ATE522563T1 - Verzweigte polyalkylenglykole - Google Patents
Verzweigte polyalkylenglykoleInfo
- Publication number
- ATE522563T1 ATE522563T1 AT00985846T AT00985846T ATE522563T1 AT E522563 T1 ATE522563 T1 AT E522563T1 AT 00985846 T AT00985846 T AT 00985846T AT 00985846 T AT00985846 T AT 00985846T AT E522563 T1 ATE522563 T1 AT E522563T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- group
- polyalkylene glycols
- branched polyalkylene
- reactivity
- linked
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- A61K38/21—Interferons [IFN]
- A61K38/215—IFN-beta
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
- A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
- A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
- A61K47/65—Peptidic linkers, binders or spacers, e.g. peptidic enzyme-labile linkers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
- A61K47/6889—Conjugates wherein the antibody being the modifying agent and wherein the linker, binder or spacer confers particular properties to the conjugates, e.g. peptidic enzyme-labile linkers or acid-labile linkers, providing for an acid-labile immuno conjugate wherein the drug may be released from its antibody conjugated part in an acidic, e.g. tumoural or environment
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/02—Applications for biomedical use
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Psychiatry (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Polyethers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP36631299 | 1999-12-24 | ||
PCT/JP2000/009159 WO2001048052A1 (fr) | 1999-12-24 | 2000-12-22 | Glycols de polyalkylene ramifies |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE522563T1 true ATE522563T1 (de) | 2011-09-15 |
Family
ID=18486472
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT00985846T ATE522563T1 (de) | 1999-12-24 | 2000-12-22 | Verzweigte polyalkylenglykole |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7691367B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1270642B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4593048B2 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE522563T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2223401A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2395254C (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001048052A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020182172A1 (en) * | 2000-11-30 | 2002-12-05 | Shearwater Corporation | Water-soluble polymer conjugates of triazine derivatives |
DE60236796D1 (de) * | 2001-01-30 | 2010-08-05 | Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd | Verzweigte polyalkylenglykole |
US7173003B2 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2007-02-06 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Granulocyte colony stimulating factor: remodeling and glycoconjugation of G-CSF |
US7214660B2 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2007-05-08 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Erythropoietin: remodeling and glycoconjugation of erythropoietin |
US7144978B2 (en) * | 2002-01-15 | 2006-12-05 | Pan Asia Bio Co., Ltd. | Multidrop tree branching functional polyethylene glycol, methods of preparing and using same |
PL219741B1 (pl) | 2002-12-26 | 2015-07-31 | Mountain View Pharmaceuticals | Sposób zwiększania antyproliferacyjnego potencjału nieglikozylowanego interferonu-beta-1b in vitro, koniugat wytworzony tym sposobem i jego zastosowanie oraz kompozycja farmaceutyczna zawierająca koniugat i jej zastosowanie |
PL380269A1 (pl) * | 2002-12-26 | 2007-01-08 | Mountain View Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Koniugaty polimerowe cytokin, czynników wzrostu, hormonów polipeptydowych i ich antagonistów o zachowanej zdolności do wiązania receptora |
ATE444984T1 (de) * | 2002-12-31 | 2009-10-15 | Nektar Therapeutics Al Corp | Hydrolysestabile maleimidendgruppen-enthaltende polymere |
CA2511549A1 (en) * | 2002-12-31 | 2004-07-22 | Medtronic Minimed, Inc. | Hydrophilic cross-linking agents for use in enzymatic sensors |
US7432331B2 (en) * | 2002-12-31 | 2008-10-07 | Nektar Therapeutics Al, Corporation | Hydrolytically stable maleimide-terminated polymers |
KR20060003862A (ko) * | 2003-03-14 | 2006-01-11 | 네오스 테크놀로지스, 인크. | 수용성분기폴리머 및 그 접합체 |
SG155777A1 (en) | 2003-04-09 | 2009-10-29 | Neose Technologies Inc | Glycopegylation methods and proteins/peptides produced by the methods |
