC inhibitor, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or optical enantiomer or racemate thereof can be present in the composition in an amount that would be insufficient to produce a hair growth inhibiting effect (a sub-therapeutic level) on the hair follicle in the absence of the follicular delivery enhancing agent and the follicular delivery enhancing agent is present in the composition in an amount that enhances the follicular delivery of the ODC inhibitor and/or increases its residence time in the hair follicle so that the ODC inhibitor exerts a therapeutic effect.

[0029] The follicular delivery enhancer is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to enhance the follicular delivery of the ODC inhibitor to the hair follicle and/or increase its residence time in the hair follicle. Such amount is readily determinable by one sldlled in the art by use of the cadaver skin model disclosed later on herein. Generally, it is present in an amount from about 1.0% to about 25%; preferably from about 2.5% to about 20%; more preferably from about 4% to about 15%; and most preferably from about 5 % to about 10%. Moreover, when the enhancer is ceteareth-20, it is preferably present in an amount of at least 3%, more preferably at least 4%. It should be noted that unless indicated to the contrary all percentages are percent w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

[0030] To minimize the risk of alteration of other bodily functions through systemic action it is preferred to apply the ODC inhibitors in compositions such that the level of application of the ODC inhibitor will range from about 1 to about 2000 micrograms of active material per square centimeter of sldn. Still more preferred is the application of about 50 to about 500 micrograms per square centimeter of skin.

[0031] The follicular delivery-enhancing agent of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of: a. Polyethylene glycol ethers of alkyl alcohols having the general formula

CH3(CH₂)_xCH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_nOH wherein x is 8 to 20, preferably 10 to 16, more preferably 10, 14 or 16, and n is 2 tolOO, preferably 2 to 150, more preferably 4 to

100; the most preferred polyethylene glycol ethers of alkyl alcohols of the above formula being: steareth-20, a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol that has the formula

CH3(CH2)i6CH₂(OCH₂CFΪ₂)_nOH wherein n=20, and is available commercially as Brij^® 78, Alkasurf SA^®-20, Brox^® S-20, Hodag^® Nonionic S-20, Lanycol^®-78, Lipocol^® S-20, Procol^® SA-20, Simulsol^® 78, Unicol^® SA-20, and Volpo^® S-20; steareth-100, a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol that has the formula CH₃(CH₂)i₆CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_nOH wherein n=100, and is available commercially as Brij^® 700, Lanycol^®-700, and Volpo^® S-100; and ceteareth-20, a polyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol having the formula R(OCH₂CH₂)„OH wherein R represents alkyl groups derived from cetyl and stearyl alcohols and n=20, and available commercially as Brij^® 68, Acconon^® W 230, Alkasurf^® CA-20, Empilan^® KM20, Eumulgin^® B-2, Hetoxol^® CS-20, Hodag^® Nonionc CS-20, Incropol^® CS-20, Lipocol^® SC-0, Macol^® CSA-20, Procol^® CS-20, Siponic^® E-10, Unicol^® CSA-20, and Unimul^® B-2; b. Poloxamer 185, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide having the formula HO(C₂H₄θ)_a(C₃H₆0)_b(C₂H₄0)_aH where a = 19 and b =30, and available commercially as Hodag^® Nonionic 1065-P, and Pluracare^®/Pluronic^® P-65; c. Poloxamer 407 copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide having the formula HO(C₂H₄θ)_a(C₃H₆0)_b(C₂H₄0)_aH where a = 98 and b =67, and available commercially as Hodag^® Nonionic 1127-F, Macol^® 27, Pluracare^®/Pluronic^® F- 127, and Synperonic^® PE/F127; d. N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine N-oxide ("LDAO"); e. and mixtures thereof.

[0032] The composition of the present invention can also include an inhibitor of S- adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in an amount effective to reduce the rate and alter the character of mammalian hair growth. The S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor is preferably selected from the group consisting of methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), diethylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), and 5'-deoxy-5'-{N-methyl-N-} aminodenosine.

[0033] The amount of inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase present in the composition should be such that on application from 1 to 5000 micrograms of S- adenosylmethionine decarboxylase active is delivered per square centimeter of skin.

[0034] Solution and oil-in-water emulsions are the preferred forms of the composition of the instant invention. However, other forms can be employed. For example, gels, creams, ointments, sticks, pastes, shampoos, foams, patches, mousses, and the like.

[0035] Although other ingredients generally incorporated in oil-in-water emulsion based topical lotions and topical aqueous solutions will readily suggest themselves to one skilled in formulating such compositions, the effect of each such ingredient must be considered. The addition of an ingredient in which the ODC inhibitor is highly soluble can negatively impact follicular delivery. For example, when LDAO is employed in the composition of the invention, glycerin should be avoided or, when used, should be restricted in amount so that it does not adversely impact follicular delivery.

[0036] Although Efiornithine was employed in the examples that follow, it should be noted that any suitable ODC inhibitor could be employed, for example, alpha-ethynyl ornithine; 6- heptyne-2,5-diamine or 2-methyl-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine. Efiornithine was employed, as it is most preferred.

[0037] The test procedure is set forth in Example 1 below.

[0038] It should be noted that the examples as set forth herein are meant to exemplify the various aspects of carrying out the invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

[0039] It should be further noted that in the Examples reference to Vaniqa^® is to Westwood-Squibb Colton Holdings Partnership's commercially available cream formulation containing 13.9% Efiornithine hydrochloride.

Example 1 Methods to measure delivery of drug to the hair follicles

[0040] Harvest cadaver scalp or beard skin with hair within 24 hours post-mortem. Keep the harvested skin at -70°C. Before use, thaw the frozen skin in normal saline maintained at 30°C. After thawing, trim off the excessive subcutaneous fat from the skin and trim the hair with an electric clipper so that the hair length on the sldn surface is from 1 to 2 mm. Then, cut the skin into appropriate size pieces and mount them on Franz diffusion cells (0.63 cm²) containing Sorensen buffer (pH 7.4), maintained at 37°C, as receptor phase. Using a glass rod, gently apply 30 μl radiolabeled formulation (1-3 μCi of radiolabeled Efiornithine at a minimum radiochemical purity of 99%) to the sldn surface. After formulation application, conduct in vitro diffusion study for 3 to 24 hours, Vaniqa^® is included in every study as a positive control. The amount of drug delivered to the hair follicles is measured by either a hair plucking technique or a microsurgical technique. The two techniques are described below: Hair plucking technique

[0041] At the end of the diffusion study, rinse the sldn, with the donor chamber intact, five (5) times with 0.6 ml of purified water. After each rinse, swab the skin gently with a clean Q- tip to remove the liquid rinse using a disposable pipette. After rinsing and swabbing, dismantle the diffusion chamber. Then, wipe off excess formulation and water on the skin surface with a clean Q-tip. Remove the skin and place skin epidermis side up on a board lined with a piece of Parafilm^®. Tape strip the skin six (6) times to remove residual formulation on the sldn surface. After skin stripping, pluck the hair from the skin area exposed to formulation treatment using a pair of clean disposable tweezers. The hair plucking technique is as followed:

• Mark the treated skin area (skin surface) with an 8 mm biopsy punch by pressing it gently against the skin to make an indentation. • Remove hair from the marked skin area by plucking with a pair of clean disposable tweezers.

• Collect the plucked hair follicles on a piece of tape, collect 20 hair follicles per treated area.

• Place hair follicles in Solvable^® to solubilize hair and analyze drug content by radiochemical assay.

Microsurgical technique

[0042] At the end of the diffusion study, carefully rinse the skin, with donor chamber intact, five (5) times with 0.6 ml of water. After each rinse, swab the skin gently with a clean Q-tip and remove the rinse using a disposable plastic pipette. Following rinsing and swabbing, dismantle the chamber and very gently wipe off excess formulation on the skin with the aid of a clean Q-tip. Remove the skin and place it (with the epidermis side up) on a board lined with Parafilm^® (use a pair of clean disposable plastic tweezers to handle the sldn). Then, use an 8 mm dermal punch to core the center of the treated site, coring from the dermis to the epidermis. After the 8 mm core is obtained, the subcutaneous tissue is viewed under the stereomicroscope to locate hair bulbs. In the anagen phase, hair follicle bulbs extend deep into the subcutaneous tissue in a manner that makes the terminal portion. Twenty bulbs from each treated skin area are cut off with a pair of microscissors. The bulbs are collected on a piece of filtered paper and solubilized in 1 ml of Solvable^®. A radiochemical assay is carried out on the dissolved hair bulb to measure the amount of drug delivered to the target area. Using the procedure of Example 1, the follicular enhancement ratio of Efiornithine HC1 was determined for the following compositions.

[0043] It should be noted that unless indicated to the contrary all percentages are percent weight/weight based on total weight of the composition.

[0044] It should also be noted that "Follicular Enhancement Ratio," as used herein, means the ratio of the geometric mean of the amount of Efiornithine delivered to the hair follicles from the test formulation to the geometric mean of the amount of Efiornithine delivered to the hair follicles from Vaniqa^® Cream.