US8791070B2 (en) | 2003-04-09 | 2014-07-29 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Glycopegylated factor IX |
US9005625B2 (en) | 2003-07-25 | 2015-04-14 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Antibody toxin conjugates |
PL1666496T3 (pl) * | 2003-08-25 | 2014-08-29 | Toray Industries | Kompozyt interferonu beta |
US20080305992A1 (en) | 2003-11-24 | 2008-12-11 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Glycopegylated erythropoietin |
US8633157B2 (en) | 2003-11-24 | 2014-01-21 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Glycopegylated erythropoietin |
US20060040856A1 (en) | 2003-12-03 | 2006-02-23 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Glycopegylated factor IX |
US8361961B2 (en) | 2004-01-08 | 2013-01-29 | Biogenerix Ag | O-linked glycosylation of peptides |
US20080300173A1 (en) | 2004-07-13 | 2008-12-04 | Defrees Shawn | Branched Peg Remodeling and Glycosylation of Glucagon-Like Peptides-1 [Glp-1] |
ES2572779T3 (es) | 2004-10-29 | 2016-06-02 | Ratiopharm Gmbh | Remodelación y glucopegilación del Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos (FGF) |
WO2006074467A2 (en) | 2005-01-10 | 2006-07-13 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Glycopegylated granulocyte colony stimulating factor |
EP1871795A4 (de) | 2005-04-08 | 2010-03-31 | Biogenerix Ag | Zusammensetzungen und verfahren zur herstellung von glycosylierungsmutanten eines proteaseresistenten menschlichen wachstumshormons |
JP5216580B2 (ja) | 2005-05-25 | 2013-06-19 | ノヴォ ノルディスク アー/エス | グリコペグ化第ix因子 |
US20070105755A1 (en) | 2005-10-26 | 2007-05-10 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | One pot desialylation and glycopegylation of therapeutic peptides |
US20090048440A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 | 2009-02-19 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Nucleotide Sugar Purification Using Membranes |
US20080280818A1 (en) | 2006-07-21 | 2008-11-13 | Neose Technologies, Inc. | Glycosylation of peptides via o-linked glycosylation sequences |
US8969532B2 (en) | 2006-10-03 | 2015-03-03 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Methods for the purification of polypeptide conjugates comprising polyalkylene oxide using hydrophobic interaction chromatography |
JP5515224B2 (ja) | 2007-02-28 | 2014-06-11 | 日油株式会社 | 多分岐鎖ポリオキシアルキレン誘導体 |
ES2406267T3 (es) | 2007-04-03 | 2013-06-06 | Biogenerix Ag | Métodos de tratamiento usando G-CSF glicopegilado |
JP5876649B2 (ja) | 2007-06-12 | 2016-03-02 | ラツィオファルム ゲーエムベーハーratiopharm GmbH | ヌクレオチド糖の改良製造法 |
AU2007363326B2 (en) * | 2007-12-29 | 2014-01-30 | Biosteed Gene Expression Tech. Co., Ltd. | Y-type polyethylene glycol modified G-CSF and preparation method and use thereof |
US20130189239A1 (en) | 2008-02-27 | 2013-07-25 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Conjugated Factor VIII Molecules |
BRPI0822530B1 (pt) * | 2008-04-03 | 2022-03-22 | Biosteed Gene Expression Tech. Co., Ltd | Método de preparação de um hormônio de crescimento humano glicolado por polietileno (modificado por peg), hormônio do crescimento humano modificado por peg de menor peso molecular aparente e seu uso, preparação de hormônio do crescimento humano modificado por peg de menor peso molecular aparente e seu método de preparação e composição |
EP2554669B1 (de) | 2010-03-26 | 2018-09-19 | Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. | Neuer antikörper mit darin eingeführter modifikationsstelle und antikörperfragment |
CN110591079B (zh) * | 2018-06-13 | 2022-08-02 | 厦门赛诺邦格生物科技股份有限公司 | 单官能化非线性聚乙二醇的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4157384A (en) * | 1972-01-28 | 1979-06-05 | Wilkinson Sword Limited | Compositions having a physiological cooling effect |
US4855075A (en) * | 1988-03-14 | 1989-08-08 | Sandoz Ltd. | Ethoxylates of alkyl and alkenyl catechols |
JP2997004B2 (ja) | 1989-05-26 | 2000-01-11 | 住友製薬株式会社 | ポリエチレングリコール誘導体、修飾ペプチドおよびその製造方法 |
JPH04218000A (ja) * | 1990-02-13 | 1992-08-07 | Kirin Amgen Inc | 修飾ポリペプチド |
JP3051145B2 (ja) * | 1990-08-28 | 2000-06-12 | 住友製薬株式会社 | 新規なポリエチレングリコール誘導体修飾ペプチド |
US5229366A (en) * | 1990-10-23 | 1993-07-20 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Peptide-containing polyethylene glycol derivatives and application thereof |