Example 2 Lotion A

Component %

Steareth-20 5

Steareth-100 5

Mineral oil 1.9

Stearyl alcohol 3

Dimethicone-200 1

Cetyl alcohol 1

Efiornithine monohydrate * 15

Water 68.1

Equivalent to 13.9% Efiornithine [0045] The above lotion composition was prepared as follows:

[0046] The aqueous phase, consisting of the Efiornithine monohydrate and water, was heated to a temperature of 65 to 70 degrees C. The oil phase, consisting of the remaining ingredients, was heated to temperature of 65 to 70 degrees C. The oil and water phases were then combined under agitation and mixing was continued until the temperature reached 30 to 35 degrees C.

Example 3

Lotion B

Component %

Steareth-20 5

Steareth-100 5

Mineral oil 1.9

Stearyl alcohol 3

Dimethicone-200 0.5

Glyceryl stearate & PEG- 100 stearate 2.5

Cetearyl alcohol & Ceteareth-20 2.5

Eflorinithine monohydrate * 15

Water 64.6 * Equivalent to 13.9% Efiornithine

[0047] The above lotion composition was prepared in accordance with the method of

Example 2.

Example 4

Poloxamer 185 Lotion

Component %

Glyceryl stearate and PEG- 100 stearate 2.5

Mineral oil 2

Stearyl alcohol 2

Dimethicone-200 0.5

Steareth-2 0.75

Cetyl alcohol 1

Poloxamer 185 10

Eflorinithine monohydrate * 15

Water 66.25

* Equivalent to 13.9% Efiornithine

[0048] The above composition was prepared in accordance with the method of

Example 2 with the poloxamer 185 being incorporated in the aqueous phase.

[0049] As is shown in Examples 2 through 4 above, the composition of the present invention can be in the form of a lotion, more particularly, an oil-in-water emulsion. However, as is exemplified by Examples 5 through 8, which follow, the preferred form of the composition is an aqueous solution. Example 5

Component %

Efiornithine monohydrate * 15

Poloxamer 185 10

Water 75 * Equivalent to 13.9% Efiornithine

[0050] The above composition was prepared by simple admixture of the components, with gentle heating, and, if need be, with stirring.

Example 6

Component %

Efiornithine monohydrate * 15

Poloxamer 407 10

Water 75 * Equivalent to 13.9%) Efiornithine

[0051] The above composition was prepared by the method outlined in Example 5.

Example 7

Component %

Efiornithine monohydrate * 15

Steareth-20 5

Steareth-100 5

Water 75

* Equivalent to 13.9%) Efiornithine

[0052] The above composition was prepared in accordance with the method described in Example 5.

Example 8

Component %

Efiornithine monohydrate * 15

N,N-dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide ("LDAO") 0.5

Water 84.5

* Equivalent to 13.9% Efiornithine

[0053] The above composition was prepared in accordance with the method described in Example 5. [0054] The compositions of Examples 2 through 8 were evaluated as described in

Example 1. Follicular enhancement ratios were determined and graphically depicted in Figures 1 through 3. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0055] Figure 1 shows that the delivery of Efiornithine to the hair follicles of cadaver beard sldn for steareth-20/steareth-100 lotion A (Example 2) is about 1.3 and 2 fold compared to that of Vaniqa^® at 3 and 24 hours following in vitro s in diffusion studies, respectively. This shows that the combination of steareth-20 and steareth-100 is capable of enhancing the delivery of Efiornithine to the hair follicle target site and maintaining its concentration in the hair follicle over a prolonged period of time.

[0056] Figure 2 shows that the delivery of Efiornithine to the hair follicles of cadaver scalp sldn for poloxamer 185 lotion (Example 4), steareth-20/steareth-100 lotion A (Example 2), and stearath-20/steareth-100 lotion B (Example 3) is about 1.3 to 1.5 fold greater than that of Vaniqa^® at 3 hours following in vitro skin diffusion studies. This shows that the enhancing agents of the present invention (employed in Examples 2-4) are capable of enhancing the delivery of Efiornithine to the hair follicle target site.

[0057] Figure 3 shows that the delivery of Efiornithine to the hair follicles of cadaver scalp skin employing Efiornithine solutions containing one of the following enhancers: poloxamer 407 (Example 6), steareth-20/steareth-100 (Example 7), poloxamer 185 (Example 5), and N, N- dimethyl dodecylamine N-oxide ("LDAO") (Example 8) is increased 2 to 3 fold compared to Vaniqa^® Cream.

[0058] To demonstrate that of the many penetration enhancers available to those skilled in the art only the enhancers of the present invention surprisingly increase follicular delivery of ODC inhibitors, particularly Efiornithine, and or increase the duration of ODC inhibitors, particularly Efiornithine, in the hair follicle, the present inventors evaluated numerous skin penetration enhancers using the techniques described in the instant application. The skin penetration enhancers tested failed to enhance the follicular delivery of Efiornithine. They also failed to increase the residence time of Efiornithine in the hair follicle. In point of fact they actually had the opposite effect. In other words they had a negative effect on the follicular delivery and follicular residence time of Efiornithine. The sldn penetration enhancers tested were:

2% decyl methyl sulfate;

10% isopropyl myristate + 15% propylene glycol;

20% diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol^®);

5% polyoxyethylene-4-sorbitan monostearate (Tween^® 61);

0.5%) dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate;

20% glycerin + 0.5% LDAO; and

0.38% polysorbate 20 (Tween^®20) + 0.12% polysorbate 61 (Tween^® 61). [0059] Many penetration enhancers known in the art can enhance the penetration of Efiornithine across the skm. However, of the numerous penetration enhancers tested, the present inventors surprisingly found that only the enhancers of the present invention target Efiornithine to the hair follicle and/or increase its residence time m the hair follicle. Skm penetration enhancers often couple enhanced penetration of a drug with the possibility of the drug being absorbed and causing systemic toxicity. The present invention enables targeting of ODC inhibitors, particularly Efiornithine, to the hair follicle thereby minimizing the possibility of systemic toxicity. Since not all skm penetration enhancers increase the delivery of ODC inhibitors, such as Efiornithine, and/or increase residence time of same in the hair follicle, there is evidently no correlation between skm penetration enhancement and follicular delivery enhancement Clearly one skilled m the art could not have predicted that the enhancers of the instant invention would enhance the follicular delivery of ODC inhibitors, such as Efiornithine, and/or increase their residence time the hair follicle.

[0060] As vaπous changes can be made m the above-described subject matter without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, it is intended that all subject matter contained m the above description, shown in the accompanying drawings, or defined in the appended claims, be interpreted as descriptive and illustrative, and not in a limiting sense. Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible m light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that withm the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A topical composition for application to an area of mammalian skin containing hair follicles comprising an amount of a follicular delivery enhancing agent sufficient to produce a second effect when the composition is applied to said area; an amount of a water-soluble ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor that would produce a first effect on delivery of said inhibitor to said hair follicles and/or increase of residence time of said inhibitor in said follicles if a like composition, but absent said enhancing agent, were applied to said area; the second effect being an increase in delivery of said inhibitor to hair follicles and/or an increase of residence time of said inhibitor in said follicles, as compared to said first effect; and a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous vehicle in which said inhibitor and said enhancing agent are soluble; said inhibitor being selected from the group consisting of 2(difluoromethyl)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, alpha-ethynyl ornithine, 6-heptyne- 2,5-diamine, 2-methyl-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and optical enantiomers and racemic mixtures thereof; said enhancer being selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol ethers of alkyl alcohols having the general formula CH₃(CH₂)_xCH₂(OCH₂CH₂)„OH wherein x is 8 to 20 and n is 2 to 100, poloxamer 185, poloxamer 407, N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine N-oxide, and mixtures thereof.

2. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of 2-(difluoromethyl)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, (R) and (S) enantiomers and the racemic mixture thereof.

3. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is Efiornithine.

4. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is the R enantiomer of Efiornithine.

5. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said composition is a water-in-oil emulsion, an oil-in-water emulsion, a solution, a gel, a cream, a stick, an ointment, a paste, a shampoo, a foam, a patch or a mousse.

6. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the composition is an oil-in-water emulsion based lotion or cream.

7. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the vehicle is water and the composition is a solution.

8. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the first inhibitory effect is not a therapeutic effect and the second inhibitory effect is a therapeutic effect.

9. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is a polyethylene glycol ether of an alkyl alcohol having the general formula CH₃(CH₂)_xCH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_nOH wherein x is 8 to 20.

10. The composition, as claimed in Claim 9, wherein x is 10 to 16 and n is 4 to 100.

11. The composition, as claimed in Claim 9, wherein x is 10, 14 or 16 and n is 4 to 100.

12. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is steareth-20.

13. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is steareth-100.

14. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is ceteareth-20.

15. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is poloxamer 185.

16. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is poloxamer 407.

17. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine-N-oxide .

18. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is a mixture of steareth- 20 and steareth-100.

19. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, further including an amount of an inhibitor of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase effective to reduce the rate and alter the character of mammalian hair growth.

20. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the inhibitor of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase is selected from the group consisting of methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), diethylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), and 5'-deoxy-5'-{N-methyl-N-} aminodenosine.

21. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is present in an amount from about 1.0% to about 25% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

22. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is present in an amount from about 2.5% to about 20% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

23. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1 , wherein the enhancer is present in an amount from about 4% to about 15% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

24. The composition, as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the enhancer is present in an amount from about 5% to about 10% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

25. The composition, as claimed in Claim 14, wherein the ceteareth-20 is present in an amount of at least 3% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

26. The composition, as claimed in Claim 14, wherein the ceteareth-20 is present in an amount of at least 4% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

27. The composition, as claimed in Claim 18, wherein the steareth-20 and steareth-100 are present in a ratio of 1 : 1.

28. The composition, as claimed in Claim 18, wherein 5% w/w steareth-20 and 5% w/w steareth-100, based on the total weight of the composition, are present.

29. The composition, as claimed in Claim 15, wherein the poloxamer 185 is present in an amount of 10% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

30. The composition, as claimed in Claim 16, wherein poloxamer 407 is present in an amount of 10% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

31. The composition, as claimed in Claim 17, wherein N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine N- oxide is present in an amount of 0.5% w/w based on the total weight of the composition.

32. In a method of topically applying a water-soluble ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of 2-(difluoromethyl)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, alpha-ethynyl ornithine, 6-heptyne-2,5-diamine, 2-methyl-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and optical enantiomers (R,S) and racemic mixtures (RS) thereof; in which method said inhibitor is applied to an area of mammalian skin having hair follicles, the improvement comprising applying to said area an amount of a follicular delivery enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol ethers of alkyl alcohols having the general formula CH₃(CH₂)_xCH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_nOH wherein x is 8 to 20 and n is 2 to 100, poloxamer 185, poloxamer 407, N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine N-oxide and mixtures thereof, sufficient to increase the delivery of said inhibitor to said hair follicles in said area and/or residence time of said inhibitor within said hair follicles.

33. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein said inhibitor and said enhancing agent are simultaneously applied to said area.

34. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein said inhibitor and said enhancing agent are sequentially applied to said area.

35. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is a polyethylene glycol ether of an alkyl alcohol having the general formula CH₃(CH₂)_xCH₂(OCH₂CH₂)„OH wherein x is 8 to 20 and n is 2 to 100.

36. The method, as claimed in Claim 35, wherein x is 10 to 16 and n is 4 tolOO.

37. The method, as claimed in Claim 35, wherein x is 10, 14 or 16 and n is 4 to 100.

38. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is steareth-20.

39. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is steareth-100.

40. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is ceteareth-20.

41. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is poloxamer 185.

42. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is poloxamer 407.

43. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine-N-oxide .

44. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancer is a mixture of steareth-20 and steareth-100.

45. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, further including the step of applying to said area an amount of an inhibitor of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase effective to reduce the rate and alter the character of mammalian hair growth.

46. The method, as claimed in Claim 45, wherein the inhibitor of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase is selected from the group consisting of methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), diethylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), and 5'-deoxy-5'-{N-methyl-N-} aminodenosine.

47. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancing agent is applied in a concentration from about 1.0% to about 25%.

48. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancing agent is applied in a concentration from about 2.5% to about 20%.

49. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancing agent is applied in a concentration from about 4% to about 15%.

50. The method, as claimed in Claim 32, wherein the enhancing agent is applied in a concentration from about 5% to about 10%.

51. The method, as claimed in Claim 40, wherein the ceteareth-20 is applied in a concentration of at least 3%.

52. The method, as claimed in Claim 40, wherein the ceteareth-20 is applied in a concentration of at least 4%.

53. The method, as claimed in Claim 44, wherein the steareth-20 and steareth-100 are present in said mixture in a 1 : 1.

54. The method, as claimed in Claim 44, wherein the steareth-20 and steareth-100 are each applied in a concentration of 5%.

55. The method, as claimed in Claim 41, wherein the poloxamer-185 is applied in a concentration of 10%.

56. The method, as claimed in Claim 42, wherein the poloxamer-407 is applied in a concentration of 10%.

57. The method, as claimed in Claim 43, wherein the N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine-N-oxide is applied in a concentration of 0.5%.