US5359030A (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1994-10-25 | Protein Delivery, Inc. | Conjugation-stabilized polypeptide compositions, therapeutic delivery and diagnostic formulations comprising same, and method of making and using the same |
US5643575A (en) | 1993-10-27 | 1997-07-01 | Enzon, Inc. | Non-antigenic branched polymer conjugates |
US5730990A (en) * | 1994-06-24 | 1998-03-24 | Enzon, Inc. | Non-antigenic amine derived polymers and polymer conjugates |
WO1996041813A2 (en) * | 1994-11-09 | 1996-12-27 | Offord Robin E | Functionalized polymers for site-specific attachment |
US5932462A (en) | 1995-01-10 | 1999-08-03 | Shearwater Polymers, Inc. | Multiarmed, monofunctional, polymer for coupling to molecules and surfaces |
IT1277596B1 (it) * | 1995-09-15 | 1997-11-11 | Bracco Spa | Composti macromolecolari di tipo dendrimerico |
DE19640092A1 (de) * | 1996-09-28 | 1998-04-16 | Beiersdorf Ag | Strukturen mit Lipid-Doppelmembranen, in deren lipophilen Bereich längerkettige Moleküle eintauchen oder durch hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen an solche Moleküle angedockt sind |
SK286654B6 (sk) | 1998-04-28 | 2009-03-05 | Laboratoires Serono Sa | Spôsob postupného pripájania polyetylénglykolových častí a použitie PEG-polypeptidových konjugátov vyrobených týmto spôsobom |
-
2000
- 2000-12-22 CA CA2395254A patent/CA2395254C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-12-22 AU AU22234/01A patent/AU2223401A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-12-22 JP JP2001548589A patent/JP4593048B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-12-22 AT AT00985846T patent/ATE522563T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-12-22 WO PCT/JP2000/009159 patent/WO2001048052A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2000-12-22 US US10/168,956 patent/US7691367B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-12-22 EP EP00985846A patent/EP1270642B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1270642B1 (de) | 2011-08-31 |
US7691367B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 |
EP1270642A4 (de) | 2006-01-18 |
AU2223401A (en) | 2001-07-09 |
JP4593048B2 (ja) | 2010-12-08 |
US20030219404A1 (en) | 2003-11-27 |
EP1270642A1 (de) | 2003-01-02 |
WO2001048052A1 (fr) | 2001-07-05 |
CA2395254A1 (en) | 2001-07-05 |
CA2395254C (en) | 2010-05-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
ATE522563T1 (de) | Verzweigte polyalkylenglykole | |
ATE471956T1 (de) | Verzweigte polyalkylenglykole | |
NZ517012A (en) | Peptides that lower blood glucose levels | |
DE112006000677A5 (de) | Rekombinante Expression von Proteinen in einer disulfidverbrückten, zweikettigen Form | |
EP2298331A3 (de) | Verwendung von Transthyretinpeptid-/-proteinfusionen zur Erhöhung der Serumshalbwertszeit von pharmakologisch aktiven Peptiden/Proteinen | |
GB0121591D0 (en) | Hybrid and tandem expression of neisserial proteins | |
HK1144684A1 (en) | Igf-1 fusion polypeptides and therapeutic uses thereof igf-1 | |
CA2380569A1 (en) | Chimeric polypeptides, method for production and uses thereof | |
IL152804A0 (en) | Methods for refolding proteins containing free cysteine residues | |
EA200901108A1 (ru) | Соагонисты глюкагоновых/glp-1-рецепторов | |
ATE321774T1 (de) | An aminosaeure angereicherte speicherproteine, insbesondere an lysin angereicherte mais-gamma- zeine, und diese exprimierende pflanzen | |
ATE368053T1 (de) | Antimikrobielle peptide | |
ES2187782T3 (es) | Procedimiento para la produccion de polipeptidos. | |
ATE322503T1 (de) | Gefrierschutzprotein | |
NZ592340A (en) | A method for making a virus vaccine compising Replikin peptides | |
DE60138703D1 (de) | Transportpeptide abgeleitet von erns protein | |
DE602004028266D1 (de) | Angiogene peptide und ihre verwendungen | |
DK0383599T3 (da) | Protein-anticancermiddel | |
TW200505943A (en) | Polypeptide | |
NO20005081D0 (no) | Et polypeptid inneholdende aminosyren fra et N-terminalt kolinbindende protein A-truncat, vaksine avledet derfra og anvendelser derav | |
MXPA05008785A (es) | Esteres de polietilen glicol activados. | |
NO980103L (no) | Stabilisert farmasöytisk preparat som omfatter et veksthormon og et peptid omfattende minst én basisk aminosyrerest og minst én sur aminosyrerest | |
RU98109238A (ru) | Пептиды с контринсулярным действием | |
ATE432985T1 (de) | Polypeptide mit aktivität der stimulierung von neutrophilen | |
DE60044468D1 (de) | Herstellung von sekretierten polypeptiden |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |